1. Low pass filter acts as an integrator.

2. High pass filter acts as a differentiator.

3. Attenuator acts as a CRO Probe.

Applications of Clippers and Clampers

Clippers find several applications, such as
o

They are frequently used for the separation of synchronizing signals from the

composite picture signals.

The excessive noise spikes above a certain level can be limited or clipped in FM

transmitters by using the series clippers.

For the generation of new waveforms or shaping the existing waveform, clippers are
used.

The typical application of diode clipper is for the protection of transistor from

transients, as a freewheeling diode connected in parallel across the inductive load.

Frequently used half wave rectifier in power supply kits is a typical example of a

clipper. It clips either positive or negative half wave of the input.

Clippers can be used as voltage limiters and amplitude selectors.
Clampers can be used in applications

The complex transmitter and receiver circuitry of television clamper is used as a base

line stabilizer to define sections of the luminance signals to preset levels.

Clampers are also called as direct current restorers as they clamp the wave forms to

o
o

a fixed DC potential.
These are frequently used in test equipment, sonar and radar systems.
For the protection of the amplifiers from large errant signals clampers are used.

Clampers can be used for removing the distortions

For improving the overdrive recovery time clampers are used.

Clampers can be used as voltage doublers or voltage multipliers.

Clippers and clamper circuits are used for molding a waveform to a required shape and
specified range.

Transistor switches can be used to switch and control lamps , relays or even motors.
When transistors are used to switch inductive loads such as relays and solenoids , a
flywheel diode is used.
When large currents or voltages need to be controlled then Darlington transistors are
used.
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state
systems such as oscillators, timersand flip-flops.
Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals
are required. For example, before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, chains of
multivibrators found use asfrequency dividers.
A free-running multivibrator with a frequency of one-half to one-tenth of the reference
frequency would accurately lock to the reference frequency. This technique was used in early
electronic organs, to keep notes of differentoctaves accurately in tune. Other applications
included early television systems, where the various line and frame frequencies were kept
synchronized by pulses included in the video signal.

Monostable multivibrators are used as timers , delay circuits and gated circuits etc.

One-shot circuits with very short time settings may be used

to debouncethe dirty signals created by mechanical switch contacts.

Astable multivibrators are used in amateur radio equipment to receive and transmit
radio signals. Astable multivibrators are also used in morse code generators, timers,
and systems that require a square wave, including television broadcasts and analog
circuits

Bistable multivibrator applications

1. It is used for the performance of many digital operations such as counting
and storing binary information.
2.

It is also used in the generation and processing of pulse-type waveforms.

The application of Schmitt Trigger is as follows:

1.squaring circuit

2.sine-to-square comparater
3.amplitude comparater
4. as flip flops

Sampling gates find applications in many circuits. Sampling gates are used in
multiplexers, D/A converters, chopper stabilized amplifiers, sampling scopes.
Time bases are used by radar systems to determine range to a target, by comparing the
current location along the time base to the time of arrival of radio echoes. Analog television
systems using CRTs had two time bases, one for deflecting the beam horizontally in a rapid
movement, and another pulling it down the screen 60 times per second. Oscilloscopes often
have several time bases, but these may be more flexible function generators able to produce
many waveforms as well as a simple time base.
Sweep generators are commonly used to test the frequency response of electronic
filter circuits
Logic circuits are found in several devices including multiplexers, arithmetic logic units, computer memory
and registers. They are also used in microprocessors, some of which can contain over 100 million gates.
Also, logic gates are the building blocks of digital electronics and are formed by the combination of
transistors in order to realize some digital operations. Every digital product, including personal computers,
mobile phones, tablets, calculators and digital watches also uses logic gates.

Applications of the NAND gate

(a) Burglar alarm
When the switch is closed one input of the
NAND gate is LOW. When the LDR is in the
light the other input is LOW. This means that
if either of these things happen, i.e. the
switch is closed or the light is on one of the
inputs is LOW, the output is HIGH and the
buzzer sounds.

(b) Freezer warning buzzer

When the thermistor is COLD its

resistance is LARGE and the input to the
NAND
gate
is
high.
Since the NAND gate is connected as an
INVERTER
the
output
is
LOW.

As the thermistor warms up its resistance decreases, the voltage across it falls and the
input
to
the
NAND
gate
falls.
When it becomes low enough the output becomes HIGH and the buzzer sounds.
How would you adjust the temperature at which the buzzer came on?

Further circuits using logic gates

The following four circuits demonstrate some further practical applications of logic gates,
the function of each circuit being explained.

A push-button lock

To open the lock the solenoid must be activated and this can be done by pressing both
switches A and B. If B is pressed before A, however, the buzzer will sound.

A light-activated burglar alarm

When the switch is in position A the
buzzer stays off whatever the
illumination of the light-dependent
resistor. If the switch is closed in
position B the buzzer will come on,
however, and stay on when a brief
flash of light (perhaps from the torch
of a burglar) falls on the lightdependent resistor. The buzzer may
only be turned off by returning the
switch to position A.

A safety thermostat
The two contacts X and Y are near the
top of the hot water tank and are
normally covered with water so that

there is a contact between them. The thermistor is also in the water. If the water is too
cold and if the contacts are also covered the heater comes on. The temperature at which
this occurs may be set by the variable resistor R.

An automatic
watering
system

This is designed to water

plants
only
if
the
contacts, which may be
buried in the soil, are too
dry and it is night-time.
The relay closes and
starts the pump only if
both these conditions are
fulfilled.
(Presumably
somebody waters the
plants in the daytime
because if the switch is pressed the water pump works regard less.)