A PROJECT REPORT

ON

PEDAL POWERED HACKSAW

&WASHING MACHINE
SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUREMENT FOR
THE
AWARDED OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHONOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
AJAY KUMAR MAURYA
AKASH YADAV
AMAAN HUSSAIN ABDULLAH
DEVBRAT SINGH
SHIVAM PRAJAPATI

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mr. TANVEER ALAM
Assistant Professor (MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT)
BABU BANARSI DAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,
LUCKNOW

GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

1

CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the project entitled PEDAL POWERED HACKSAW &
WASHING MACHINE in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology of G.B. Technical University, is a record of student own work carried under our
supervision and guidance. The project report embodies result of original work and studies carried out by
student and the content do not forms the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to
anybody else.

SUBMITTED BY-

SUBMITTED TO-

Mr. AJAY MAURYA (1105440007),

Mr. SATYA PRAKASH ASTHANA

Mr. AKASH YADAV (1105440009),

(HOD of Mechanical)

Mr. AMAAN ABDULLAH (1105440012),

Mr. DEVBRAT SINGH 1105440035),
Mr. SHIVAM PRAJAPATI (1105413091)

Mr. TANVEER ALAM

(Assistant Professor)

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we are Student of Mechanical, BBDNITM, Lucknow. We are working on
project under the guidance of Mr. TANVEER ALAM. Further, this work has been submitted in full
to obtained degree of the Bachelor of Technology that the studies described in this report entitled
PEDAL POWERED HACKSAW AND WASHING MACHINE in subject Mechanical engineering
is carried out by us.

Mr. AJAY MAURYA (1105440007),

Mr. AKASH YADAV (1105440009),
Mr. AMAAN HUSSAIN ABDULLAH (1105440012),
Mr. DEVBRAT SINGH 1105440035),
Mr. SHIVAM PRAJAPATI (1105413091)

ABSTRACT
Pedal power is the transfer of energy from a human source through the use of a foot pedal and
crank system. This technology is most commonly used for transportation and has been used to propel
bicycles for over a hundred years. Less commonly pedal power is used to power agricultural and hand
tools and even to generate electricity. Some applications include pedal powered laptops, pedal powered
grinders and pedal powered water wells. Some third world development projects currently transform
used bicycles into pedal powered tools for sustainable development. This project concentrates on pedal
powered hacksaw and washing machine.
The Pedal Powered Hacksaw Machine is a device which is used for cutting wood, plastic and metals.
The basic Principle of this machine is slider crank mechanism, which is an inversion of four bar
mechanism. The concept of this Mechanism is that the rotary motion is converted into reciprocating
motion. The mechanism has four links connected to form sliding pair. Thus when one link is moved
along the circumference of the circle, the final link will generate the sliding movement for cutting
process.
Cloth washing is one of the essential parts of the life but it is considered undesirable because of the
involvement of efforts, time, energy and cost. Nowadays a wide variety of washing machines are
available in the market and there is a tough competence among the manufacturers. The cost of washing
machine varying from Rs.10,000 to 1,50,000 depending upon features and capabilities. Very costly
washing machines are equipped with facility of dry cleaning too. All of the washing machines available
in the market are electric power driven and basic principle of their operation depends upon creation of
the turbulent flow of detergent around the dirty clothes. In our country where approximately 70%
population is living with very poor economic status, those people cannot have a washing machine
because of cost constraints and unavailability of electricity due to any reason. The present work is an
attempt to develop a concept to make a cloth washing mechanism which can meet out the requirements
of above mentioned 70% population of the nation. Working principle of this concept is no more different
from available similar type of machine with a difference driving mechanism of the machine. The
objective of bringing down the initial cost and operating cost of washing machine is almost achieved in
present work within the limitation of work as mentioned.

