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ABHISEK PANDA
3.6
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
taken as the clear span of the slabs since these are the continuous slabs. So
effective width Beff = 2.1m and effective length Leff = 4.2075m.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Short span moment is MB = 95.33 (0.047+0.200.0145) = 4.76 kN-m
Long span moment is ML = 95.33 (0.0145+0.200.047) = 2.28 kN-m
Since these are continuous slabs, a continuity factor of 0.8 will be multiplied. So
final end moment is given by MBF = 3.81 kN-m and MBL = 1.824 kN-m
3.6.2.2
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
MB3 = [36.10 - 32.01] 0.5 = 2.045 kN-m
ML3 = [36.10 - 34.52] 0.5 = 0.79 kN-m
Bending Moment due to Wheel Load at - 5:
u = 0.74m, v = 2.71m
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.296 and v/L = 0.601
m1 = 0.12 and m2 = 0.03 and multiplying with x(v1+y) = 0.5013,
m1 = 0.060 and m2=0.015
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Multiplying with y(u1+x) = 0.87,
m1=0.083 and m2 =0.033
So m1 = [(0.1015+0.052)-(0.060+0.083)] = 0.0105
m2 = [(0.0304+0.016)-(0.015+0.033)] 0
MB4 =
37.5
[0.0105+0.20] = 2.761 kN-m
0.46 0.31
ML4 =
37.5
[0.20.0105+0] = 0.552 kN-m
0.46 0.31
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
MB= 16.25+3.325+2.045+3.635+2.761 = 28.016 kN-m
ML = 15.25+4.285+0.79+0.05+0.552 = 20.93 kN-m
Applying continuity and impact,
MB = 28.016 0.8 1.18 = 26.45 kN-m
ML = 20.93 0.8 1.18 = 19.76 kN-m
The impact factor is taken as 18% as per clause-208.4 of IRC 6: 2014. It can be
seen that the moment along short span for tracked load is greater while the wheel
load bending moment along the longer span is severer. Hence the moment for
tracked load will be taken along shorter direction and moment along longer
direction will be considered from wheel load in the design of deck slab.
3.6.3 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS:
Since the structure is open in longitudinal cross section and it has all possibilities
that it will be drowned inside water up to HFL level during storm; as the storm
occurs in the tropical region especially in India during rainy season most of the
times. Hence there is no need to consider the lateral wind force. But still
considering worst condition, lets calculate the uplift force. IS 875 (part-III) : 1987
will be used for this purpose.
As per clause-5.3, IS 875 (part - III):1987 says that
design wind speed is given by , Vz = Vbk1k2k3
Vb = 50 m/sec (Appendix -A) = 180 kmph (for Bhubaneswar zone)
As per clause 5.3, the wind speed is considered constant up to the height of 10m
of any structure.
k1 = 1.08 (Table-1), k2 = 1.00 (Table-2, Category -2, class - A) and k3 = 1 ( = 00,
clause 5.3.3.1)
Hence Vz = 180 1.08 1.00 1.00 = 194.40 kmph 200kmph = 55.56 m/sec
Using clause- 5.4,
pz = 0.6Vz2 = 0.6 (55.56)2 = 1852.15 N/m2 = 1.85 kN/m2
The solidity ratio is equal to 00 in our case. Hence = 00
From table-7 (page -19), taking = 00and = 00 ,
C1 = (-)1.4 = 1.4 (suction)
As per clause 6.2.2.7 (page - 27) for overhangs sloping upward, C2 = 0.75 and
the positive sign indicates that this will be acting downward. Hence total pressure
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
force per unit run on the slab will be calculated separately for the cantilever and
intermediate road way section.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Total
upward
force
acting
on
one
slab
panel
is
given
by,
10.878 4.2075 = 45.77 kN << 95.33 0.8 = 76.264 kN (dead load of slab panel).
Hence it can be concluded that since uplift pressure is lesser than the dead weight
of slab panel itself, no danger of negative suction and hence wind pressure need
not be considered. Also as the elevated area of the slab panel is quite less, there
is no danger of lateral pressure. Hence this can be omitted.
3.6.4 SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION FOR INTERIOR SLAB PANEL:
3.6.4.1
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
350
5.017
= 69.763
50 106
( 0.36 35 0.48 103 ( 1 0.416 0.48 ) )
= 101.635 mm
As per table 14.2, clause 14.3.2.1 (page 142) of IRC112: 2011,
Clear cover =40+8=48 mm
So, d = 250 48 =202 mm > 101.63 mm (ok)
Using 16 mm- bars,cover for short span = 210 8 =202mm and cover for
long span =202 16=186 mm.
