CHAPTER 3 PART 2 Traffic Light Design

INTRODUCTION
When
the volume of traffic increases, minor road
vehicles had to wait longer before sufficient gap to

cross or merge.
So
the priority intersection will be replaced with
signalized intersections.
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GUIDELINES
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PROS AND CONS

ADVANTAGES
Provide orderly movement of
traffic through an intersection.
Minimise the number of
conflicting movements
Increase the traffic handling
capacity of the intersection.
DISADVANTAGES
Increase total intersection delay
especially during off peak
periods.
Probable increase in certain
types of accidents (rear end
collisions)
Can interrupt the progressive
flow of traffic on a route
causing increased delay and
stopping.
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PROS AND CONS

ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Provide a means of interrupting When improperly located causes

heavy traffic to allow other
unnecessary delay and promote
traffic to enter or cross.
dis-respect for this type of
control
Can be coordinated to provide When improperly timed, causes
for nearly continuous
excessive delay, increasing driver
movement of traffic at a desired irritation.
speed along a given route.
Promote driver confidence by
In rural areas where distinct peak
assigning right-of-way
hours traffic exist, serious
accidents can occur during offpeak hours.
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DEFINITIONS & NOTATIONS

CYCLE:
A signal cycle is one complete rotation
through all of the indications provided.

CYCLE
LENGTH: The time in seconds that it takes
a signal to complete one full cycle of indications.

Cycle Length
RED
RED
YELLOW
GREEN
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INTERVAL:
CHANGE
Indicates the change from one stage to another.
INTERVAL : Or yellow time is provided after
green time for movement. The purpose is to warn

approaching driver during the end of a green time about the
coming of a red signal.

CLEARANCE
INTERVAL; A period during which all signal
faces show red (for clearing off the vehicles in the

intersection.)
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GREEN
INTERVAL: Green indication for a
particular movement. Also the actual duration the

green light of a traffic signal is turned on.
RED
INTERVAL: Red indication for a particular
movement. Also the actual duration the red light

of a traffic signal is turned on.
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LOST TIME:
Time during which the intersection
is not effectively utilized for any movement.

i.e. : When the signal turns from red to green, the
vehicle in the front of the queue, will take some

time to perceive the signal (reaction time) and
some time will be lost here before he moves.
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PHASE:
The green interval plus the change and
clearance intervals that follow it. Thus, during

green interval, non conflicting movements are
assigned into each phase. It allows a set of

movements to flow and safely halt the flow before
the phase of another set of movements start.

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PHASE DESIGN
To
separate the conflicting movements in an
intersection into various phases, so that

movements in a phase should have no conflicts.
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2 PHASE CYCLE
N
S
12
S
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3 PHASE CYCLE
N
N
E
W
S
13
N
E
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4 PHASE CYCLE
P/S : There are at least three possible phasing options for 4 phase cycle.
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DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Factors in design:
i.
Traffic Capacity
ii.
Saturated Flow, S
iii.
Y value (occupancy of the intersection)
iv.
Total lost time, L
v.
Optimum cycle time, Co

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TRAFFIC CAPACITY
Capacity
is usually stated in terms of passenger car
units (p.c.u).
Type of Vehicle
16
Equivalent Value in p.c.us
Motorcycle
0.33
Passenger car
1.00
Light Vans
2.00
Medium Lorries
1.75
Heavy Lorries
2.25
Buses
2.25
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TRAFFIC CAPACITY - Example

The volume of a road is 600 vehicles/hr. The volume includes 150 motorcycles, 50
buses, 40 medium lorries, 60 light van and the rest are cars and taxis. Convert the
vehicle volume per hour to passenger car unit per hour, pcu/hr.
ANSWER
Type Of
Vehicle
Total Vehicle /
hour
Equivalent
Factor
PCU/Hr
150
0.33
49.50
BAS
50
2.25
112.50
VAN KECIL
60
1.75
105.00
LORI SEDANG
40
2.00
80.00
300
1.00
300.00
MOTOSIKAL
KERETA &
TEKSI
JUMLAH
17
647.00
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SATURATED FLOW, S
Saturation
Flow Rate can be defined with the
following scenario:
Assume that an intersections approach signal were to
stay green for an entire hour, and the traffic was as
dense as could reasonably be expected. The number of
vehicles that would pass through the intersection

during that hour is the saturation flow rate.
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SATURATED FLOW, S
Where effective approach width W > 5.5 m

S = 525W (pcu/hr)
and where W < 5.5 m, refer the following table;

Relationship Between Effective Lane Width And Saturation Flow
W (m)
3.0
S
1845
(pcu/hr)
19
3.25
3.5
3.75
4.0
4.25
4.5
4.75
5.0
5.25
1860
1885
1915
1965
2075
2210
2375
2560
2760
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TOTAL LOSS TIME, L
+
=1
=1
where;
I = the inter-green time between the phases, usually 5 sec
a = amber time, usually 3 sec
li = drivers reaction time at begin of green per phase, usually

2 sec
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OCCUPANCY OF THE INTERSECTION, Y
=1
where;
yi = highest y value from the approach within that phase i.
(where y =
Q=
flow capacity on a traffic-signal approach converted in pcu/hr
S = Saturated flow
Y should not be higher than 0.85. If the value found is higher than 0.85, it is
recommended that the geometrics of the intersection be upgraded to
increase the capacity.
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OPTIMUM CYCLE TIME, Co

1.5 + 5
=
1
where;
L = Total loss time (sec)
Y = Occupancy of intersection
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EFFECTIVE GREEN TIME, gn
Green time plus the change interval minus the

lost time for a designated phase.
= 0
where;
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ACTUAL GREEN TIME, G