The main aim is to reduce the human effort for machining various materials such as wooden
blocks, steel, PVC and washing the clothes and to generate the electricity to charge the 6 volts battery
which provides the light for machining and washing in the rural and dark areas which are very far from
the electricity and development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to HOD Mr. SATYA
PARKASH ASTHANA, MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT, BBDNITM, Lucknow for giving us
opportunity to carry out this project. With immense pleasure we express our deep sense of gratitude and
respectful to Mr. TANVEER ALAM (Assistant Professor) who was guiding us by giving his valuable
suggestions, constructive criticism and encouragement, which helped us to keep our spirits high and to
deal with problems. His meticulous methodology, critical assessment and warm encouragement made it
possible for me to bring the work in its present shape.
We are sincerely thankful to all other members of FACULTY OF MECHANICAL,
BBDNITM for giving us time to time support in doing this project. We express a word of thanks to our
friends for their constant support, suggestions and encouragement during preparation of this project.
Finally, we thank God for giving us the loving siblings and affectionate parents, who
blessed us with everything all throughout our life. Our gratitude to them cannot be expressed in words.
To them we owe our wonderful today and a dream filled tomorrow.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATE

DECLARATION

II

ABSTRACT

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

IV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2:

THEORY
INNOVATION
EASE OF USE
NEED

LITERATURE SURVEY

11-14
11
12
13
14

15-17

CHAPTER 3: FABRICATION OF THE PEDAL POWERED HACKSAW & WASHING

MACHINE
18-41

COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECTS

1. DC GENERATOR

19

2. BRUSHED DC MOTOR
3. DETAIL OF MOTOR
4. SEAT
5. PEDAL ARRANGEMENT
6. GEAR
7. HACKSAW
8. HACKSAW BLADE
9. BEARING
10. CHAIN AND SPROCKET
11. CATCHER
12. SHAFT
13. SHAFT COLLAR
14. DRUM AS A WASHING CHAMBER
15. CYCLE FRAME ARRANGEMENT

19
20
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
34
34
34
35
36
7

16. BATTERY
17. MULTI-METER
18. SCREW JACK
19. BENCH VICE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS USED IN THE PROJECT
1. WELDING

CHAPTER 4:

WORKING

40
42-45

WASH CYCLE
WASHING
RISING
SPINNING

CHAPTER 5:

36
38
39
39

44
44
45
45

CHALLENGES AND PROBLEM STATEMENTS

46-47

CHAPTER 6: APPLICATIONS OF THE PEADL POWERED HACKSAW & WASHING

MACHINE
48-49
CHAPTER 7:

PURPOSES, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 8:

UNIQUENESS

52-53

CHAPTER 9:

CONCLUSIONS

54-55

CHAPTER 10:

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

USE OF CHAIR IN PLACE OF CYCLE FRAME

WELDED STEEL STRUCTURE
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE POOR

CHAPTER 11:

REFERENCES

50-51

56-59
57
57
57
60

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1
Fig 2

Pedal Powered Hacksaw & Washing Machine

Women Washing Laundry in Guatemala. Currently, Women Wash and Wring Out Each

Clothing Item Individually By Hand. They Must Bend Over The Tanks And Submerge Their

Hands In Washing Solution For 8 Hours Each Week.

Fig 3 Pedal Operated Washing Machine
Fig 4 Multipurpose Machine
Fig 5 Brushed Dc Motor
Fig 6 Armature Of A Motor
Fig 7 Geared Dc Motor
Fig 8 Seat
Fig 9 Pedal Arrangement
Fig 10 Pedal & Sprocket
Fig 11 Hacksaw
Fig 12 Single Speed (Top) And Multi-Speed (Bottom)
Fig 13 Two Different Sizes Of Bicycle Chain
Fig 14 Square Coupling
Fig 15 Removing The Link Pin
Fig 16 Separated Chain
Fig 17 Parts Of A Chain Link
Fig 18 A Stiff Link Causes Problems
Fig 19 Relaxing A Stiff Link
Fig 20 Multi-Speed Freewheel And Chain
Fig 21 Chain And A Rear Derailleur
Fig 22 This Chain Is Too Thin For The Teeth
Fig 23 Single Speed Freewheel And Chain
Fig 24 Garage Door Opener Chain
Fig 25 Catcher & Sprocket
Fig 26 Drum As A Washing Chamber
Fig 27 Cycle Frame
Fig 28 Battery
Fig 29 Multimeter
Fig 30 Vice
Fig 31 Screw Jack
Fig 32 Welding
Fig 33 Welded Parts Of The Project
Fig 34 Operating A Wood Working Lathe
Fig 35 Operating A Circular Saw
Fig 36 Water Pumping From A Shallow Well
Fig 37 Corn Shelling
Fig 38 Peanut Shelling
9

Fig 39 Winnowing
Fig 40 Rice Threshing

CHAPTER :1
10

INTRODUCTION

11

PEDAL

POWERED

HACKSAW

&

WASHING

MACHINE

Fig 1 Pedal Powered Hacksaw & Washing Machine

12

PEDAL POWERED HACKSAW & WASHING MACHINE

1. A.: THEORY
Pedal power hacksaw is the transfer of energy from a human source through the use of a
foot pedal and crank system. This technology is most commonly used for transportation and has been
used to propel bicycles for over a hundred years .pedal power is used to power agricultural and hand
tool and even to generate electricity . Some applications include pedal powered laptops, pedal powered
grinders and pedal powered water wells. Some third world development projects currently transform used
bicycles into pedal powered tools for sustainable development. This project concentrates on pedal
powered hacksaw machining.
An individual can generate four times more power (1/4 HP) by pedaling than by hand-cranking. At the
rate of HP, continuous pedaling can be served for only short periods, approximately 10 minutes.
However, pedaling at half this power (1/8 HP) can be sustained for close to 60 minutes but power
capability can depend upon age. As a consequence of the brainstorming exercise, it was apparent that the
primary function of pedal power one specific product was particularly useful: the bicycle. Many devices
can be run right away with mechanical energy.
A saw is a tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge to cut through softer materials. The
cutting edge of a saw is either a serrated blade or an abrasive. A saw may be worked by hand, or
powered by steam, water, electric or other power. An abrasive saw uses an abrasive disc or band for
cutting, rather than a serrated blade.
A pedal-powered washing machine would allow women to wash clothes faster and with less strain.
When asked what they would do with their free time, women said that they would try to generate
income by making crafts or food to sell. Young daughters who help their mothers with domestic chores
may also have the opportunity to concentrate more on their studies. Laundromat micro-enterprises may
even arise if our washing machines are successful. Conditions vary in developing countries, but women
in many regions are washing clothes manually while they could be doing more profitable or rewarding
work elsewhere.
13

Several local organizations across Central America and Africa have already expressed an interest in
pedal-powered technology. It is an affordable, environmentally-friendly alternative to devices powered
by electricity or fossil fuels. Since it is based on bicycle components, the machines can be manufactured
locally and repair parts are affordable and readily available. We are hoping that designed to be produced
and maintained in any culture where bicycle technology exists, will help to bring appropriate technology
and opportunities to women in developing nations across the world and pave the way for other pedalpowered or appropriate technologies that would help women.
But we are doing to next level by using dc generator we can produced electricity. This dc generator is
directly attached to the rotating shaft through clamp.

1. B: Innovation
Pedal powered hacksaw is a machine which does not require electricity for several
operations like cutting, grinding etc. This is a human powered machine runs on chain drives mainly with
human efforts. But if you wanted to operate this machine by electric power this machine can also does
that. It has some special attachment so use both human power as well as electric power. The design is
ideal for use in the developing world because it doesnt require electricity and can be built using metal
base, chain, pulley ,rubber belt, grinding wheel, saw, bearing, foot pedal (for operated by human)
,electric motor, chain socket
Cutting & Clothes washing is very specific to particular cultures, but most cultures perform the task in
the same way. In almost all underdeveloped rural areas, due to the lack of money proper marching or
cutting of the material is a very difficult task, women wash clothes by hand, using cold or lukewarm
water that they carry from a river or pull up from a well. Existing technologies for washing clothes do
not work well in underdeveloped rural areas.
Lack of electricity make powered machines unusable. Difficult transportation due to poor road
conditions or just geographical distances create problems with imported devices that might need
replacement parts or maintenance repairs .it solves the precision cutting and machining of the material,
clothes washing problem in an efficient, affordable and practical way. To our knowledge, no one has
successfully built a pedal powered hacksaw & washing machine (multi utility drum) with these goals in
mind.
14

