Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Temperature
1. Affects the physiological activities of plants and animals.
Most livimg organisms can only tolerate temperature
ranging from 0C to 45C.
2. A drop in temperature within a certain usually results n a
decrease in the
metabolic activities.
3. Temperature higher
than 45C usually
cause enzymes to be
denatured.
4. However there are
some species of
organisms that can
live under extreme
temperature. For example, thermophilic bacteria can
survive in hot springs.
Thermophilic Bacteria
Light Intensity
1. Light is important as an energy source for photosynthesis
in green plants. All other animals depend on the food
synthesised by the green plant.
2. Light intensity influnces the rate of photosynthesis. Hence,
the distribution of green plants is denser in areas of high
light intensity.
3. Light is also important to animals and it affects animal
behaviour. Many organisms such as wood lice and other
soil animals are either attracted to or avoid light by
crawling towards or moving away from a light source
respectively.
Humidity
2
Topography
1. Is the description of the surface features of a place, e.g.
the position of rivers, mountains and such.
2. Topographic features such as altitude, gradient of a slope
and other physical aspects are factors that determine the
amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the Earth.
3. As the altitude of an area ncreases, its relative humidity
and atmospheric pressure decreases correspondingly.
4. Furthermore, changes in temperature and humidity at the
peak of a mountain are hugher than those of a valley.
5. Aspects:
a) The slope of a mountain in the direction of incoming
wind receives more rain while the protected part of the
slope receives little or no
rain.
sunlight
B
A
north
Microclimate
1. Refers to the climate of a small place or habitat.
2. It involves dfferences in terms of the quantity of rain,
relative humidity, light intensity, change in temperature
and etc.
3. The microclimate below a tree, for example, is different
from the microclimate in a cave or below a rock.
4. Microclimate influences the number and distribution of
living organisms.
Plants
Biotic
compone
nts
Man
Animals
Abiotic
compone
nts
Ecosyst
em
pH
Light
Intensit
y
Temperat
ure
Humidit
Microclima
Topograp
Commensalism
1. Commensalism is a
relationship between two
species that benefits one
species(the commensal) but
neither benefits nor harms
the other species(the host).
2. Two types of commensalism
are the epiphytes and
epizoics.
An epiphytic bromeliad
Parasitism
1. Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms where
by the parasite benefits, but the host is harmed.
2. The parasite gets food and shelter from the host.
3. There are two types of parasites:
a) Endoparasites which live in another organism(the
host).
b) Ectoparasites which live on another organism(the
host).
Tapeworm
Roundworm
Ticks
Mutualism
Lice
Mealy bugs
iii)
iv)
Lichens
Saprophytism
Saprophytes
1. Saprophytic bacteria and fungi are organisms that secrete
enzymes to digest dead organisms before absorbing the
digested compund.
2. Examples: Bread mould, mushrooms and bracket fungus.
Bread mould
Bracket fungus
Mushroom fungi
Saprozoites
1. Are animals that feed on dead organic matter that has
been digested.
2. Examples: Protozoa in intestine of frog (Opalina sp. and
Balantidium sp.) and in the rectum of frog (Nyctotherus
sp.)
10
Opalina sp.
Balantidium sp.
Nyctotherus sp.
Prey-Predator Relationship
100
80
Population size
Owls
60
Rats
40
20
0
1
10 11 12
Months
12
13
An Ecosystem
14
Habitat
1. Habitat is a place where an organism with resources such
as food, shelter, light, water, nesting sites and mates.
2. Simply put, it is the addressof an organism where you
can find it.
Community
1. Community consists of all the different populations of
plants animals living together and interacting within a
defined area or habitat.
2. The various populations of a community live
interdependently, and a change in any of the populations
affects the other populations of the community.
3. Interactions between all different communities(biotic
components) and the environment(abiotic components)
give rise to an ecosystem.
Population
15
Colonisation
1. Human activities(forest clearing and tin mining and etc.)
and natural phenomena(forest fires, tsunamis,
earthquakes and volcanic eruption) constantly reform our
environment, leaving behind bare rocks, sand, earth or
ashes with no life.
2. Colonisation is the process whereby living organisms
move into this newly formed area which is completely
devoid of life.
3. They are called pioneer species.
4. Pioneer species usualyy are hardy plants. They have
special adaptations to enable them to survive on dry or
nutrient-poor area.
Succession
1. Succession of a habitat happens when successor species
move into the modified environment, compete and
gradually replace the pioneer species.
16
Mangrove Swamps
Mangrove swamps are found in tropical and subtropical region
where freshwater meets salt water. They are characterised by
soft an, muddy oil with a high concentration of salt and very low
levels of oxygen. In addition,mangrove swamps are exposed to
a high intensity of sunlight.
1. Profile of a mangrove swamps consist a muddy bank(newly
formed area) followed by three successive flora zones
which is:
a) Avicennia sp. zone and Sonneratia sp. zone,
b) Rhizophora sp. zone,
c) Bruguiera sp. zone.
Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp. zone
1. Avicennia sp.(white api-api trees) and Sonneratia sp.
(perepat trees) are pioneers that are successful in
colonising this zone as they can withstand salt water and
the movement of the tides.
2. Sea currents carry the vivaparous seedlings of the
Avicennia sp.to the muddy bank, where they will take root
and grow rapidly.
17
Population Ecology
Population ecology is a branch of ecology hat studies the
structure and dynamics of populations. In the study of
ecosystem, it is often important to study the size of the
populations. A population is defined as a group of
organisms of the same species occupying a particular
habitat.
1. Characteristics of a population:
a) Population size, which is the number of individuals
making up the population.
18
19
A quadrat
20
Populatio
n
21
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
1. It refers to the variety of forms of living things on Earth.
2. Approximately, 1.5 million species of living organisms have
been discovered and there are millions of living organisms
that are yet to be discovered.
3. Since thre are so many of living organisms, classification of
organisms is crucial.
Classification of Organisms
1. Taxonomy is a branch of Biology connected with
identifying, describing and naming organisms.
2. It is a systematic method of classifying plants and animals
with the similarities in their characteristics.
3. A good universal system of classification is necessary as it
enables organisms to be identified and easily and
accurately.
4. It also enables communication among scientists and allows
information about a particular organism to be found more
readily.
5. Organisms are classified into five major kingdoms:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae.
Monera
1. The only kingdom composed of prokaryotic organisms.
2. They are unicellular and have cell walls but lack of both
membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.
3. They can be photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic.
Examples: bacteria and cyanobacteria(blue-green algae)
Prostista
1. Is the kingdom which includes a variety of unicellular and a
few multicellular eukaryotes.
22
23
S
i
K
y
h
P
l
C
d
r
O
m
a
F
n
G
e
p
o
g
u
s
c
Each kingdom is a group of organisms sharing certain basic
features. Kingdom is the largest unit of classification
andcontains the largest number of organisms. It is divided into
smaller units called phyla. Each phylum isdivide into classes.
Each class is divided into orders. Each order is divided into
families. Each family is divided into genera. Each genus is
divided into species.
24
Sh
e lt
er
Econo
m ic
re s o u r
ces
C le
an
a ir
S o u rc
e of
m e d ic i
ne
C le a n
d r in k in
g
w a te r
Im p o rta n
ce of
B io d iv e r s
ity
Sour
ce of
fo o d
Virus
Bacteria
Algae
Protozoa
25
v)
Fungi
Bacteria
1. Are unicellular organisms which have a basic cell structure.
2. Certain bacteria form spores under unfavourable
conditions
3. Their shape may be spherical(coccus), rodshaped(bacillus) or spiral(spirillum).
4. Examples: Lactobacillus sp. and Staphyloccocus sp.
Algae
1. Photosynthetic eukaryotic plabt-like organisms in the
kingdom of Protista.
2. Their call walls are made of ce,,ulose
3. They do not have leaves, stems, or roots.
Fungi
1. Are heterotrophic multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes
which do not have chlorophyll.
2. The cell walls are mad up of chitin
26
Protozoa
1. Are unicellular organism that have nucleus, cytoplasm and
plasma membrane.
2. They can carry out living processes such as repiration,
reproduction and excretion.
3. They use flagella, cilia or pseudopodia to move.
Viruses
1. They are the smallest microorganisms which can only be
seen under an electron microscope.
2. It is not a living cell because it cannot survive or reproduce
on its own outside the host.
3. It must infect and use living cells to reproduce to
reproduce
4. A virus is composed of DNA or RNA, surrounde by a protein
coat. They also can be crystallised.
27
Humidity
1. All microorganisms require water to live.
2. Under dry conditions, microbes form spores to protect
themselves until there is water for the dormant bacteria
become active again
pH Value
1. Distribution of microorganisms is also affected by th pH
value of the substrate and each group of microorganisms
has its ownoptimum value.
2. In general, a slightly alkalinecondition is more suitable for
growth and reproduction of bacteria, while a slightly acidic
condition fvours the growth of fungi
Light
1. Ultraviolet(UV) radiation can slow down the growth or
destroy microorganisms.
2. When the intensity of light is high, the activity of
microorganisms slow down. In the dark or in dim light,
microorganisms grow and reproduce actively.
Nutrients
1. The nutrients are needed to ensure the life of
micoorganisms and the nutrients neede are starch, fats,
glucose, amino acids and inorganic salts.
2. Microbes may be saprophytes, parasites or
autotrophs, depending on the way they obtain the food.
Nitrogen Cycle
1. Nitrogen is one of the elements in the proteins and nucleic
acids ofall living organisms.
2. Nitrogen is the interrelationship between atmospheric
nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium ions found in soil
and organic nitrogen compounds found in living organisms.
