MATTER & ENERGY

the particles making up a solid

exist in close contact and do not

MATTER

move

There

are

two

principal

ways

of

classifying matter:
o by its physical state as:
a solid, liquid, or gas
o by its chemical constitution
as:

or mixture

STATES OF MATTER
Commonly, a given kind of matter

oscillate

or

molecules

are

so

close

together
have definite shapes because
the

an element, compound,

but

vibrate about fixed sites.

Have definite volumes because
their

about

attraction

between

their

molecules is strong
cannot be compressed
4. PLASMA
Ionized gas that contains positive ions
and electrons

exists in different physical forms under

different conditions.

PROPERTIES USED TO DESCRIBE

1. GASES
Are composed of molecules or single
atoms that are in constant random
motion
space

throughout
(unless

the

mostly

empty

gas

highly

is

MATTER CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

1. Extensive depends on the amount
of matter in the sample
EX.

compressed).

Mass, volume, calories

2. Intensive depends on the type of

CHARACTERISTICS:

Has

no

definite

shape

and

definite volume
Can be compressed
2. LIQUIDS
Is fluid because molecules
move

easily

relative

another.
the molecules

are

to

in

no

EX.

can
one

constant

random motion (as in a gas) but

are more tightly packed, so there is

matter, not the amount present

much less free space.

Because the molecules can move

CHANGES THAT MATTER UNDERGOES

1. Physical Change
is a change in the form of matter but
not in its chemical identity.
2. Chemical Change, Or

relative to one another as in a gas,

Have definite volumes because

molecules

are

still

close

together.
cannot be easily compressed.
do not have definite shapes
because
their

the attraction between

molecules

enough
3. SOLIDS

is

not

Reaction
is a change in which one or more
a new kind of matter or several new

CHARACTERISTICS:

their

Chemical

kinds of matter are transformed into

a liquid can flow (it is fluid).

Hardness, Boiling Point

kinds of matter.
Is irreversible

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Signs Of Chemical Change:

Gas production
Precipitate formation
Energy production (light, sound)
Change in Temperature
Change in color
Change in chemical or physical
property

strong
PHASE TRANSITION/CHANGE OF STATE

Such a change of a substance from one

state to another

substance

1. METALS
is a substance or mixture
that

2. Freezing

is the change of a liquid to the solid

has

the change of a solid directly to the

of

heat

good
and

electricity.
are more or less malleable
(can

4. Sublimation

characteristic

luster, or shine
is
generally
conductor

state.
3. Vaporization
is the change of a liquid to vapor.

be

hammered

into

sheets)
can also be ductile (can be

drawn into wire).

2. NON-METALS
is an element that does not exhibit

vapor
5. Condensation

be

Three types of elements:

is the change of a solid to the

to as fusion)

cannot

into simpler substances.

liquid state (melting is also referred

that

decomposed by any chemical reaction

1. Melting

is the change of a gas to either the

liquid or the solid state (the change

of vapor to solid is sometimes

called deposition).

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

the characteristics of a metal.

Most of the nonmetals are
o gases (for example, chlorine
and oxygen etc.)
solids
(for

example,

phosphorus and sulfur).

The solid nonmetals are usually
hard, brittle substances.

1. Physical property
is a characteristic
observed

for

that

can

material

be

without

changing its chemical identity.

3. METTALOID
is an element having both metallic

and nonmetallic properties.

These elements, such as silicon (Si)
and germanium (Ge), are usually

2. Chemical property
is a characteristic

of

material

involving its chemical change.

room

I.
PURE SUBSTANCE
is a kind of matter that cannot be
separated into other kinds of matter

by any physical process.

No matter what its

source,

substance

the

always

has

same

characteristic properties.
A. ELEMENTS
Matter that is composed of only one
atom

that, when pure, are poor

conductors of electricity at

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

good semiconductors
o Semiconductorselements

become

temperature

but

moderately

good

conductors

at

higher

temperatures.
B. COMPOUNDS
substances that are made up of
groups

of

elements

chemically

bonded and arranged in a specific

manner

Special Compounds:

WAYS OF SEPARATING
MIXTURES

Minerals

Elements or compounds that

occurs naturally on earth

Example: salt (halite)

Differences in physical properties

can be used to separate mixtures.
1. Filtration - separates a solid
from

Oxides
Compounds

form

by

combination of element with

magnets,

oxygen
Example:

Fe3O4(rust)

Iron

are

together

not

chemically

and

mixed

evaporation,

chromatography

Colloid
o falls

in

between

a
and

heterogeneous mixture as it

any
o

looks homogeneous
Mixture of two phases of
matter

by physical means into two or more

substances.
can be physically separated by

Example:

filtering, boiling or centrifuging

Types of Mixtures:
1. Heterogeneous mixture
is a mixture that consists of

halfway

homogeneous

joined

proportion
is a material that can be separated

Special Mixtures:

II.
MIXTURES
contain 2 or more pure substances
that

in

solution by boiling points

There are other ways as well:

with oxygen

liquid

heterogeneous mixture (by size)

2. Distillation

separates
a

the

o
o
o
o
o
Ore
o

physically distinct parts, each

milk (liquid in liquid)

gelatin (liquid in solid)
Aerosols
Emulsions
smoke
a rock that has an element
that can be obtained for

with different properties.

Example:

profit
o iron ore Fe2O3(s)
o bauxite Al2O3(s)
Alloy
o a mixture of at least two
elements, at least one of
which is a metal, melted
o
o
o

2. Homogeneous mixture (also known

as a solution)

chromium and manganese

is a mixture that is uniform in its

properties

throughout

samples.
has only one phase

Examples:

together uniformly
Examples:
steel iron and carbon
stainless steel iron, carbon,

ENERGY

given

Physical and chemical changes are

accompanied by energy changes.

ENERGY: the capacity to do work
WORK: results from a force acting
on a distance
Types of Energy:

1. Potential energy (PE): energy due to

the position or composition of the
object
--converted into Kinetic Energy
Types:
Gravitational
Elastic
Electric
Nuclear
Chemical

Other Types of Energy:

1. Electrical

energy

associated

with

the

the

electrical charge.
2. Thermal energy
associated

is

is

with

energy

flow

the

of

energy

motions

of

particles of matter.
3. Chemical energy is a form of PE
associated

with

positions

of

particles in a chemical system.

2. Kinetic energy (KE): energy due to
motion of the object
An objects total energy is the sum
of its PE and KE

states

created nor destroyed.

Energy can change from one form

energy

is

neither

to another or transferred from one

object to another.

reactions

can

either

be

energy

to

exothermic or endothermic.
1. exothermic:

The Law of Conservation of Energy

that

Chemical

release

surroundings
2. endothermic: absorb energy from
surroundings