Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
of power system
24-27 June, 2006
Topics of Discussion
Topic (1):
Topic (2):
Topic (3):
Topic (4):
Topic (5):
Topic (6):
Topic (7):
Topic (8):
Fault analysis
Fundamental of protective relays
Current and voltage transformers
Differential protection of transformers
Over current protection of transformers
Non electric protection of transformers
Over current protection of TL
Distance protection of TL
Fault definition
z Up
Fault effects
z System
Fault clearance
zA
Faults Types
zShunt
faults
zSeries faults
zThe
Shunt faults
zA
Series faults
zA
Types of faults
Three major groups:
zShort circuited faults.
zOpen circuited faults.
zSimultaneous faults.
z Unbalanced
fault
z Single
Simultaneous faults
zSimultaneous
Cause of fault
% of total faults
4. Transformers
1. Insulation failure
2. Faults in tap-changer
3. Faults in bushing
4. Faults in protection circuit
5. Inadequate protection
6. Overloading, Over voltage
10-12
5. CT & PT
1. Over-voltages
2. Insulation failure
3. Breaking of conductors
4. Wrong connections
15-20
6. Switchgear
1. Insulation failure
2. Mechanical defect
3. Leakage of air, oil, gas
4. Inadequate rating
5. Lack of maintenance
10-12
Types of Faults
Equipment
Cause of fault
1. Overhead lines
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.Underground
cables
1. Failure of joints.
2. Damage during digging.
3. Insulation
failure
due
temperature rise.
3.Alternators
(Generator)
% of total faults
Lightning strokes.
Trees, kites, airplanes, etc.
Storms, earthquakes, icing
Internal overvoltages.
30 - 40
8-10
to
1. Stator faults
2. Rotor faults
3. Abnormal conditions
4. Faults in associated equipment
5. Faults in protective system
6-8
Fault Calculation
Fault calculation is the analysis of the
electrical behavior in the power system
under fault conditions for:
zFaults at different parts of the network
zDifferent types of faults,
zDifferent positions of the faults, and
zDifferent configurations of the network
3. Basic Principles
A.Time
aspect
B.Type of fault
A. Time Aspect
z
It is a well known fact that the effects of a fault changes with the
time that has passed since the fault occurred.
Therefore, some time will pass while the new electrical field is
created.
Transient Interval
z The
z In
B. Type Of Fault
zThe
zThe
zShort
z At
z Therefore,
Representation of Power
System Components
zOverhead
lines
zCables
zTransformers
zSynchronous
machines
zAsynchronous machines
Overhead lines
z
z
z
z
z
z
Cables
z Represented
Transformers
z
z
z
Zk U 2
X =
100 S N
z
Synchronous Machines
Represented by an EMF and a subtransient
reactance, neglecting its resistance.
X
E
Asynchronous Machines
z
Impedance (Reactance)
Diagram
zIt
Vf
A.
B.
V f (P .U )
I f (P .U ) =
X eq (P .U )
Where
V f = Voltage at fault point before the fault ( 10)
Why P.U?
z Easy calculation
z Easy comparison
z Easy check for results.
KVb
( 3) V
2
3V Ab
(
=
3V b
3V Ab
V L2 ((103 )V L ) 2
=
=
6
10 V A 3
V 3
KV b
Zb =
MV Ab
Ib =
MVAb
3KVb
2
Zb
KV b
MVAb
Z = Z
2
KVb
P.U Modification
Z P .U (old ) = Z
MV Ab (old )
Z P .U ( new ) = Z
MV Ab ( new )
KV b2(old )
KV
2
b ( new )
MVAb(new) KVb(old ) 2
(
)
ZP.U (new) = ZP.U (old )
MVAb(old ) KVb(new)
Example
New Bases
50MVA
&138KV at
bus 2
Three phase
fault at Bus 2
1- P.U calculation
z Choose
ZP.U
ZP.U(new)
MVA b
= Z
KVb2
MVA
b(old) KVb(new)
P.U calculation
2
50 13.2
X g =0.2
=0.194(P.U)
50 13.4
2
50 13.4
X T =0.15
=0.125(P .U )
60 13.4
2- Reactance Diagram
X eq =X g +X T = 0.319( P .U )
MVA b
50
KA =
= 0.21KA
Ib =
3KVb
3(138)
Vf =If Zf
V1 =If ( X T +Zf )
Zf is fault impedance
Example 2
13.8KV
115KV
13.8KV
Given:
For: Xg1=Xg2=0.2 p.u at 100MVA, 13.2KV.
For T1
For T2
Solution
z Choose
120 13.2
X G2 =X G1 =0.2
=0.194(P .U )
100 13.8
2
120 13.8
X T1 =X T2 =0.1
=0.1(P .U )
120 13.8
MVA b
120
X TL(P.U) =X TL
= 15
= 0.1134
2
2
115
KVb
X G1 +X T1 +X L/2 )( X G2 +X T2 +X L/2 )
(
=
X G1 +X T1 +X L/2 +X G2 +X T2 +X L/2
1
If =
(P.U)
JX eq
XB
IG1 =If
X A +X B
XA
IG2 =If
X A +X B
Example 3
MVAb=100
KVLb=15.5 at the Gen
Xd=0.2*(100/125)=0.16 p.u
Xt=0.15*(100/150)=0.1 p.u
Xsys=0.025 p.u
If1=If2=1.0/j0.07=-j14.29
Ibase=100000/ 3*15.5=3724.9 A
If=14.29*3724.9=53228.82 A
Igen=If*0.125/(o.125+0.16)=23.35 KA
Isys=If*0.16/(0.125+0.16)=29.89 KA
Example 4
X 2 //Y3 =Z1
0.1//X3 //Y1 =Z2
Z1 +Z2 =Z3
X eq =Z3 //Y2 //0.1//X1
Example 5
X 2 //Y3 =Z1
0.1//X3 //Y1 =Z2
Z1 +Z2 =Z3
Example 6
4
P
G1
T1
T2
G2
Reactance
Diagram
3
2
P
T1
G1
T2
F
Xg1
XT1
XTL1
Xg2
XT2
XTL2/2
1
G2
XTL2/2
3
X1
Xg1+XT1
Xg2+ XT2
X3
3
Xg1+XT1+X2
Xg2+ XT2+X1
X3
3
X3
Equivalent Reactance
Xeq = X3 + (Xg1+XT1+X2) //(Xg2+
XT2+X1)
Thank you