3. Microorganisms play major roles in the four major
processes of the nitrogen cycle:
a) Decomposition
b) Nitrification
c) Nitrogen fixation
d) Denitrification
Anaemia
Transmission of Diseases
1. Microorganisms can enter through food and water that
we take. Eating or drinking unclean sources can lead to
several diseases such as typhoid and cholera.
2. They can also gain entry into our body through the
respiratory tract and cause diseases such as cold and
tuberculosis. They are spreaded through droplets which
came from an infectious person when he sneezes or
coughs. It is called droplet transmission.
3. Other way is, the pathogens change into spores and
transmitted through the air. It is known as airborne
transmission.
4. They are also transmitted by other organisms such as
mosquitoes and flies. This transmission came to know as
vectors transmission.
Controlling Pathogens
30
31
Appreciating Biodiversity
Conservation
Means the wise use of natural resources with the least
disturbance to the living things and their environment. This
includes the protection management and renewal of natural
resources.
Preservation
Refers to the management of ecosystems and the environment
to ensure a healthy and balanced natural environment.
Individuals, organisations and the government of the country
play a very important role in conservation and preservation of
bidiversity.
32
Soil erosion
33
Flash Floods
1. Means sudden and rapid flood of low-lying area, rivers and
streams that is caused by a thunderstorm.
2. It happens when the rain water is not absorbed into the
ground fast enough causes surface runoff.
3. Causes of flash floods
a)Poor drainage system
b)Rubbish clogging the drainage system
c) Sedimentation of the rivers due to deforestation
Flash floods
Landslides
1. A land slide is a sudden fall of rocks on Earth down a hill
slope.
2. It is caused by:
a) Mining activities
b) Heavy rains on adenudes hill slopes
c) Unstable construction projects on hill slopes
d) Earthquakes
3. Heavy and prolonged raining over steep hill slopes may
lead to the accumulation of soil water which subsequently
causes a large amount of Earth toslide downhill.
34
Landslide
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees from the
forest.
2. Its purpose are commercial logging, shifting cultivation,
more agricultural and commercial land, construction of
roads and housing and for othe human development
3. Deforestation
causes:
a) Soil erosion
b) Flash floods
c) Landslides
d) Global warming
e) Climate changes
f) Loss
of
biodiversity
g) Extinction
Deforestation
35
Pollution
Can be defined as any unwanted change in the
physical,chemical or biological characteristics of the natural
environment, brought about when harmful substances are
released by human activities. There are four types of pollution
which is air, water, thermal and noise pollution.
Air Pollution
Takes place when gases or particles accumulate in the air in
high concentration that can harm living organisms and the
environment.
1. The source of air pollution are varied, such as, smoke
coming out of vehicles(mainly carbon monoxide), electric
power stations and factories(cement, wood, chemical and
others) and through open burning(haze).
2. Effects of this pollution are:
a) Bronchitis
b) Emphysema of the lungs
c) Silicosis and dark lungs
d) Cancer of the lungs
Air pollution
36
Water Pollution
Water pollution mostly caused by the indicriminate disposal of
domestic,industrial and agricultural waters.
1. Types of water pollutants
a) Biological agents
b) Chemical fertilisers
c) Chemical toxins
d) Physical agents
e) Disposal of radioactive wastes
2. Sources of this pollution are usually disposal of rubbish
into the rivers by the rural area community. Other than
that, some factories also will dumped chemical wastes
into therivers and the sea causing the aquatic lives to be
dead. Even the modern agriculture can lead to this
pollution as the modern farmers tend to use chemical
fertilisers, insecticides and much more to make the
plants grow well. The chemical than will be abdorbed into
the ground and will mix with the underground water,thus
making them polluted.
Water pollution
37
Thermal Pollution
Thermal pollution is the release of excess heat into the
environment.thermal pollution happens when used air or water
coolant is returnel to its environment at a higher temperature
than it was before. This upsets biological systems and
endangers lives.
1. Source of the pollution are:
a) Factories
b) Nuclear reactors
c) Electric power station
d) Tall glass building
2. Many factories, electric power stations, nuclear reactors
are built near the lakes or rivers to facilitate the supply of
water as a cooling medium for the machines.
3. This causes the average temperature of the water to rise
above its normal value because the water is recycled
through a cooling condenser system.
Thermal pollution
38
Noise Pollution
Takes place when the noise of the surrounding become
excessive and disturbs the comfort living.
1. Sources:
a) Aeroplanes
b) Trains
c) Construction works
d) Wheels and factory machines
e) Vehicle along the roads
2. It can affect human in two ways, physiological and
psychological
3. Persons who are exposed to prolonged noisy situations at
their work place have a high risk of hearing loss. This
hearing loss usually takes place gradually and the person
may not be conscious about it.
Noise pollution
39
40
41
42
43