1

CREAMS

Category: Water-in-Oil

-made of emulsions
-viscous liquid
emulsions

or

semi-solid

-Dispersed either in oil-in-water

or water-in-oil
-ointments- used for wet wounds
-creams- used for dry wounds
-Why is it better than ointments?

Easier to spread
Easier to remove
Lighter, less viscous
Impart pseudo-plastic flow
when applied

TYPES
1.) OIL-IN-WATER
o Tends to vanish upon
applying
to
the
skin
(vanishing creams)
o i.e. Shaving cream, Hand
cream, foundation cream
2.) WATER-IN-OIL
o Imparts oily feeling on
skin
o Tend to retain the
moisture
o Emollient
o i.e. Emollient Cream,
Cold
Cream/Petrolatum
Rose
Water
Ointment/Galens
Cerate
Ungentum
Aquae

EXPERIMENT PROPER
Name: Cold Cream

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

Synonym: Petrolatum Rose Water

Ointment/Galens
Cerate
Ungentum Aquae

Ingredients:

Cetyl Alcohol
White Wax
Mineral Oil (density=0.8498)
Sodium Borate
Purified Water

Use: Systemic Modifier

Label: RED (External Label)
Container:
**Why was Spermaceti not used?
Came from the sperm whale
(Physeter macrocephalus, a waxlike substance that is found on its
head

OINTMENTS
o Semi-solid
preparation
intended
for
external
application
to
skin
and
mucous membranes.
o Salve/charisma
o Prepared
either
by
levigation or fusion
o Can either be medicated or
unmedicated
o UNMEDICATED OINTMENT:
o Serves as a vehicle for
topical application of
medicinal substances
o Protective, Emollient or
Lubricant

o Containers: tubes or jars

(clear, opal, amber & green
glass or white/green plastic
ointment jars)
LEVIGATION
o Mechanical incorporation
performed by trituration in a
mortar or an slab with a
spatula
o Used to form a very smooth
surface
FUSION
o Uses heat
o Heat first the substance with
high melting point (i.e wax &
spermaceti) using water bath
before
adding
soft
&
oleaginous material
OINTMENTS

CREAMS

Semi-solid
External
Diff to apply
and remove

Easier to apply
and remove

CHARACTERISTICS
OINTMENTS

OF

Stable
(physically
&
chemically) under normal
conditions
Non-reactive & compatible w/
a wide variety of auxiliary
agents
Free
from
objectionable
odour
Non-toxic, non-irritating, nonsynthesizing

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

Aesthetically appealing, easy

to apply, non-greasy
It will remain in the skin until
removal is desirable
They
should
never
be
dispensed if they have the
slight evidence of rancidity or
moulds

BASES
1.) Oleaginous Base
Aka Hydrocarbon Bases
Usually
petrolatum
modified
waxes
or
liquid petrolatum
Non-water
washable,
occlusive, anhydrous
Insoluble in water
Greasy
Protectant,
emollient,
vehicle for drugs that
are prone to hydrolysis
Ex.
Petrolatum,
Vaseline,
Synthetic
Esters,
Lanolin
derivatives,
Benzoinated lard, Olive
oil, Cottonseed oil and
other oils
2.) Absorption Bases
Greasy
Not water soluble but
can absorb water
Hydrophilic, anhydrous
material or hydrous
bases
Ex.
Hydrophilic
Petrolatum, Wool fat
(Anhydrous Lanolin)
3.) Water-removable Bases
Oil-in-water
bases/Water-washable
bases/Emollient Bases

Commonly called as
X
/
creams
soluble
Non-greasy
Insoluble in water but
WHITE OINTMENT
absorbs and contains
water
o Unguentum Simplex
Emollient & vehicle in
o Oleaginous base
solids & liquids
o White semi-solid ointment
Most commonly used
that is insoluble in H2O
type of ointment base
o
Emollient; protection against
Ex.
Hydrophilic
escape
of
moisture;
Ointments, Derma Base
effectiveness
as
occlusive
4.) Water-in-oil Bases
dressing
Greasy
o
Ingredients used: White Wax
Has limited absorption
and White Petrolatum
to water
o Label: Red (External Use)
Not water washable
o Method Used: Fusion
Insoluble to water
Ex. Hydrous Lanolin,
ZINC OXIDE OINMENT
Nivea
5.) Water-soluble bases
o Unguentum Zinci Oxide
Do
not
contain
o Medicated Ointment
oleaginous bases
o Contains Aluminum
Greaseless
o Use:
Mild
astringent,
Water washable
protective,
antiseptic,
Mostly used for the
treatment
of
dry
skin
incorporation of solid
disorders
(i.e.
eczema,
substances
psoriasis, pruritis)
Ex. PEG (Polyethylene
o Ingredients Used: Zinc Oxide,
Glycol)
Mineral Oil, White Ointment
o Label: Red (External Use)
SUMMARY
o Method Used: Levigation