d =
0.5 35
4.6 50 106
1 1
10 3 202
3
2
415
35 10 202
As per clause -16.6.1.1 of IRC:112-2011
f ctm
btd
(Ast)min = 0.26
f yk
(Ast)B =
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
From table -6.5 (Page-38)of IRC :112-2011
Fctm=2.8 N/mm2
Fyk= 415 N/mm2
Bt=1000 mm
D = 202 mm
(Ast)min=354.351 mm2
Also same clause specified
(Ast)min=0.0013btd
= 262.6mm2
(Ast)max=0.025Ac
=0.025 250 1000=6250 mm2
Spacing of bars as per clause-16.6.1.1(4) of IRC-2011 is,
smax< 2h = 2 250 = 500 mm
In our case,spacing of 16 mm bars is
1000 /4 16 2
S
716.008
=280.811mm> 250 mm
Also as per clause-15.2.1 (2) of IRC:112-2011,
The clear distance between the parallel main reinforcing bars should not be less
than dg+10=20+10=30 mm and 20 mm , whichever is greater
Dg= aggregate size = assumed 20mm for slabs, providing 16 mm- bars @
225mm c/c
((Ast)B)provided =
1000 /4 16 2
225
=893.61 mm2
Also as per clause -12.2.2, page 120 of IRC:112-2011, under rare combination of
loads,the maximum tensile stress limits to 0.8 f y is to avoid inelastic strain,
undesirable cracking/deformation of structure and also to account for long term
creep.
We have calculated the steel area taking f yd=0.87fyk ( as per cl-15.2.3.3 IRC:1122011)
Considering the worst case i.e rare combination of loads, additional steel area
0.8
required =1
= 0.080 = 8% of required steel area.
0.87
So 8% of (Ast)required =
8
716.005 = 57.28 mm2
100
Ast to be provided=716.005+57.28=773.28
(Ast)Bprov. =893.61 mm2
mm 2<
893.61
mm2
(ok)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
(ii) Area of steel along long direction
Providing 12mm-
(Ast)L =
bars,
0.5 35
4.6 33 106
3
1 1
10 190
3
2
415
35 10 190
(Ast)min=0.26
f ctm
b f d
f yk
= 480.53 mm2
( cl-16.6.1,IRC:112-2011)
2.8
1000 190
415
=333.301 mm2
=6250 mm2
2h=2 250=
1000 /4 12
S=
480.53
1000 /4 122
=
175
bars
=646.30 mm2
0.8
)(Ast)required
0.87
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
(Astl)required for creep cracking =480.53 + 38.44 =518.97 mm2< 646.30 mm2
(Ast)L.prov=646.30 mm2
200
d
= 1+
(minimum)
200
=1.894 < 2.0 (ok)
250
=0.478 and
cp =0
A st
0.02
bw d
Asl =( Ast)B /2
=893.61/2=446.80 mm2
bw =1000, d = 202
1 = 2.21 10 3 =0.00221 < 0.02
(ok)
=103.684 KN/m
(VRdc)min=119.50 KN/m
So minimum shear resistance isVRdc= 119.5 KN/m
No shear reinforcement is necessary in slabs.
3.6.8 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLAB:
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
=3.45 kN-m
=0.562 kN
=5.25 kN
Lever arm=1.425 m
Mkerb=7.48 KN-m
R.C.C slab =0.3 1.8 25 =13.5 KN
Lever arm=0.9 m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
MRS=12.15 KN-m
Wearing coat = 0.080 1.05 22 =1.85 KN
Lever arm=0.525m
Mwc=25.02 KN-m
Total dead load moment
Mdc=25.02 KN-m
3.6.8.2
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Fig-14 (Wheel load on cantilever slab)
Using IRC-112:2011,
Annexure:B-3(2),Page-279,
effective depth (Bef)= 1.2a+b1
a=0.65 m
b1= 0.25+2 0.080
=0.41 m
=1.19 m
drequired =
119 106
0.36 35 0.48 103 ( 1 0.416 0.48 )
=156.80 mm
Providing 40 mm clear cover &16 mm
bars,
156.80
(ok)
0.5 35
4.6 119 106
3
1 1
10 352
415
35 103 3522
=968.4056 mm2
Spacing of 16 mm-
S
=1000
16 2
4
bars is given by
=207.6 mm
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Providing 16 mm-
349.2 mm2
(ok)
3.6.10
5.7
+2.4=97.411
1.19
200
d
=1+
200
400
= 1.7
2.0
(ok)
Vmin=0.031k3/2fck1/2
=0.031 1.713 /2 351 /2
A sl
bw d
1058.22
1000 400
=0.41
= 2.645 10 3
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
1 /3
] 103 400
=158.93 kN
=164 kN
VEd =146.15 kN
(ok)
f ck
]
310
=0.6[1
35
]=0.532
310
VEd
(ok)
The live load applied is 0.65 m from the edge of support. The same clause
specifies that is the applied load is at av i.e 0.5d to 2d (200mm to 800mm ),then
there will be reduction factor multiplied to V ed.So in our case the dead load shear
will be as its i.e 23.162 KN
But live load shear will be (1.5
57
)
1.19
= reduction factor=av/2d
av= 650 mm
650
=0.8125
2 400
Vls=1.5
57
0.8125
1.19
=58.377KN
Total shear=84 kN
Ved=126 KN
VRdc=164 KN
126 kN
(ok)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
It may be noted that the downward wind force will be only 5 1.8=9 KN
against live load 86.22 KN. Hence, there is no need of combination of loads
taking wind effect in to account.
