Lecture 11

Wednesday, 19 October, 2016

08:05 AM

Ruslan's Presentation: Bluetooth v5

Slides are on e-mail.
Check out how to optimize modulation index for power. Is 0.5 a good value?
1/2.5=0.4
You cannot present prior my approval. From now on, we should meet at 12:00pm on Tuesday for that.
We do not have a textbook. Why? Because everything is really new. So there are no books. The course is
also based on the questions. Mostly all the topics which we are talking about have no reference such as
a textbook. It is selected topics so I can explain w/e I want. I've chosen the most suitable topics for you.
Whenever you ask, I am always open to explain more.
Freedom to suit the students' desires.
Go through your notes and review them for publishing.

Q: What is meant by Capacity?

C: Number of users that can be serviced at a time.
Q: Suggestion: keep it this way, but keep it on technology works. The pentagon which was useful. What
is practical. We should go away from how Ericsson beats another company.
A: It's a way to attract students.
C1: They're entertaining, but they shouldn't be a part of the exam.
C2: More stories~!
The Bluetooth was sought to be standardized by Ericsson
In 2001, The title on Spectrum was Bluetooth is Dead. It was a purely Baltic standard with zero interest
from all the others, maybe because Ericsson was imposing it. Only the phones of Nokia and Ericsson had
the Bluetooth. But at that time, Nokia and Ericsson had 70% of the market share, so they pushed the
Bluetooth. Now they are under the umbrella of IEEE.
Origins:
People thought it would disappear in 2001, but in 2004 and 2005 it gained momentum, people liked it.
IT was implemented a lot in cars; there was a traffic regulation not to speak in your phone, so Bluetooth
was a way around that it was a good option. Then it came up in lots of devices (laptops.. Etc). It is
speculated that it will be a large percentage of all IoT devices.
Very Short History:
The word Encryption, the advantage for it is Security. The major advantage for Bluetooth is that it is
secured. Whenever you have a Bluetooth connection you have to synchronize between transmitter and
receiver. Most of the time there is a code that you have to enter on the other phone to start the
transmission. It is a very secure system, hacking is almost impossible. This implies that it will be used for
PANs (Personal Area Networks).

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WLAN is a Wireless Local Area Network. LAN is a local area network. PAN is the personal area network.
Personal Area Network is very localized (5m arounds). Wi-Fi is somehow a PAN approach, and so does
Bluetooth. You have to feel that the devices that you own follow a high encryption. This is why this
standard made it through. Wi-Fi Encryption is much much lower. You can hack Wi-Fi, If you do not put a
key everyone will connect to it, You can use your neighbor's. But Bluetooth is much more secure.
Companies, as people, they want to get everything in their product. The Wi-Fi came up with the Wi-Fi
Direct. So they came up with some things which would make the standard cover the area of influence of
Bluetooth. With Wi-Fi Direct, they wanted to offer something that they have and Bluetooth offered. The
Bluetooth did the same thing. They had both a high data rate Bluetooth and a low power. So there is a
competition. This is like the Triads and the Gangs in the US. The Chinese and the Black people fighting
for territory. Similar to WiMAX, the Wi-Fi people were trying to be more general.
Low Energy:
They have realized that whenever we have a Bluetooth device, even the ear phone, it needs two to
three days and you will have to charge it again, and that is easy to forget. So they try to decrease the
energy consumption. They're also aware that they IoT is becoming popular. So they decided to have a
special standard that would decrease a lot the energy consumption.
Why does Bluetooth consume more power even though the same distance? In the car for 1 hour.
A: But much less than Wi-Fi if you start downloading. But it is almost the same consumption if it's idle.
But if you start speaking, you're consuming. But with Wi-Fi, it'd be the same. Bluetooth is always lower
consumption in a fair comparison. Same distance, same area, same data rate, Bluetooth has lower
consumption. The advantage of Wi-Fi lies in a higher data rate.
Q: Now we have Bluetooth in the world of IoT. In the last topic, 5G was also going to the same path. So I
want to know your opinion in the future, which one will take the lion's share?
A: There is a competition on IoT, however the trend is to make one standard for everything. If we have
one for everything it'd be much better. If the 5G people play it well, then I believe that 5G will cover
everything else.
Q: Energy consumption of 5G?
A: They are targeting very low energy consumption. They offer you the option that you're connecting
and you want to download stuff, you would consume a lot of energy for a high data rate, but they could
also optimize low energy consumption.
Q: Bluetooth is more open
A: The manufacturers in China only care about selling more products. If they see that 5G is better to
follow, they'll seek 5G. Demanding on the better one they control the supply. The market decides. I
believe that 5G will be open source in the beginning and it will cover anything.
There is also the IEEE 802.15.4 for PAN, they also want a piece of the pie.
Q: If we are using 5G to replacing Bluetooth, do we need a SIM card in every 5G device? I think it'll pose
a difficulty for independent developers.
A: In the US there are a couple of operators who operate the phone without a SIM card. But if they do
this link between the number to customer number. You have to pay for 5G. For the University you have
to access the website and register your MAC under your username and password. You'd pay per month
and add devices.