1. C: Ease of Use
It will be easy to use by younger and older person. After loading the machine, washing
requires three cycles. Between each cycle, the drum spins quickly to draw the water out of the clothing,
as it drains out of the drum. In the first cycle, water and detergent are added to the drum. The operator
pedals the machine for roughly 25 minutes, spins, and drains the water.
The next two cycles are rinse cycles. In each rinse cycle, the operator pours clean water into the
machine, pedals for 10 minutes, spins, and drains the drum. After the last rinse cycle, the operator spins
the clothes dry and saves the slightly soapy water for the next wash cycle.
Our research into existing washers and our earlier prototypes indicate that the power required for
washing and spinning is relatively low. We demonstrated that it is not difficult to spin a perforated
plastic drum up to extraction speeds with clothes inside. For these experiments, we used a geared
transmission from a bicycle. Both younger and older women can generate enough power for the wash
and spin cycles. We estimate this power to be 50-75 watts. While familiarity with pedaling in general
and the machine in particular will reduce the effort expended by the user, no prior experience will be
necessary for its operation. The ability to change gearing ratios will allow some level of tuning to
individual users and also allow for shorter wash times with more power input or conversely less
strenuous operation if the user can pedal for a longer amount of time.

15

1. D: NEED
In rural areas, due to the lack of time, money and better transportation, cutting and
machining is a very heavy duty operations. This machine can be used in remote places where electricity
is not available. It is designed as a portable one which can be used for cutting in various places. The
light material as wood, pipes, aluminium tubes, square tubes, iron rods and thick iron rods can be cut
without any external energy like fuel or current. PPHWM uses no electric power and fuel; this is very
cheap and best
In developing countries, rural women are among the least privileged. Women are both essential to the
family unit and integral to the economy,. One factor behind the inequality is the long list of
responsibilities that traditionally fall to women. Not only do women perform agricultural duties and care
for livestock alongside men, but women are also responsible for many domestic chores. Usually, new
technology improves peoples efficiency, but women benefit less from new technology for several
reasons. First, womens duties are neglected by technological improvement efforts because domestic
chores are often seen as cultural obligations for women so little effort is expended to diminish them.
Second, foreign aid in the form of appropriate technologies is unevenly distributed because women are
often considered less technically competent than men. Factors like these tend to prevent the
development of improved technology for womens uncompensated, time-consuming, and laborious
tasks.

16

Fig 2 Women washing laundry in Guatemala. Currently, women wash and wring out each
clothing item individually by hand. They must bend over the tanks and submerge their hands in
washing solution for 8 hours each week.

CHAPTER :2
LITERATURE SURVEY

17

LITERATURE SURVEY OF THE PEDAL POWERED

& WASHING MACHINE

HACKSAW

The Pedal Powered Hacksaw and washing machine is working on Slider Crank
Mechanism. The PPH is used to cut material in small scales. PPHWM helps to obtain a less effort
uniform Cutting and washing. It can be used in places where Electricity is not available. It is designed as
portable one which can be used for cutting and washing in various Places. The main parts of are hack
saw, reciprocating rod welded to the pedal of a bicycle, flywheel, sprocket and chain drive, wheel and
multi utility drum. The hack saw is connected with the reciprocating rod. By pedaling the bicycle the
reciprocating rod moves to and fro, the hack saw will be moving with the rod. The light material to be
cut is placed under the hack saw on a work piece holder and by pedaling the bicycle the wheel rotates
and it will rotate the dc generator for generating the electricity and it will also rotate the multi utility
drum for the washing. Thus the light material can be cut and also wash the clothes without any external
energy like fuel or current. Since this uses no electric power and fuel, this is very cheap and best.
The surveys of the literature regarding the PPHWM are listed:
Dharwa chaitanya kirtikumar designed and developed a multipurpose machine which does not require
electricity for several operations like cutting, grinding etc. This is a human powered machine runs on
chain drives mainly with human efforts. But if you wanted to operate this machine by electric power this
machine can also does that. It has some special attachment so use both human power as well as electric
power. The design is ideal for use in the developing world because it doesnt require electricity and can
be built using metal base, chain, pulley ,rubber belt, grinding wheel, saw, bearing,
foot pedal (for operated by human) ,electric motor, chain socket.
S.G.bahaley, Dr. Ague, Awate, S.V. saharkar designed and fabricated a pedal powered multipurpose
machine. It is a human powered machine which is developed for lifting the water to a height 10 meter
and generates 14 Volt, 4 ampere of electricity in most effective way. Power required for pedaling is well
below the capacity of an average healthy human being. The system is also useful for the work out
purpose because pedaling will act as a health exercise and also doing a useful work.
18