3.6.11
DEFLECTION CHECK FOR CANTILEVER SLAB:
The deflection will be checked as per is 456:2000.since we have different loading
at different positions,we have to consider them separate
3.6.11.1
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
i
m
8
1.117 10
|
( r )end z end
x end b w
1
(Ieff)end= 1.2
=
27.6 136
44.47 = 3.67 108 m m4
d end b
1.2
1
( m )end d end
19.49 152
152
(|r )end
I
I
I
(|gr )end ( ok )
(|eff )end < (|r )end <
I
I
(|r )mid
(|eff )mid =
)( )
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
So
I
I
(|r )mid =3.1264 108 mm 4
(|eff )mid =
( 1
10212 ( 1800 )
w l3
=
=1.83 mm
)end=
3 E c I r 3 ( 2.958 104 ) ( 3.67 108 )
( 1 )mid =
15350 ( 1800 )3
8 ( 2.958 104 ) ( 3.1264 10 8 )
=1.21mm
1.15 w l 2 w l 3
+
=0.64 mm
Ec Ir
2
3
Total deflection due to short tern loading =3.68mm
Deflection due to shrinkage
acs=k3csl2
k3=0.5(for cantilever)
pt=0.7% ,pc=0.4%
pt p c
=0.26<1.0
k4=0.72
pt
0.25 pt pc =0.3<1.0 ( ok )
( 1 )At 0.65m =
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
At mid:
500x2 + 28463.63x 5140706.56 = 0
Or x = 76.853mm
At 0.65 m:
500x2 + 28463.63x 5657384.835 = 0
Or x = 81.65 mm
Same lever arm as used before will be used.
So
Similarly Ir.mid = 7.3108 mm4 and Ir at 0.65m = 9.22108 mm4
= 2.30108 mm4
So
Ir.end< Ieff.end< Igr.end (OK)
Similarly (Ieff)mid= 4.17 108 mm4 < (Ir)mid
(Ieff)mid = 7.3 108 mm4
(Ieff)at 0.65m = 29.35 108 mm4
But in this case ,for calculating perm. Creep using above equations & E ce,only
permanent load will be taken care of .no live load will be there
So (W)end=kerb +R.C pol&railing=5.25+2.562=7.812 kN/m
(W)mid =W.C+R.C slab=1.85+13.5=15.35 kn/m
( W end ) l 3 ( W mid ) l3
(ai.cc)perm=
+
3 E ce I eff 8 E ce I eff
=(2.39+1.35)mm=3.74mm
Short term deflection due to permanent load
7 . 81210 3 1800 3
15. 35 103 18003
+
ai.perm =
4
8
4
8 =1.4+1.21=2.61mm
3 2. 958 10 3 .67 10 8 2 . 958 10 3 .1264 10
So deflection due to creep is given by
3.74-2.61=1.13mm
Total deflection is =3.68+0.63+1.13
=5.44mm
However this deflection will be lesser in practical as more accurate calculations
will reveal the result
As per clause 12.4.1 of IRC:112-2011,the deflection should be limited to =
cantilever span
375
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
1800
=4.8 mm<5.44 mm
375
Now lets check it as per cl-23.2 of is:456-2000
fs=220.27, pt=0.7%
Modification factor=1.2(fig-4,p-38)
pc=0.4%
Modification factor=1.12
span
=7 ( for cantilever )
Basic
depth
span
Modified
=71.121.2=9.408
depth
span
Our
= 6<9.408(ok)
depth
=
But revising the section as providing 16 bars 225mm c/c & 12mm
bars@225mm alternatively&rechecking,the defection criteria is satisfied. Hence
total reinforcement provided is given by 1396 mm2.
3.6.11.2
Second Trail- Rechecking of deflection for Cantilever
Slab(Annex c of IS-456:2000):
Short term deflection
b d 3 1000 2003
(Igr)end=
=
=6.67 108 mm 4
12
12
8
(Igr)mid = 22.5 10 mm4 , ( I gr ) .65m=29.35 108 mm 4
Fcr = 0.7 f ck=4.141 n /m m2
4.141 6.67 108
=27.6 kN m
100
8
4.141 22.5 10
(Mr)mid =
=62.115 kN m
150
(Mr)0.65m=74.158 kn-m
(Mr)end=
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
=x=45.02mm
At mid
= 500 x2 +13157.92 x 2549278.08=0
X=59.45mm
At 0.65m
= 500 x2 +13157.92 x 2811436.83=0
X=62.97mm
1
3
2
2
1000 ( 45.02 ) +3720.96 ( 45.02 46 ) + 9436.96 ( 152 45.02 )
(Ir)end=
3
= 1.38 108 mm4
(Ir)mid = 4.2 108 m m4
(Ir)at 0.65m = 5.27 108 m m4
z= lever arm. zend=0.9d=136mm,zmid=226mm,zat 0.65m=251mm
(M)end=kerb+port&railing+l.due
pedestrian=7.48+3.45+0.97+4.35+3.24=19.49KN-m
(Mmid)=w.c+R.C slab=13.12KN-m
M0.65m=wheel laod=46.70KN-m
i
m
(|r )end z end
x
1 end = 4.5 10 8 m m4
(Ieff)end= 1.2
d end
( m )end d end
(|r )end
I
I
I
(|gr )end ( ok )
(|eff )end < (|r )end <
I
I
(|r )mid =4.2 108 mm4
(|eff )mid =
(Ieff )at 0.65 m= 54.44 108 m m4 < (Igr)at 0.65m= 29.35 108 mm4
w l3
=1.5 mm , ( 1 )mid
( 1 )end=
= 0.9 mm ,
( 1 )At
3 Ec I r
1.15 w l 2 w l 3
+
=0.64 mm
Ec I r
2
3
1
to
0.65m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Total deflection due to short tern loading =3.04mm
Deflection due to shrinkage
acs=k3csl2
k3=0.5(for cantilever)
pt=0.92% ,pc=0.425%
k4 0.37<1.0
0.25 pt pc =0.495<1.0 ( ok )
(cs )end= 5.55 107
acs=0.9mm
Deflection due to creep-:
Ec
Ece =
1+
=1.6(for 28-days strength)
Es
4 N
=17.58
Ece = 1.1377 10
,m=
2
E ce
mm
Transformed area of compression steel =(m-1)Asc =10710.68mm2
Transformed area of tension steel=mAst = 24541.68 mm2
Depth of neutral axis at different section
At end
at mid
at 0.65m
X=63.2mm
x=85.566mm
x=91.08mm
8
4
8
4
(Ir)end= 2.80 10 mm , (Ir)mid= 9.03 10 m m
(Ir)0.65m= 2.80 108 mm4
(Ieff)mid= 5.63 108 m m4 < (Ir)mid
(Ieff)end = 6.08 108 mm4
(Ieff)at 0.65m = 47.80 10 8 m m4 ; which should not be greater than Igr at 0.65m
(W)end=7.812 kN/m,
(W)mid =15.35 kN/m
3
( W end ) l ( W mid ) l3
(ai.cc)perm=
+
3 E ce I eff 8 E ce I eff
=(2.2+1.1)mm=3.3mm
Short term deflection due to permanent load
7.812 103 18003
15.35 103 18003
+
ai.perm =
=1.4+1.21=2.61mm
3 2.958 104 3.67 108 8 2.958 10 4 3.1264 10 8
Deflection due to creep = 0.69mm 0.70mm
Hence total deflection = 3.04 + 0.9+0.7 = 4.64 mm < 4.8 mm (ok)
3.6.12
3.6.12.1
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
(i)
In short direction:
A st provided
716.005
893.61
A st provided
A st req
=0.865
lb =k
=
0.87 f y
4 f bd
16 0.87 415
4 30
2011)
=481.4 mm
Also k=30
lb = 30 16
= 480 mm
420 mm
lb.min =0.6lb=288 mm
lb.min
(ii)
A st . req
A st . provided
a
=1
(ok)
In long direction:
=
480.53
=0.743
646.30
0.75
(for straight bars)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
lb =k
=30 12 =360mm
12 0.87 415
4
or lb=
= 361.05 mm
So lb = 360 mm
lb.net =1 360 0.75
= 270 mm
lb.min =0.3lb=108 mm
(tension anchor)
=0.6 lb=216 mm
lb.min =10
lb.net
=120 mm or 100 mm
lb.min
3.6.12.2
A st . req
A st . provided
a
(compression anchor)
Cantilever slab:
=
872.56
1058.22
=0.824
(cl-15.2.4.3 of IRC:112-2011)
=1
lb=k
=30 12=360 mm
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Effective span=18.33 m
rid width=400mm
slab thickness=250 mm
Main beam spacing=2.5 m
Depth of rib = 1400 mm
Total depth =1400+250+150=1800mm=D
(a)
REACTION FACTOR:
Courbons method can be applied to our design since span to depth ratio is
greater than 2. Arrangement of class-AA tracked load for maximum eccentricity is
as given below.
w
n
[1
+ I
d x2
dxe]
Rx=Reaction factor
It may be noted that RA=Rc since the same loading can be reversed in two cases.