Comparison of v2 vs. v4 LE:

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Comparison of v2 vs. v4 LE:

The number here is not that accurate. For Bluetooth Class 2, we have different classes. For Class 1 V2.1
it was 10 meters, but actually it was 1 meter. 30 meters I'd say 3m. So the range is the ideal condition.
Bluetooth sticks to this 2.4~2.5 GHz frequency:
So, why are the other standardization body focusing on changing their frequency?
That is because they are focusing on a better data rate. But BT does not need more bandwidth, they just
want a connection. Same bandwidth and try to optimize over it. Their concern is mainly not data rate.
They'd increase data rate by doing more stuff, but their concern is not data rate. It is neither good nor
bad, it is just related to the market needs.
For the LE the data rate is much less.
The power consumption is in dBm.
0 dB
1W
0 dB 1 mW
0 dB= 30dBm
Q: What do you mean by number of channels?
A: The Wi-Fi chooses a channel. From
to
bandwidth.

, and so on. So you could select a better

Within Bluetooth they made divisions of the bandwidth with a band of 2MHz in BT LE. The User was
given more bandwidth, but we want to optimize energy.
Suppose that we want the same data rate, we have to reduce the power:

The value of the power will be much much less. Because the concern is low energy.Q: Overlap in Wi-Fi?
A: We can enable overlap but the bandwidth between the channels. A problem happens whenever you
are in a building there are lots of companies, a commercial building. In the same floor, you'd have 20
routers for 20 companies. So how to allocate? It is a challenge. This is why Commercial towers have a
problem with setting up Wi-Fi, they have to set up themselves rather than have each company
independently, that is because they interfere with each other. If you and your neighbor share the same
channel, interference might occur.
Bluetooth v5 The Expected:
When to issue the standard has some marketing. If you're too much ahead no one would understand
your standard.
Competitor:
Wi-Fi Direct and Bluetooth are competing, but it is expected that each will respect their own market. WiFi people will focus on Data Rate.
Q: Why do people focus on higher data rate instead of data consumption?
A: The purpose is to make it larger. We want images to be transmitted with less encoding. The least
amount of encryption while keeping them secured. If you can achieve high quality, then the size of what
you send is going be bigger. The word file can be compressed (if it also has pictures), but videos doesn't
make a difference; you'd have to affect the quality. You have to always go for lower quality. People are
move towards more quality.
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move towards more quality.

C: sometimes they claim that they are removing redundancy, then they reconstruct it at the receiver
MPEG4 standard: how to remove redundancy. Explain how to remove this. You will always have a loss in
the quantity.
The world HD means no loss.

Q: Security in the pentagon?