BASE

Oleagino
us
Absorpti
on
O/W
Base
W/O
Base

GR
EA
SY
/

H2O
Solub
le
X

H2O
washab
le
X

Contains/A
bsorbs H2O

limited

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

SULFUR OINTMENT
Unguentum Sulfuris
Medicated Oinment
Sulfur- NLT 9.5% NMT 10.5%
Yellow, semi-solid preparation
Use: antifungal (ring worm,
scabies, paraciticide)
o Ingredients
Used:
Precipitated Sulfur, Mineral
Oil (levigating agent), White
Ointment
o
o
o
o
o

o Label: Red (External Use)

o Method Used: Levigation
o Hugasan at patuyuin ang
apektadong
bahagi
ng
katawan. Ipahid ng manipis
ang ointment sa apektadong
bahagi sa umaga at sa gabi.

AROMATIC WATERS
o Clear,
aqueous
solutions
saturated with volatile oils or
other aromatic or volatile
substances
o Smell should match the taste
of the preparation
o Should
be
free
from
empyreumatic (smoke-like)
and other foreign odour
o Unstable due to the volatile
oil
o Becomes rancid over time
o Uses amber bottle as a
container
o Uses: flavorants, base for
perfume
o Volatile substances- should
be
of
pharmacopoeial
quantity or of best quality if
finest flavor is desired in case
of unofficial preparation

PROCESSES
1.) Distillation
Most
satisfactory
method of preparation
Slowest
and
most
expensive method
Ex. Strong Rose Water
Double/Triple Distillatehigh in alcohol volume
Solutesvolatile
substances (vaporizes

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

easily, smell
travels)

readily

**
Cohobationprocess
of
repeatedly using the distillate to
distill with fresh portions of plants
to minimize loss of water. (i.e.
Orange/Rose Flowers)
2.) Solution
a.) Direct Solution Method
May be prepared by
shaking 2 g volatile
substance with 1000
mL purified H2O
Set aside for 12 hrs
More
convenient
than distillation in
terms of equipment
Advantage:
very
easy to do
Disadvantage: form
oil globules since it
is supersaturated
b.) Alternate Solution Method
Dispersing medium
used: Talc (use to
increase
SA
of
volatile oils)
Volatile oil + 15 g
talc + 1000 mL
purified H2O
Dispersing
agent:
increases
SA
of
volatile
oils->
ensuring more rapid
saturation of H2O &
forms an efficient
filter
bed
thus
producing a clear
solution

CINNAMON WATER

o Cassio Nare Aqua Cinnamon

o Saigon Cassia- species of
cinnamon where you get
your cinnamon oil
o Non-medicated aromatic H2O
o Ingredients: Cinnamon Oil &
Water
o Use: Flavourant & used as a
vehicle
o Label: White (Internal Use)
o Method Used: Direct Solution
Method

CONC PEPPERMINT WATER

o Can be defined as the

homogenous mixture of 2 or
more substances

TYPES OF NON-AQUEOUS SOLNS:

1.) Hydroalcoholic
Solvent: H2O & alcohol
Ex. Elixir
2.) Oleaginous
Solvent: oil
Ex. Oil based Vitamins
3.) Ethereal
Solvent: ether
Ex. Collodions
Very volatile
Leaves a thin film once
applied on the skin

o Aqua
Mentos
Piperitas,
Brandy Water, Aqua Mint
o Medicated Aromatic H2O
o Ingredients: Talc, Peppermint
Oil, 90% CH2CH3OH, Water
o Use: Flatulence, carminative,
RELATIVE TERMS OF SOLUBILITY
flavourant
Descriptive Term
Parts of Solvent
o Label: White (Internal Use)
o Method
Used:
Alternate
Req. for 1 part of
Solution Method
Solute
o Named
Brandy
Water
Very Soluble
<1
because of the presence of Freely Soluble
1-10
ethanol
Soluble
10-30
o Ethanol: solvent used for
Sparingly Soluble
30-100
peppermint oil
Slightly Soluble
100-1000
o Precaution: DO NOT add H2O
1000-10,000
to the alcohol (it will causeVery Slightly Soluble
Practically
>10,000
turbidity)
Insoluble/Insoluble

SOLUTION

o Solute- can be solid, liquid or

gas
o Solvent- always in liquid
state
o Liquid
preparations
that
contain one or more chemical
substances dissolved in a
suitable solvent or mixture of
mutually miscible solvents

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

METHODS
1. SIMPLE SOLUTION
o Prepared by dissolving the
solute in a suitable solvent
o Ex. NaCl soln, Strong Iodine
Soln
2. SOLUTION
BY
CHEMICAL
REACTION

o Prepared by reacting two or

more solute with each other
in a suitable solvent
o Ex. Aluminum subacetate
soln, Magnesium Carbonate
soln, Sulfurated lime soln
3. SOLUTION BY DISTILLATION
o Used if the solute is a volatile
oil
4. SOLUTION BY EXTRACTION
o Drug
or
pharmaceutical
necessities of vegetable or
animal origin
o Aka extractives
o Methods
a.) Macerationsubmerge
the solute
b.) Percolationsubmerge
the solute through the use
of a perculator
c.) Digestion- with the aid of
gentle heat
d.) Infusionblanching,
addition of hot water
e.) Decoction- boiling for 15
mins

CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE
TOPICAL SOLUTION
o Lime Water
o Use: astringent (causes the
tissue & pores to constrict),
protectant, emulsifying agent
o Formula: CaO (dissolved via
cold water) + H2O -> Ca(OH)2
(Base) + CO2 -> CaCO3
o Method
Used:
Simple
Solution
o Label: Red (External Use),
Official USP
o Container: 30-mL flint bottle
o Litmus paper: Red -> Blue
(since the solution is basic)
o Clear, colorless solution

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

o Ingredients:
Calcium Oxide
Water

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

o Lugols Solution, Liquor Iodi,
Solution of Iodine
o Iodine crystals- very reactive
to metal -> porcelain spatula
was used instead of the
regular spatula
o Formula: I2 + KI (solubilizing
agent)-> I3
o Each 100 mL: 4.5-5.5 g
Iodine, 9.5-10.5 KI
o 1g Iodine dissolves in 2950
mL
o Solutions of iodides dissolves
large quantities of iodine
o Strong
Iodine
Solutionsolution of polyiodies in
excess iodide
o Method
Used:
Simple
Solution Method
o Use:
Antigoitrogenic
(treatment
for
thyrotoxicosis),
antiseptic
fungicidal & germicidal
o Label: Red (External Use),
Official USP
o Usual Dose: 0.3 mL tid
o Container:
15-mL
narrow
mouth amber bottle
o Ingredients:
Iodine Crystals
Purified water
KI

MAGNESIUM CITRATE ORAL

SOLUTION
o Lemonada purgante, Citrate
of
Magnesia,
Magnessi
Citralis

o Colorless to slightly yellow

clear
effervescent
liquid
having a sweet, acidulous
taste and a lemon flavor
o Provides
an
excellent
medium for the growth of
molds
o Any mold spores should be
killed if the preparation is
maintained to be stable
o Carbonation
is
involved
(presence of KHCO3)
o Method
Used:
Chemical
Reaction
o Label: White (Internal Use),
Official USP
o Container: flint bottle with
cork cover (?) -> cork should
pop
o Ingredients:
Magnesium Carbonate
Anhydrous Citric Acid
Syrup
Talc (dispersing medium)
KHCO3
Purified Water, qs ad
o Use: saline catharsis

SYRUPS
-

Concentrated aqueous
solution containing sugar
usually sucrose or any sugar
substitute
Polyols (i.e. Glycerine or
Sorbitol) may be added:
retard
crystallization
of
sucrose and to increase
solubility
Prone to microbial growth

Components of a Syrup
1.) Sugar/Sugar substitution

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

2.) Purified Water

3.) Anti-microbial preservatives
4.) Flavourants
5.) Colourants
6.) Stabilizers

TYPES OF SYRUPS
1.) SIMPLE SYRUP
Clear,
concentrated,
sweet,
aqueous
hypertonic
solution
with striations
Concentration:
85%
w/v or 65% w/w
Specific gravity- 1.313
Self-preserving
in
nature
2.) FLAVOURED/NON-MEDICATED
SYRUP
Serves as a vehicle for
other ingredients or
medicated substances
Contains aromatic and
pleasantly
flavoured
substances
Serves as a flavourant
Does not contain any
API
Ex. Glycyrrhiza Syrupmasks the bitter taste
of alkaloids
Ex. Chocolate Syrupflavourant
3.) MEDICATED SYRUP
Aqueous solution of
sucrose that contains
pharmaceutically & has
a therapeutic effect
Ex.
Ferrous
Sulfate
Syrup, ipecac (use for
nausea and vomiting)