RA=
2 W1
3I
2.5 1.1 ]
[1+
2
3
2 2.5 I
n= no of girders =3
dx=spacing of girders=2.5 m
W1=350 KN
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
w
3 1.1
[1+
]
3
2 2.5
RA=Rc=
RB = 2W1/3[1+0]
= 2W1/3 =0.33W
(b)
DEAD LOAD:
22=1.848 kN/m
= 5.25 kN/m
2=8 kN/m
= 15.50 kN/m
Cross girder:
Dead weight of one cross girder is=0.3 1.4 25 =10.50 kN/m
This load expands up to 2.5 m both sides on intermediate girder
Hence reaction from cross girder = 10.50 2.5=26.25 kN
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
The end cross beams will not be considered since their loads will be directly
transferred to support through piers. Hence end reactions need not be considered.
The presentation is as follows
=2300 kN-m
489kN
Span =18.33 m, Impact =10%; for maximum bending moment to occur, the
live load is placed centrally on the span as shown below.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
(d)
is
given
by
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Wheel load placed at starting will be giving maximum shear i.e. starting point of
either end; either A or B . Again one wheel has to be placed on one girder to
give severe effect as the distribution load will occur only for one wheel load.
Reaction of w2 on girder-B is given by 350
0.45
=63 kN
2.5
2.05
2.50
=287 kN
413 16.53
18.33
= 372.44 kN
Bending
D.L
Moment/Gir Bending
der
Moment
L.L
Bending
Moment
Total
Bending
Moment
Unit
Outer Girder
2300
1760
4060
kN-m
Inner Girder
2300
1060
3360
kN-m
Shear
Force/Girde
r
D.L
Shear
L.L Shear
Total Shear
Unit
Outer Girder
489
410
899
kN
Inner Girder
489
410
899
kN
(e)
CALCULATION OF BENDING MOMENT USING HENDRY-JAEGAR METHOD:
A =(
12
4
nE I r
EI
)
)
L 3
h
()
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
2
CJ
h
F=
)(
)(
)
E Ir
L
2n
c=
E I1
E I2
=1
(ok)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
=4.486 m
B= 2.5 m< 4.488 m
beff=2.5m
(ok)
Longitudinal girder:
A 1+ A
A x +A x
x = 1 1 2 2
=0.57 m
3
2.5 0.253 (
2 0.4 1.55
)
(
)
I L=
+ 2.5 0.25 0.448 +
+ ( 0.4 1.35 ) 0.4522=0.3795 m4
12
12
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Cross girder:
x =
A 1 X 1+ A 2 X 2
A 1+ A 2
1 0.25 0.125+0.3 1.55 1.025
1 0.25+0.3 1.55
=0.710 m
3
1 0.253
2 0.3 1.55
Ir =
+1 0.25 0.585 +
+0.3 1.55 0.3152
12
12
0.2261 m
A=
18.33
2.5
5 E 0.2261
=144.64
)3
12
E
0.3795
J = R a3 b
b 2500
=
=10
a 250
R=0.312
Bridges )
b 1550
=
=3.875
a 400
R=0.2787
J = Ra3 b = 0.312 0.253 2.5+ 0.2787 0.4 3 1.55
F=
= 0.0398
2
2.5
0.43 E 0.0398
=0.0102 0
2 5 18.33
E 0.2261
M
Taking F = 0 for analysis , (| M )
0
(F A)
( 3+ F A )
M F =M O +
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
O
; M O=0.83 ( For outer girder , F=0 )
M
MF
M O=
= 2641.31 kN-m
Interior girder:
Dead load moment = 2300 kN-m
Live load moment = 2893 1.1 0.36
Total moment = 3445.63 kN-m
s method
=1145.63 kN-m
correction factor
Or
=
We have calculated
Ra = Rc=ROuter girder =0.553w
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Rb=Rinner girder=0.333w
Correction factor is given by,
Y= correction factor,x= span of bridge
X=18.33m
y=0 . 000134
Lets assume 32mm bars as main reinforcement bars in 4 rows, the clear
spacing between bars is 32mm &hence c/c distance is 64mm
Lets take clear cover =40mm( clause-14.3.2,table-14.2,severe condition)
Assuming 10mm dia stirrups& surface reinforcement(as cl-16.5.4)
Effective cover=40+10+12+30+10+15+120=235mm
Hence effective depth= 1800-235=1565mm
Lets take d=1560mm
Df= 250mm
Df /d=0.1602 <0.2
Bf = 2.5m (as calculated earlier)
Xumax =0.481600=768mm
Lets check the actual neutral axis depth
Lets take xu =Df =250mm
250
250
1-0 . 416
Mu =0.36 35 2500 (1600)2
1600
1600
=11781kN-m
Imposed moment calculated =7412 kN-m=Ma
Mu >>Ma (hence neutral axis lies inside flange section)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
0. 5 35
4 .6 7412106
[1 1
]2500 1560
415
35 2500 15602
=13740.20 mm2
providing 30mm dia bars as main reinforcing bars,
(Ast)required =
So Ast.req =
= 9453.60 mm2
Providing 16- 28 mm bars in 4- rows, (Ast)provided = 9852.03 mm2
For detailing of reinforcement, please refer to Appendix-B attached with this
thesis.
(i) CALCULATION OF ANCHORAGE LENGTH:
Clause -15.2.4.3 of IRC:112-2011
Outer girder
a
a
(|s ) provided l bmin
Lb.net=
(|s ) reqd
a lb
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Lets assume
So
lb=
a =1
f yd
4
f bd
A
A
(|st ) provided =1 at a section
(|st ) reqd
()( )
30 0.87 415
=902.625 903 mm
4
3
Or lb=k=3030=900mm
lb.net =lb=903mm
lb.min=0.3lb=288.9mm or 100mm or 10=300mm
Inner girder
28 0.87 415
=842.45 843 mm
lb=
4
3
lb.net =843mm
2
Length of bearing =
l
(16.5.1.4. of IRC :112-2011)
3 b.net
=602mm(outer girder)
=562mm(inner girder)
=
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Fig-22.1 (Bar curtailment-Wheel load at quarter span)
The load arrangement is as shown in the figure taking ILD into consideration.
Wheel load moment:
1
[ 3.44 +2.764 ] 700=2171.40 kN m
=
2
Dead load moment:
= 488.46 4.5825 49 4.58252 0.5=1724 kN m
As per H-J method, wheel load BM including impact & coefficient
=
Total design moment on outer girder= 1.5 (1982.5+ 1724=5560 kN m )
Total design moment on inner girder= 1.5 (1724 +1.1 2171.40 0.36 ) =3876 kN-m
(ii) Loads at a distance 6.874m from ends of girder
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
A
st
. req
=
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
A
Providing 19-30mm dia bars , = st . prov
A st . req
A
Providing 15-28mm dia bars= st . prov
A st . reqd
A
Providing 10-30mm dia bars,= st . prov
Note -:10-30mm dia bars are curtailed from 1.388m from ends of support
Inner girder:
Note -:8-28mm bars are curtailed from 1.44825m from ends of girder
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
(OUTER GIRDER)
(INNER GIRDER)
Fig-23 (Bar curtailment Presentation for Longitudinal Girders)
(l) CALCULATION OF INDUCED SHEAR AT DIFFERENT SECTIONS:
(i)
Wheel load at starting
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
1
[ 0.75+ 0.5536 ] 413 1.1=296.113 kN
2
Dead load shear= 489 ( 49 4.5825 )=264.46 kN
Total shear=561kN
(iv) Shear at 1.95m from end of girder
Track s.f at 4.5825m=
(v)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Total shear=366 kN
(vii) Shear at 4.3825 m from end of girder
(
)
s bmax =0.6 d 1+cot clause 16.5 .2 ( 8 ) of IRC :112 2011 ]
0.6
1560
2=1.872>
0.645
( ok )
=
Now
A sw =1
as
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Now
v rds =
asw
z f ywd ( cot+ cot ) sin
s
s=0.645m
z=0.9d=0.91560=1440mm
f ywd =0.8415=332 N /mm2
706
1
( V Rds)O . G = 645 1404 332 2 =721.55 kN
2
V Rd . m ax = cw bw v 1 f cd z ( cot +cot ) / ( 1+cot 2 )
=14000.915600.60.36352/2
=4245.696>>721.55 KN (ok)
615
1
( V Rds ) I .G = 645 1404 332 2
2
=628.543<< 4245.696 kN (ok)
Design shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement is given by
VRdc = [ 0.12 k ( 80 1 f ck )
0.33
cp =0
3
vmin= 0.031 k 2 f 2
ck
200
200
=1+
=1.358<2 ( ok )
d
1560
vmin=0.29
(VRdc)min= ( v min +0.15 cp ) bw d
K= 1+
=0.294001560=181.105 kN
A st
Now 1=
bw d
Since half reinforcement is always available throughout,
0.5 14137.167
=0.01133< 0.02
( 1 )O.G=
400 1560
0.5 9852.03
=7.89 10 3< 0.02
( 1 )I.G =
400 1560
(VRdc)O.G = [ 0.12 1.358 ( 80 0.01133 35 )0.33 ] 400 1560
318 kN > v Rdc. min ( ok )
(VRdc)I.G= [ 0.12 1.358 ( 80 7.89 10 3 35 )
= 282 kN > v Rdc . min ( ok )
(n)
0.33
] 400 1560
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
However as its simply supported & a bearing of 450mm is provided,a fan like
compression field will exist having steepest angle =45 up to which no shear
reinforcement will be necessary. so the effective section for shear will be at
0.45+1.560=2.01m from end of girder
Total shear at 2.01m=751kN
Design shear=1.5751=1126.50 kN
Shear resisted by girder without shear reinforcement = (VRdc)O.G=318 kN
Hence design shear for which shear reinforcement will be provided=V Ed
=(1126.50-318)KN=808.50 kN
The shear resisting capacity of available bent up bars at that section is 721.55 kN
But as per clause -10.3.3.3(2)& clause-16.5.2(3)
of IRC :112-2011,only 50% of the shear will be resisted by the bent up bars
Hence shear to be resisted by links/stirrups
808.50
=404.25 kn
By
2
0.5 10 0.6 0.36 35 400 645
=4154.21 mm2 >706 mm 2 ( ok )
1
[check:(asw.max)bent up bars=
0.8 415
2
>615mm2(ok)
Lets provide 4-legged 8mm vertical stirrups
2
2
2
Asw = 4 8 =201.062m m =201m m
4
Using clause-10.3.3.2 of IRC:112-2011,
f cd
Vrd.max= cw bw v 1 f cd z
( cot+tan )
0.36 35
= 1 400 0.9 1560 0.6
2
=2122.848kN>>404.25 kN (ok)
As per same clause ,spacing of vertical stirrups given by
asw f ywd z cot
S=
v rds
201 0.9 1560 0.8 415 1
=231.766 mm
=
404.25 103
Let;s provide 4-legged 8mm vertical stirrups@ 200mm c/c starting/end of
girders.