A: It could have much more point: price, encryption, what we put here is a communication point of you.
From a cryptology point of view (and security), so it would be another thing.
Q: Can we talk in the next week about 3D modulation?
A: We can speak about it, but I think it is still too early. You will go to the field, you will work for 10
years, then maybe you'll face it. You'd probably have no idea about it. It is a very advanced topic.
Q: Security and Pentagon comment?
A: We studied mostly PHY. So Security is more of a higher level. I am actually pushing for a course on
networking. TCP/IP, UCP, etc. Why? Because we would like to know that EE could cover everything.
i.e. we are competing, we want to kill the CSE department. You should fit in all. To do this, if you have a
course on networking, that would very important step ahead.
Most of the things you've had is communication. Networking is behind that. Whenever you have
phones, you will need to work over Network Engineering. You need a standard, the packets.. Etc. It all
depends on network. All what happens between the phone and the base station is communication.
Within the communication there are stuff called OSI Layers, there are 7 of them. You'd never find them
physically. There are:
1. Layer 1 is the PHYsical layer:
2. Layer 2 Media Access Control: Multiple access, how to select, how to schedule.. Etc.
3. Layer 3 IP Packets, its length, what is on the header of the packet, who is the transmitter who is
the receiver.. .etc.
4. L4: Application
5. L5: for the encryption.
6. L6:
7. L7:
Everything we see in this course is L1,L2, and maximum L3.
C: In Ooredoo, they mostly do beyond L2, networking.
But Ooredoo has an RF department which is purely about L1. How to optimize coverage, capacity. The
other department is the Backbone department. It has a big server, how communication is routed
between users and so on. I believe that it is more challenging to work in the RF one, you have access to
more stuff. The engineers work in the Backbone usually do nothing, why?
Whenever Ooredoo wants to purchase stuff. Whenever Nokia sold the component to Ooredoo, one of
the terms in the contract is that Ooredoo Engineers are not allowed to touch the Nokia devices. If we are
lucky to see the backbone, you will find a room that is crystal glass from all sides. Inside you have the
brain. All the processors, it is a huge amount of racks. A lot of wiring in, a lot of wiring out. This is the
firewire, this is the encryption one, You'd make a full round, and there is one door. You are not allowed
to enter. The key is in Finland because Nokia is the one who set this up. It means that the Engineers who
are working in Ooredoo basically sit in front of the thing, if there is a bug they report it. A bug about
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are working in Ooredoo basically sit in front of the thing, if there is a bug they report it. A bug about
exchange of information between customers and cell 33. They'd look it from the Crystal Glass, they'd
understand nothing. They'd call Nokia which has a support team for each company. The guy there will
enter the system and tell you to go and see the Rack #2 and see if it is blinking red. So it is then fixed
remotely.
It is their technology and they do not want anyone to tamper. If you allow engineers to enter, they'll
mess up the company. This is for all Operators in the world, unless it is a bigshot that optimizes the
racks. To do that they need an optimization. In Ooredoo we have, but a good one, a big one to deal with
all of them, to know what to do, the operators usually they don't. Operators are simply buying and
reselling. They buy the technology, hire spectrum, and sell it as a service.
Q: Isn't that because Nokia wants the operator to depend on them?
A: it is more of they are afraid to have someone mess it. If Ooredoo ruins it, they'll impose initial costs.
One minute of the system being down also means money.
People usually do not allow anyone to enter here. Any small mistake, there is lots of wiring. A single wire
not being in its place will cause a huge issue.
C: 99% of the problems which happened there were AC problems.
The desire for operators is to completely remove the Engineering department. Even the call center is
outsourced. If it is possible to outsource the engineering, they'll do it. The problem is that you need lots
of people.
Vodafone has access, Vodafone worldwide, in UK or their company Verizon, they have access. They have
a huge department. They do RnD actually. They propose improvements to the manufacturer.
Telefonica is in South America
Q: Do the companies have to pay an extra cost to get this optimization privilege?
A: There is a contract. It is a challenge for you. Ooredoo Qatar for example, they'll ask Nokia to close it
and take the key because they do not want to bother. There is risk with more freedom. If you are
confident of your team, you'll take the risk. Ooredoo and Vodafone will simply delegate it to Nokia. So it
is a different approach. If you're in charge of your stuff you can control more. That is like cars being on
Automatic or manual transmission. There is a trade-off.
Tomorrow no Lab, Amith is missing.

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