= +
where;
gn = Effective green time
a = amber time, usually 3 sec

li = Loss time (sec)
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EXAMPLE 1
A 2 phase traffic light system will be installed on the following
intersection. Both flow volume, Q and Saturated Flow, S are shown in
the figure.
N
Given:
Q = 416 pcu/hr
S = 1970 pcu/hr
Inter-green time = 4 sec

Amber time
= 3 sec
Loss time
= 2 sec
E
W
Q = 1450 pcu/hr
S = 3160 pcu/hr
Q = 780 pcu/hr
S = 3160 pcu/hr
S
25
Q = 350 pcu/hr
S = 1970 pcu/hr
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EXAMPLE 1
Based on the data, determine;
a)
Total loss time, L
b)
Optimal cycle time, Co
c)
Actual green time, G
d)
Sketch the light timing diagrams for this 2 phase traffic light.
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ANSWER 1
Phase 1
Approach
Q (pcu/hr)
416
350
780
1450
S (pcu/hr)
1970
1970
3160
3160
yi = Q/S
0.21
0.18
0.25
0.46
0.21
0.46
=
=1
Phase 2
=1
= 0.21 + 0.46
= 0.67 0.85 (ok)
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ANSWER 1
a)
Given:
Total loss time, L
Inter-green time, I = 4 sec
=1
=1
Amber time, a = 3 sec
+
=1
Loss time, li
= 2 sec
=1
= [(4-3) + (4-3)] + (2+2)
= 6 sec
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ANSWER 1
b)
Optimal cycle time, Co
1.5 + 5
=
1
From previous solutions:

Total Loss Time, L = 6 sec
Int. occupancy, Y = 0.67
1.5(6)+5
=
10.67
= 42 sec < 120 sec
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ANSWER 1
c)
Effective green time, G
Optimal Cycle , Co = 42 sec
Effective green time, gn of each phase must be
Total Loss Time, L = 6 sec

Int. occupancy, Y = 0.67
determine beforehand.
Phase 1 Int. occupancy, Y1 = 0.21
= 0
Phase 2 Int. occupancy, Y2 = 0.46
PHASE 1 (N-S)
PHASE 2 (E-W)
0.21
1 = 42 6
0.67
0.46
= 42 6
0.67
= 11 sec
= 25 sec
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ANSWER 1
c)
Actual green time, G
Loss time, li
= +
= 2 sec

Phase 1 effective green, g1 = 11 sec
Phase 2 effective green, g2 = 25 sec
PHASE 1 (N-S)
PHASE 2 (E-W)
1 = 11 + 2 3
2 = 25 + 2 3
= 10 sec
= 24 sec
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ANSWER 1
d)
Sketch the light timing diagrams for this 2
phase traffic light

Loss time, li
= 2 sec

Phase 1 actual green, G1 = 11 sec
Phase 2 actual green, G2 = 25 sec
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
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ANSWER 1 Trafffic Light Timing

1
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
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REFERENCES
Jabatan Kerja Raya (1987). A Guide To The Design Of Traffic Signal. Arahan Teknik (Jalan)
13/87. Jabatan Kerja Raya, Kuala Lumpur.
Meor Othman Hamzah, et.al.(2001) Rekabentuk Jalanraya Untuk Jurutera. Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
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21/1/2015 12:45 PM

CHAPTER 3 PART 2 Traffic Light Design

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CHAPTER 3 PART 2 Traffic Light Design

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INTRODUCTION

the volume of traffic increases, minor road

vehicles had to wait longer before sufficient gap to

the priority intersection will be replaced with

PROS AND CONS

PROS AND CONS

Provide a means of interrupting When improperly located causes

DEFINITIONS & NOTATIONS

A signal cycle is one complete rotation

through all of the indications provided.

LENGTH: The time in seconds that it takes

a signal to complete one full cycle of indications.

DEFINITIONS & NOTATIONS

Indicates the change from one stage to another.

INTERVAL : Or yellow time is provided after

green time for movement. The purpose is to warn

coming of a red signal.

INTERVAL; A period during which all signal

faces show red (for clearing off the vehicles in the

DEFINITIONS & NOTATIONS

INTERVAL: Green indication for a

particular movement. Also the actual duration the

INTERVAL: Red indication for a particular

movement. Also the actual duration the red light

DEFINITIONS & NOTATIONS

Time during which the intersection

is not effectively utilized for any movement.

vehicle in the front of the queue, will take some

DEFINITIONS & NOTATIONS

The green interval plus the change and

clearance intervals that follow it. Thus, during

assigned into each phase. It allows a set of

the phase of another set of movements start.

separate the conflicting movements in an

intersection into various phases, so that

Y value (occupancy of the intersection)

Total lost time, L

Optimum cycle time, Co

is usually stated in terms of passenger car

Equivalent Value in p.c.us

TRAFFIC CAPACITY - Example

Flow Rate can be defined with the

vehicles that would pass through the intersection

Where effective approach width W > 5.5 m

and where W < 5.5 m, refer the following table;

TOTAL LOSS TIME, L

li = drivers reaction time at begin of green per phase, usually

OCCUPANCY OF THE INTERSECTION, Y

flow capacity on a traffic-signal approach converted in pcu/hr

OPTIMUM CYCLE TIME, Co

EFFECTIVE GREEN TIME, gn

Green time plus the change interval minus the

ACTUAL GREEN TIME, G

a = amber time, usually 3 sec

Inter-green time = 4 sec

Total loss time, L

Optimal cycle time, Co

Actual green time, G

Total loss time, L

Inter-green time, I = 4 sec

Amber time, a = 3 sec

= [(4-3) + (4-3)] + (2+2)

Optimal cycle time, Co

From previous solutions: