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6-1
This tutorial will familiarize the user with the Bench Design features of
RocPlane by analyzing an open pit mine example.
Slope instabilities in open pit mines present a significant design
challenge in geotechnical engineering. Such failures can be controlled by
major structures (e.g. faults or lithologic contacts), which have sufficient
lengths to affect overall stability, or by more numerous, smaller
structures such as joints, foliations and bedding planes. While a number
of tools are available to analyze potential large scale slope failures (such
as the Rocscience program Slide), using such methods to design an open
pit mine slope may result in unanticipated instabilities caused by bench
failure. Small scale failures can have a direct influence on the overall
slope angle and therefore must be considered.
RocPlane includes a Bench Design function that allows the user to assess
the stability of bench-scale wedges for a range of bench face angles. To do
so, two design approaches are available: a managed approach to slope
design and a quantitative hazard assessment. By using the managed
approach, the user is able to assess the number of failed wedges and
minimum bench width required for each bench face angle. For a
quantitative assessment, the user is able to estimate the likelihood of
forming different wedge sizes (Probability of Occurrence) and the
likelihood that such wedges will slide (Probability of Sliding), which
provides an estimate of the Probability of Failure for various back break
distances. Both of these approaches provide valuable information on
bench loss and assist the user in selecting an optimum bench face angle.
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Random Variables
Persistence Analysis
Bench Loss
Managed Slope Design
Quantitative Hazard Analysis
If you have not already done so, run the RocPlane program by doubleclicking on the RocPlane icon in your installation folder. Or from the
Start menu, select Programs Rocscience RocPlane 3.0 RocPlane.
If the RocPlane application window is not already maximized, maximize
it now, so that the full screen is available for viewing the model.
When the RocPlane program is started, a default model is automatically
created, allowing you to begin defining your model immediately. If you do
NOT see a wedge model on your screen:
Model
Select Project Settings from the toolbar or the Analysis menu.
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Input Data
Now lets define the slope and joint properties in the Input Data dialog.
3. Select the Upper Face tab. Define Dip Angle = 0. Select the
Bench Width checkbox and enter a width of 7m. Statistical
distribution = None for both variables.
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4. Select the Failure Plane tab. Enter Mean Dip Angle = 55,
Normal Distribution, std. dev. = 10, relative min = relative max =
30. Enter Mean Waviness = 10, Uniform Distribution, relative
min = relative max = 5.
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5. Select the Strength tab. Set the Strength Model to MohrCoulomb. Make sure the Random Variables option is set to
Parameters. Enter Mean c=0 and set the statistical distribution
to None. For Phi, set the Mean=35 and the statistical distribution
to Normal with a Standard Deviation=3 and a Relative Minimum
and Relative Maximum=9.
Analysis Results
After closing the Input Data dialog, computation of 100,000 Latin
Hypercube samples will occur and the probability of failure will be
calculated. Figure 1 illustrates the results of this computation. Some of
the notable results are:
The total probability of failure for the slope is 0.6 or 60%. Out of
the 100,000 samples, 69160 produced valid wedges. Of these,
60041 had a factor of safety less than 1.0 (failed). The probability
of failure is therefore equal to #failed/total#samples=
60041/100000=0.60041.
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Bench Design
The bench plays a critical role in an open pit mine as it prevents rockfalls
from upper levels of the pit slope from reaching the operational areas in
lower levels. In order for the bench to be functional, the usable width
must be sufficient to catch spillage from the benches above. In bench
design, the usable width is defined as the total width of the bench
minus the bench width lost during excavation. The amount lost is also
referred to as the backbreak distance and is typically caused by planar
or wedge failure along the crest. This is shown in Figure 2.
For bench design, it is important for the engineer to determine (a) the
number of failed wedges that are expected to occur, (b) the likelihood of
different back break distances (Probability of Occurrence) and (c) the
likelihood that a wedge with a given backbreak distance will slide
(Probability of Sliding). When the Probabilities of Occurrence and Sliding
are multiplied together, an estimate of the Probability of Failure is also
obtained for a given backbreak distance, which can be used to assess the
risk along the slope.
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BenchWidth
(BW)
Sliding
Wedge
Interramp
Angle(IRA)
Spill
Width
Back
break
Bench
Height(BH )
BenchFace
Angle(BFA)
Usable
Width
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2. For this analysis, set the Bench Width to 7m and the Number of
Backbreak Cells to 20.
In order to calculate the Probabilities of Occurrence, Sliding and
Failure along the bench, it must be divided into a series of
Backbreak Cells (Figure 5). This allows the user to analyze the
number of wedges that occur within that cell as well as the failure
characteristics for each wedge. For this example, 20 backbreak
cells will be used, meaning each cell is 7/20=0.35m wide.
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5. NOTE: in RocPlane, the definition of joint persistence is 2dimensional, and is simply equal to the failure plane length as
shown in the figure below.
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This shows that the Total Probability of Failure (and therefore the
number of failed wedges) increases as the bench face angle increases from
30 to 90deg. This is logical as one would expect more failed wedges for a
steeper slope.
The normalized frequency of failed wedges can also be calculated for each
bench angle by normalizing the number of failed wedges for a given angle
by the maximum number of failed wedges at a slope angle of 90 degrees.
An optimum bench face angle can then be selected for a given acceptable
level of failure. As an example, if 20% of failures are allowed to occur, a
bench angle of 49 degrees would be recommended for this example. This
is the method published by Carvalho (2012).
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Based on this plot, a bench face angle greater than about 48 degrees
would not be recommended as the minimum bench width is greater than
7m. As the bench face angle decreases, a greater usable bench width is
expected.
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This plot shows that the most likely backbreak distance (represented by
the peak of the curve) for each bench face angle is 0.5 to 1.0m. Larger
wedges are also seen to be more common for steeper bench face angles,
given the longer tails in the curve. This is more clearly demonstrated
through a Cumulative Probability of Occurrence plot.
Select: Statistics Bench Design Cell Cumulative Probability of
Occurrence Plot
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Now that the likelihood of different wedge sizes is better understood, the
probability that a wedge with a given backbreak distance will slide (factor
of safety < 1.0) can be examined.
Select: Statistics Bench Design Cell Probability of Sliding Plot
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This plot shows that for shallow bench face angles (30 to 50deg) smaller
wedges (which have smaller backbreak distances) have the greatest
Probability of Sliding. For steeper bench face angles, the probability is
seen to decrease initially, before a consistent minimum value is obtained.
This indicates that for steeper bench face angles, larger wedges are a
more significant concern when considering bench loss.
By multiplying the Probability of Occurrence and Probability of Sliding
for each cell, a Probability of Failure for the cell can then be obtained.
This helps to identify the backbreak distances that are most likely to fail
when designing the open pit for each bench face angle. When multiplied
by the Consequence of such a failure (typically represented as a cost), the
risk for the slope can be assessed.
Select: Statistics Bench Design Cell Probability of Failure Plot
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Tutorial Manual