METHODS
PREPARATION

OF

1.) SOLUTION W/O THE AID OF

HEAT
Slowest
and
time
consuming method
Involves the mixing of
ingredients in a large
vessel
Avoids heat induced
inversion
Suited
for
heat
sensitive ingredients
Ex.
Ferrous
Sulfate
Syrup
2.) SOLUTION W/ THE AID OF
HEAT
Rapid method- utilizes
heat which facilitates
the rapid dissolution of
sugar
and
other
components
Can only be used for
heat stable substances
Can cause inversionhydrolytic
reaction,
conversion of sucrose
to
fructose
and
glucose.
Presence of fructose
and glucose- makes the
syrup more prone to
fermentation
and
microbial
growth
(makes the product
less stable)
Inversion can lead to a
sweeter and darker
syrup

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

Overheating (>100C)may
lead
to
caramelization
or
browning
Ex.
Acacia
Syrup,
Cocoa Syrup, Syrup
USP
3.) PERCOLATION
Percolator/Column
is
used
Permits the purified
water to pass slowly
through
a
bed
of
crystalline sucrose to
dissolve it
Flow rate adjusted to
20 gtts/min through the
use of cotton
Ex. Tolu balsam, Simple
Syrup
4.) ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A
MEDICATED LIQUID
Involves the simple
admixture of sugar to a
prepared
medicated
liquid,
usually
a
fluiextract/tincture,
Not self-preserving
Ex. Senna Syrup

SIMPLE SYRUP
-

60% - 80% concentration

makes
the
syrup
selfpreserving
Below 60% - prone to
microbial growth
Above 80% - concentration
can crystallize the sucrose
present
Synonym: Syrupus, Sirup,
Syrup

Clear solution of sucrose in a

purified water
Use:
Vehicle,
Flavourant,
Sweeting agent, bases for
many medications
Ingredients:
Sucrose
51 g
Water
27.78 g
Label: White (Internal Use)
Container: 60 mL flint bottle
Method Use: Percolation

CHOCOLATE SYRUP
-

More than 3 mins of heating

the solution will caramelize
Non-medicated Syrup
Synonym:
Chocolate
Flavoured
Syrup,
Cacao
Syrup
Viscous, dark brown syrup w/
the odour & taste of cocoa
Use: Flavourant
Ingredients:
Cocoa Powder- 2.7 g
Sucrose- 9 g
Liquid Glucose- 2.7 g
Glycerin- 0.75 mL
NaCl- 0.03 g
Vanilin- 0.0003 g
Sodium benzoate- 0.015 g
Purified Water- 14.25 mL
Purified Water qs ad- 15 mL
Label: White (Internal Use)
Container:
15mL
narrow
mouth amber bottle
Method Used: Solution w/ the
aid of heat

MUCILAGES

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

Thin, viscous, adhesive liquid

due to nature of gum
(mucilaginous in nature)
Prone to decomposition and
should not be made in large
quantities
Preservative is added: to
prolong its shelf-life
Gum:
Extract: sticky, soap-like
Process:
Dry: powder
Wet: thick, adhesive
liquid
Used as suspending agent in
suspensions,
emulsifying
agent
in
emulsions,
as
excipient
in
tablet
formulation & as a demulcent
Primary Active Ingredient:
Gum

GUM
-

natural occurring
organic in nature: NO, they
decompose easily

TYPES OF GUMS
1.) Acacia/ Gum Arabic
2.) Ghatti
3.) Karaya
4.) Tragacanth
*All 4 types are natural gum ->
they are easily decomposed; they
are use prior to their usage

ACACIA MUCILAGE
-

Synonym:
Mucilage
of
Acacia, Mucilage of Gum

10

Acacia, Mucilage de gomme,

Mucilage Acaciae
Uses:
emulsifying
agent,
excipient to troches
Ingredients:
Acacia
5.25 g
Benzoic
Acid0.03
g
Purified
Water
qs
ad.15 mL
Container: 15 mL amber
bottle
Label: White (Internal Use)

**TO remember (sabi ni Sir):

HUMECTANT
-

Substances that give mouthfulfilling

Gives body

Benzoic
Acidpreservative

used

ABHL|2DPH|PHAR3- Prelims RV

as