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BIOLOGY OF MICROBES

MODULE VI
MICROBIOLOGY

Sub-module :
The Host - Parasite Relationship

FOR STUDENT

LABORATORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
MEDICAL FACULTY
BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
2013

Students Work Book : Biology of Microbes (2013)

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Direction for Students:


Module task(s) should be written by student individually and should be done prior to small
group discussion respectively. To work with the module, student may refer to references as
mentioned in the last part of each module.

Students Work Book : Biology of Microbes (2013)

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The Host - Parasite Relationship

Overview

After understanding the structure and functions of microbes and some idea of the
variety of microorganisms that exists, we can consider how the human body and
microorganisms interact in term of health and science. A balance exists between host
defense mechanisms and the pathogenic mechanisms of microbes. When our defenses
resist these pathogenic capabilities, we maintain our health; whereas the pathogens
capabilities overcome our defenses, disease result.
Pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease, and virulence is the degree or extent of
pathogenicity. To cause disease, most pathogens must gain access to the host, adhere to
host tissues, penetrate or evade host defense, and damage the host tissues. Some
microbes do not cause disease by directly damaging host tissues, but the disease is due to
the accumulation of microbial waste products.
If only a few microbes enter the host body, they will probably be overcome by the
hosts defense. However, if large numbers of microbes enter our body, the stage may set for
diseases, the virulence of microbes is often expressed as the Infectious Dose 50 (ID50).
Humans are generally free of microbes in utero. At birth, normal and characteristic
microbial populations begin to establish themselves. After birth, E. coli and other bacteria
acquired from foods begin to inhabit the colon. Many other usually harmless microbes
establish themselves inside other parts of normal adult body, and its surface. These are
called as normal microbiota or normal flora.
Normal cells, tissues, organ, and system of the host body have got some defense
mechanism against the microbial invasions. Broadly we classify them into two groups:
Nonspecific defense mechanisms
Specific defense mechanisms

Learning objectives

Compare commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism


Define normal microbiota
Define the pattern of disease
Explain the methods of transmission
Explain several reasons for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases
Define herd immunity
Identify several predisposing factors for disease
Identify the principal portals of entry and portal of exit
Explain how fimbriae, capsules and cell wall components contribute to pathogenicity
Explain how bacterial pathogens damage host cells
Contrast the nature and effect of exotoxins and endotoxins

Students Work Book : Biology of Microbes (2013)

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Module Tasks
1. Compare pathogenicity and virulence!
2. Describe how hemolysins, leukocidins, coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidases,
siderophores might contribute to pathogenicity.
3. Which of the following genera is the most infectious? Explain your answer.
Genus
Salmonella
Legionella
Treponema
Shigella

ID50
105 cells
1 cell
50 cells
200 cells

4. Describe factors contributing to the pathogenicity of virus and fungi.


5. How could social and behavioral change contribute to the alteration of host-parasite
relationship, and what are the effects to humans?
6. What is the aim of host body defense?
7. Name the method of transmission of these followings:
Hepatitis B
Tuberculosis
Tetanus
Measles
Hepatitis A

Students Work Book : Biology of Microbes (2013)

Page

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