As per cl-16.5.2 of irc:112-2011,
Min. Shear reinforcement ratio is
0.072 f ck 0.072 35
=
=1.026 103
w.min=
f yk
415
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Provided shear reinforcement ratio is
A sw
201
=
=2.125 10 3> ( w.min)(ok)
( w)=
s bw sin 200 400
Shear force at 4.5825m from ends of girder 561kN. Here no bent up bars are
available
Design shear=841.5kN
2
2
(Asl)o.g= 18 30 =12723.45 m m
4
8620.53
=0.0138 0.02
1 )o.g=0.02039 > 0.02, 1 )i.g=
400
1560
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
0.45+1.56=2.01m from girder end
Total design shear=1126.50kN
(VRdc)I.G=282 kN
Design shear for which shear reinforcement will be provided=844.50kn
Bent up bars shear resistance is
(VRds)I.G =628.543 kN
844.50
=422.25 kN
But it will be taking only
2
Rest 422.25kn will be taken care of by the vertical stirrups.
Providing 8mm -4 legged stirrups,
Asw=201 mm2
Cl-10.3.3.2 of IRC:112-2011 specifies
Vrd.max=2122.848kN >> 422.25kN(ok)
Following same clause, spacing of stirrups,
201 0.9 1560 0.8 415 1
=221.88mm
S=
422.25 103
Provide 8mm-4legged stirrups @200mmc/c up to 4.3825m from end of girder on
both sides ( w)min = 1.026 10 3
(
w prov
201
=2.5125 10 3 > ( w ) min ( ok )
200 400
2
2
(Ast)available= 16 28 =9852.035 mm
4
9852.035
=0.016< 0.02
1 )I.G=
400 1560
(VRdc)I.G=356.604 kN
Shear to b resisted by links and/stirrups
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
(549-356.604)kn=192.396kn 193 kN
Providing minimum shear reinforcement spacing of 350mm c/c,
201 0.9 1560 0.8 415 1
=267.691kN > 193 kn ( ok )
VRds=
350
So Provide 8mm-4legged stirrups @350mmc/c in middle strip-band of length
4.5825m
( w)min = 1.026 10 3
(
w prov
(p)
201
=1.436 10 3 > ( w ) min ( ok )
350 400 1
SURFACE REINFORCEMENT:
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
=
Also stirrups will be giving
=
Total area provided=976.25mm2>368mm2(ok)
All the surface reinforcement bars are perfectly anchored&hence will be
serving as shear reinforcement also appear same clause(5) also
Also side face longitudinal bars will be serving as side face reinforcement for
stability as per clause-26.5.1.3 of IS-456:2000
(q)
CHECK
FOR
BAR
CURTAILMENT
ADEQUACY
AS
PER
CURTAILMENT OF GIRDER BARS:
The check will be done as per clause 16.5.1.3 off IRC:-112-2011(page -176)&
clause-16.5.1.4 off IRC:112-2011(page -177)
Before checking,it may be noted that the longitudinal bar curtailment rule as per
figure-16.2 of IRC:112-2011(page -177) will be taken care of for end sections only
since at end of girders,there is maximum shear &minimum reinforcement is acting
upon all other sections will be found safer if automatically if end section are found
safer
Frs=tensile capacity of reinforcement
=2552.112kN
2
(Frs)I.G= 8 28 0.87 415=2778.54 kN
4
The above Frs should be greater that Fs+
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Effective shear will occur at 2.01m from end &its value is 1126.50kN
Fs=0.451126.50 507kN
M ed
At ends Med 0
=0
z
Ftd=0.5 VEd( cot cot )
=0.51126.501=563.25kN
Also another value of Fs appear fig-16.2(A) is
M Ed
+ N Ed =0
z
Fs+ Ftd =563.25+507=1070.25kn<2552.112 kn=(FRs)o.g
At middle,
M ed
M edmax
=
z
z
M ed
7412 106
(
)O.G=
=5280 kN
z
0.9 1560
6
M ed
5169 10
(
)I.G=
=3682kN
z
0.9 1560
(Fs)O.G=5280kn,(Fs)i.g=3682kN
M Edmax
( VEd=0& also
Ftd<
)
z
(FRS)O.G=2552.1122=5104.224kN
(FRS)I.G=1778.542=3557.08kN
As per clause -16.5.4(5) of irc:112-2011,4-16mm bars which are provided as
side face reinforcement will be serving as resisting bars for bending of girder