Linxu, Weinan bai, Jingyu rue, and Qiang li designed and developed an pedal driven washing machine,
The main objective is to provide a product with an alternative way to wash clothes when there is no
electricity. It has to be understood that in rural areas, it is a very stressful and laborious task. So the
machine which is a pedal driven machine, it satisfies the need of rural people by giving them an
alternative way of washing clothes which is quick, cost-effective and eco-friendly. The product designed
has zero operating cost, cost-effective, and it can be used with minimal
This study aims to design and fabricate a pedal driven hacksaw to obtain a less effort uniform cutting
and to have a comparison

between hand driven and

pedal driven hacksaw.

Fig 3 Pedal Operated Washing Machine

Fig 4 Multipurpose Machine

19

CHAPTER :3
FABRICATION
OF THE
PEDAL POWERED HACKSAW
&
WASHING MACHINE

20

FABRICATION OF THE PEDAL POWERED

HACKSAW &

WASHING MACHINE
(A) COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECTS
3.A.1: DC GENERATOR
A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. Two examples of pure DC designs are Michael
Faraday's homopolar motor (which is uncommon), and the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a
novelty. By far the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which use
internal and external commutation respectively to create an oscillating AC current from the DC source
so they are not purely DC machines in a strict sense.

3.A.2: BRUSHED DC MOTOR

The classic DC motor design generates an oscillating current in a wound rotor, or armature, with a split
ring commutator, and either a wound or permanent magnet stator. A rotor consists of one or more coils
of wire wound around a core on a shaft; an electrical power source is connected to the rotor coil through
the commutator and its brushes, causing current to flow in it, producing electromagnetism.

Fig 5 Brushed Dc Motor

21

The commutator causes the current in the coils to be switched as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic
poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor
never stops (like a compass needle does) but rather keeps rotating indefinitely (as long as power is
applied and is sufficient for the motor to overcome the shaft torque load and internal losses due to
friction, etc.)

Fig 6 Armature Of A Motor

Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press
against the commutator. This creates friction. At higher speeds, brushes have increasing difficulty in
maintaining contact. Brushes may bounce off the irregularities in the commutator surface, creating
sparks. (Sparks are also created inevitably by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor
coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the
commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sectionsand hence coil
endsmomentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the
voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes.) This
sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even
melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with
their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also
causes electrical noise, and the sparks additionally cause RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require
replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or
replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large machine is a costly element,
requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently
integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor.
22

Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes
are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes
excessively bouncing and sparking (comparable to the problem of "valve float" in internal combustion
engines). (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to
make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed, but at the cost of greater friction losses (lower
efficiency) and accelerated brush and commutator wear. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a
trade-off between output

3.A.3 : DETAIL OF MOTOR

Brand Name:
VEGA ROBO KIT
Type:
GEARED DC GENERATOR
Speed (RPM):
500
Voltage(V):
12VOLT
Maximum
efficiency
speed: 400RPM
Size: 42.2 X 67.0mm, 67mm length dc motor

Fig 7 Geared Dc Motor

23

3.A.4: SEAT
A seat is place to sit, often referring to the area one sits upon as opposed to other elements like armrests.
seat is a arrangement in any bicycle on which a person can sit comfortably. in seating arrangement the
design factor is always consider according to there use in any vehicle. Seat may be made of plastic,
rubber, metal etc material. in some seating arrangement suspension is also consider suspension could be
spring or it may be cuisine.

Fig 8 Seat

3. A.5: PEDAL ARRANGEMENT

A bicycle pedal is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to propel the bicycle. It
provides the connection between the cyclist's foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the
bottom bracket spindle and propel the bicycle's wheels. Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads
into the end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, that is free to rotate on
bearings with respect to the spindle.

