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Projection
Positioning
Centering
Angle
Proximal
Femur
AP
Perpendicular
Mediolateral
lateral
Collimate to 35
x43cm, place ASIS
at the top of
cassette/ Center
2.5cm below pubic
symphysis/greater
trochanter
Collimate to 35
x43cm, place ASIS
at the top of
cassette
Horizontal
beam
axiolateral
Distal
Femur
AP
Mediolateral
lateral
Perpendicular
Exposure
Factors
Grid
70kVp,
25mAs
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Center at the
Perpendicular
crease of leg
between inside top
of leg and pelvis
(inguinal crease)
Grid
80-120kVp,
64-80mAs
Place bottom of
cassette 5cm
below knee joint
Perpendicular
Place bottom of
cassette 5cm
below knee joint
Perpendicular
Grid: 66kVp,
20-25mAs
Non-grid:
60kVp, 1620mAs
Grid: 66kVp,
20-25mAs
Non-grid:
60kVp, 1620mAs
Pelvis
Horizontal
beam lateral
Perpendicular
AP
Perpendicular
Pelvic Inlet
Center midway
between the ASIS
and superior
border of the
symphysis pubis
Collimate to 35
x43cm cassette
and place the top
of the iliac crest at
the top of
collimation
Center at the ASIS
Center 5cm below
greater trochanter
Angle 30o
cephalad for
male
Angle 40o
cephalad for
female
Perpendicular
Pelvic Outlet
Hip
Unilateral AP
Lateral Oblique
(same as
mediolateral
lateral of
proximal
femur)
Perpendicular
Grid: 66kVp,
20-25mAs
Non-grid:
60kVp, 1620mAs
Grid
66-70kVp,
25-32mAs
Grid: 70kVp,
16mAs
Grid: 70kVp,
16mAs
Grid
66-70kVp,
25-32mAs
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Judets
downside
(anterior rim)
Judets upside
(posterior rim)
Sacroiliac AP Axial SI
Joints
joints
Posterior
Oblique
Sacrum
AP (Axial)
Coccyx
AP (Axial)
Sacrum
& Coccyx
Lateral
(Sacrum &
Coccyx)
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Perpendicular
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Center between
level of pubic
symphysis and
ASIS in the midline
Center over the
elevated (affected)
side, 2.5cm medial
to upside ASIS
Center 5cm
superior to pubic
symphysis
Or center midway
between the ASIS
and pubic
symphysis
Center 5cm above
pubic symphysis/
5cm below the
ASIS
Or center midway
between the ASIS
and pubic
symphysis
Collimate to
24x30cm cassette
and have the top
of the collimation
at the iliac crest
and center in line
Angle 15o
cephalad
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Perpendicular
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Angle 15o
cephalad
Grid
70kVp,
32mAs
Grid
65kVp,
20mAs
Perpendicular
Grid
75kVp,
40mAs
Lumbar
Spine
AP supine
AP erect
Lateral
Lateral erect
Lateral flexion
Lateral
extension
Perpendicular
Grid
70kVp,
32mAs
Perpendicular
Grid
70kVp,
32mAs
Perpendicular
OR if L-spine is
not straight,
angle 8o
cephalad male,
12o cephalad
female
Perpendicular
Grid
80kVp, 4060mAs
Perpendicular
Perpendicular
Lateral L5/S1
AP Supine
AP erect
Center at the
perpendicular
intersects of the
point of the
highest point of
the iliac crest
laterally &
posterior superior
iliac spine
Find xiphoid
sternum & sternal
notch, center half
way between
these points
Collimate to
35x43cm and
place top of
cassette above
patients shoulder,
center at T7
Place detector at
the top of the
shoulders
Center at T7
Oblique
L5/S1
Thoracic
Spine
AP Axial
Perpendicular
Grid
75kVp,
40mAs
Angle 30o
cephalad male,
35o cephalad
female
Perpendicular
OR 0-3o caudal
with spine nearsufficient
support
OR 5-8o caudal
with less support
Grid
75kVp,
35mAs
Perpendicular
Grid
70kVp,
25mAs
Perpendicular
Grid
85kVp, 50100mAs
AP erect lateral
bending
scoliosis
Lateral
Lateral erect
Cervical
Spine
Center in the
Perpendicular
middle between
xiphoid and sternal
notch
Turn the beam
diaphgram
Top of collimation
Perpendicular
(35x43cm
cassette) at the
shoulder level
Center below T7
Grid
73kVp,
40mAs
Collimate to
35x43cm cassette
Center at the
midcoronal plane
and below T7
1. Patient standing with back of head
Centered in the
against the bucky
middle of the
2. Ask patient to open their mouth by
mouth, collimate
dropping their lower jaw as wide as they to the edge of the
can, align the base of skull (occiput) with height
the inferior border of the front incisors
Perpendicular
Perpendicular
Grid: 70kVp,
16mAs
Non-grid:
65kVp,
6mAs
AP (Axial)
Center at lower
thyroid cartilage
Angle 15o-20o
cephalad
Lateral
Center at lower
thyroid cartilage
and collimate to
include top of ear
to AC joint
Perpendicular
SID: 180cm (air
gap)
Grid: 6070kVp,
16mAs
Non-grid:
65kVp,
6mAs
No grid
66kVp,
16mAs
AP Odontoid
Lateral
(Swimmers)
Lateral Flexion
Lateral
Extension
Anterior
Obliques
Posterior
Obliques
AP AxialVertebral Arch
Facial
Bones
OM (Waters)
Perpendicular
SID: 100cm
(reduced)
Center to lower
margin of thyroid
cartilage
Adjust the bucky
so the centering
will be at the
acanthion
Collimate to
patients face-
Angle 20-30o
caudal
Grid
80kVp,
80mAs
Perpendicular
Perpendicular
Angled 15o
caudal
Grid
70kVp,
20mAs
Angled 15o
cephalad
Grid
70kVp,
20mAs
Perpendicular
If OMBL is not 37
degrees, angle
tube accordingly
so patient angle
& tube angle is
Grid
63kVp,
40mAs
OM 30
MO - Trauma
Lateral
PA Axial
(Modified
Caldwell)
OF 15
Zygoma
Lateral Nasal
Bones
AP 30O (Slit
Townes)
37O
Center to top of
skull, beam should
exit at acanthion
Angle 20-30o
caudal
Center midway
between EAM and
canthus (outer
canvas of the eye)
Angle CR
cephalad to the
amount equal to
the difference
between OMBL
angle & 37O if
patient cannot
raise chin high
enough
Perpendicular
Center 1.25cm
inferior to nasion
Center 2.5cm
superior to
Perpendicular
Out of bucky
Angle CR 35-40O
caudal
Grid
63kVp,
40mAs
Grid: 65kVp,
16mAs
Non-grid:
60kVp,
12mAs
No grid
66kVp,
Zygomatic
arches
Mandible
Protocols
Facial Bones:
OM
OM 30
Lateral
glabella to pass
midway between
EAMs and angle of
mandible
20mAs
Center at the
junction of lips
Collimate to
18x24cm & have
top of collimate to
top of ears
Perpendicular
OR Angle 225O
cephalad & have
CR exit at
acanthion
Center at galbella,
pass midway
between EAMs
Angle 35-40O
caudal
Angle 10O
cephalad
(As patient
cannot head tilt
25O)
Grid
75kVp,
20mAs
Grid
70-80kVp,
12mAs
70-80kVp,
5mAs
Sinuses:
OM
Lateral
PA (Modified Caldwell view)