section. So tensile capacity of total 4-16mm bars is given by,
So (FRS)O.G=5104.224+290.374=6394.60 kN >(ok)
(FRS)I.G=3847.454kN >3682kN (ok)
3.6.15
DESIGN OF CROSS GIRDER:
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Self-weight=0.31.425=10.5 kN/m
Slab load will be distributed as shown below
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
=280.12 kN
= 2
2
4.5078
Reaction on each longitudinal girder
280.12 2
=186.75 kN
=
3
Max. Bending moment on cross girder under load =186.751.475=275.456 kN-m
In checking impact, Mc =303kN-m
Dead load moment under wheel load ,
( 1.475 )2
= 35.125 1.475 21.075
=28.884 kN m
2
Total design moment=332kN-m
Ultimate moment = Mu =498kN-m
Since the cross girder fixed at intermediate girder,(-)ve moment will exist.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
As per D.J victor, Essential Bridges Engineering, referring to Morrice-Little method,
distribution coefficient=0.416
So negative moment =0.146 49873 kN-m
Since its flange d beam,assuming neutral axis in side flange,
Mu =21241.143kN-m>>>>>498kN-m
498 106
=886.45 m m2
(Ast )+ve=
250
0.87 415 1660 1 0.416
1600
Providing 4-20mm bars
(Ast )provided=1256.64mm2
Provision of 4-16-mm bars at top will give
(Ast )-ve=804.25mm2>(Ast )required =135.152mm2
Provide 4-12mm bars each face uniformly as side reinforcement.
3.6.15.1
Cl-10.3.2 of IRC:112-2011
K=1.33
vmin=0.281
cp=0
1 =2.61810-3
VRdc=[0.121.33(802.61810-335)0.333001600=147.831 kN
VRdc.min=0.2813001600=134.880 kN
Design shear VEd =1.5[186.75+35.125]=332.8125 kN
Extra shear to be resisted by stirrups is =184.98 185 kN
Providing 8mm dia -4 legged stirrups
Asw =201mm2
Spacing(s)= 519.43mm,8mm 4-legged @300mm c/c
Again shear reinforcement ratio
s b w sin
w =
=1.289910-3
0.072 35
=1.026 103
=
(|w )
415
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
Assumimg )min ,
201
=653.021 mm>300 mm ( ok )
s=
300 11.026 103
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
REFERENCES:
1. IRC:112-2011; CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES, INDIAN
ROAD CONGRESS
2. IRC:6-2014; STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD
BRIDGES; SECTION : II LOADS AND STRESSES
3. IRC:6-2010; STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD
BRIDGES; SECTION : II LOADS AND STRESSES
4. IRC-SP-13; GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIN OF SMALL BRIDGES AND CULVERTS
5. IS 456 : 2000; INDIAN STANDARD PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CODE
OF PRACTICE
6. IS-SP-16; DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS : 456-1978
7. IS : 875 1987; INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS
(OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCUTRES
8. IS-SP : 34(S&T)-1987; HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND
DETAILING
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA
9. ESSENTIALS OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING; VICTOR D.J; OXFORD&IBH
PUBLICATION
10.
11.
R.C.C DESIGNS ; PUNMIA B.C, JAIN A.K AND JAIN A.K; LAXMI
PUBLICATIONS
12.
13.
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE; VARGHESE P.C; PHI
LEARNING
14.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES; RAMAMRUTHAM S. AND NARAYAN R.;
DHANPATRAI PUBLISHING COMPANY
15.
16.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & ENGINEERING RESEARCH
VOLUME 4 , ISSUE 3 ,MARCH 2013 (ISSN 2229 -5518) STUDY OF
EFFECTIVENESS OF COURBON S THEORY IN THE ANALYSIS OF T BEAM
BRIDGES BY: M.G. KALYAN & HETTI &R. P. SHRIRAM