24

Pedals were initially attached to cranks connecting directly to the driven (usually front) wheel. The
safety bicycle, as it is known today, came into being when the pedals were attached to a crank driving a
sprocket that transmitted power to the driven wheel by means of a roller chain.

Fig 9 Pedal Arrangement

25

3. A.6: Gear
Bicycle gearing is the aspect of bicycle drive train that determines the relation between the cadence, the
rate at which the rider pedals, and the rate at which the drive wheel turns.
On some bicycles, there is only one gear and the gear ratio is fixed. Many contemporary bicycles have
multiple gears and thus multiple gear ratios. A shifting mechanism allows selection of the appropriate
gear ratio for efficiency or comfort under the prevailing circumstances: for example, it may be
comfortable to use a high gear when cycling downhill, a medium gear when cycling on a flat road, and a
low gear when cycling uphill. Different gear ratios and gear ranges are appropriate for different people
and styles of cycling.
A cyclist's legs produce power optimally within a narrow pedaling speed range, or cadence. Gearing is
optimized to use this narrow range as best as possible. As in other types of transmissions, the gear ratio
is closely related to the mechanical advantage of the drive train of the bicycle. On single-speed bicycles
and multi-speed bicycles using derailleur gears, the gear ratio depends on the ratio of the number of
teeth on the chain ring to the number of teeth on the rear sprocket (cog). For bicycles equipped with hub
gears, the gear ratio also depends on the internal planetary gears within the hub. For a shaft-driven
bicycle the gear ratio depends on the bevel gears used at each end of the shaft.
For a bicycle to travel at the same speed, using a lower gear (larger mechanical advantage) requires the
rider to pedal at a faster cadence, but with less force. Conversely, a higher gear (smaller mechanical
advantage) provides a higher speed for a given cadence, but requires the rider to exert greater force.
Different cyclists may have different preferences for cadence and pedaling force. Prolonged exertion of
too much force in too high a gear at too low a cadence can increase the chance of knee damage; cadence
above 100 rpm becomes less effective after short bursts, as during a sprint.

Fig 10 Pedal & Sprocket

26

27

3.A.7: HACKSAW
The sawing machine is a machine tool designed to cut material to a desired length or
contour. It functions by drawing a blade containing cutting teeth through the work piece. The sawing
machine is faster and easier than hand sawing and is used principally to produce an accurate square or
mitered cut on the work piece.

The power hacksaw and the handsaw are two common types of sawing machines used to cut metal in the
machine shop .The power hacksaw uses a reciprocating (back and forth) cutting action similar to the one
used in a hand hacksaw. The power hacksaw is used for square or angle cutting of stock, The band saw uses
a continuous band blade. A drive wheel and an idler wheel support and drive the blade.

Fig 11 Hacksaw

28

3.A.8: HACKSAW BLADE

The selections of the blade depend upon the materials which have to cut by the hacksaw.
These blades are ideal to use when the work is held securely and the blade is not subjected to bending and
twisting stresses. They hold the edge when cutting hard to machine Alloys, maintaining straightness of the
cut. The blades are uniformly hardened throughout.
The most common blade is the 12 inch or 300 mm length. Hacksaw blades have two holes
near the ends for mounting them in the saw frame and the 12 inch / 300 mm dimension refers to the center
to center distance between these mounting holes.
12 Inch Blade
Hole to Hole: 11 7/8 inches / 300 mm
Overall blade length: 12 3/8 inches / 315 mm (not tightly controlled)
Mounting Hole diameter: 9/64 to 5/32 inch / 3.5 to 4 mm (not tightly controlled)
Blade Width: 7/16 to 33/64 inch / 11 to 13 mm (not tightly controlled)
Blade Thickness: 0.020 to 0.027 inches / 0.5 to 0.70 mm (varies with tooth pitch and other factors)
The hacksaw is used to cut steel and other metals. It can also be used to cut plastics,
although it is not normally used to cut Woods. It is sometimes called an adjustable hacksaw because the
length of the frame can be altered to hold blades of Different sizes. Blades are supplied in two lengths,
250mm and 300mm. If the adjusting screw is unscrewed, the frame can Be pushed into the handle so that
the smaller blades fit the hacksaw. Blades are also described by the number of teeth per inch (TPI). Blades
very fine.

3.A.9: BEARING

29

30