TO OPERATOIlS OF L1.U::Oll CAMpS .

_____
rAC"4
INTROD UC'I'I O~ -- - - __ ._-- -- -~ _
I. LOCA'l'ION OF -CAlliI' _
2. LAYOUT Ol!' CAMP . _
3. COTh1l\{UNrl'Y CA~lPS . _
4. W A'l'IDn SUPPLY . .. .. _
-Commission of Immigr'ation and Housing of California G. SLI~IiJPING QUAItTli]US . ~ _
UNDERWOOD BUILDING G. DIlY ROOM ._____________________________ 27
525 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 7. S'l'ERILIZING ROOM: 27

Branch Offices: 8. COOKING AND DINING QlJAHTlmS_____________________________ 3t

526 Union League Building, Secoud and Hill Streets, Los Angeles. D. ME~r I-lOUSES 41
Rowell Building, Fresno. 10. DISPOSAL OJ!' GARBAGE Ar\D REFUSE_·_________________________ '14
419 Fornm Bnilding, Sacramento. 11. INCINERATORS 4G
Conncil Chamber, City Hall, Stockton.
12. DISPOSAL OIP CAMP SEWAGE___________________________________ 48
13. SUBSURFACE DIS'l'RIBU'l'ING on nUUGA'l'ION SYSTNH________ fi1
H. 'l'OILE'I'S ,_____________ __ r;r;
COMMISSIONERS.
1r;. BATHS ~ ~_____________ Hi
SIMON J. LUBIN, PRESIDENT Sacramento
16. S'l'ABLInS AND COURALS ~___ 70
]\[ClS'I' HIDV. IDDWAllD J.. HANNA, n.D., VICE PRESJDENT Snn Froneisco
lIIIlS. FllANK A. GIBSON ~ Los Angeles 17. F,XTER~IINA'l'ION OJ!' INSNC'l'S-Bcllbn;:s, licc, 1ll0SI1uitocs__________ H
J. H. McBRIDE, M.D. :.. Pasadena 18. SANITA'l'ION SEllVICE 0____________ 7ri
P AUj:, SCHARRENBERG, SECRETARy San Francisco 10. ItECRIDATION .__ 7G
CAMP PLACARD -------- 77

HENRY K. NORTON,
lNI>EX 78
ElJJcclltivc O!fiCCI·.

TO OPERATORS OF LABOR CAMPS.
Whcn-in 1914-the commission undertook the work of· camp
inspcction, there was no definite standard either for the construction or
for the sanitation of labor camps. Accordingly, a small booklet of a
few pages was hastily prepared to serve as a starting point, and work
was at once begun on a more comprehensive pamphlet. The prepara-
tion of this pamphlet brought togetiler experts in all the fields which
touch the housing problem of camps, and it has been the authority in
the building, sanitation and maintenance of labor camps in this
state up to the present time. Requests for it have C01Il£from nearly
every state of the Union, several foreign countries have made use of it,
and the Japanese Association has recently translated it into its own
language for distribution among the Japanese labor caIDp operators.
But, as the scope of the commission's work broadened, its own stand-
ards of calllp coustruction and camp sanitation developed also. Wider
experiencc pointed the way to many improvements mithought of before.
!-,iving standards in general had been raised. A camp considered good
In 1914 would be classed as only fair iu 1918. Nor has the commission
been slow to adapt the advanced methods of building in general to the
peculiar needs of camp work. So, gradually, the practices of the COlU-
mission went ahead of its written standards, and the existing pamphlet
no longer fulfilled its purpose.
This new pamphlet, therefore, has been prepared to take its place.
Like the earlier edition, it not only gives the requirements for sanitary
labor camps but also shows how these requirements can best be met.
Every assertion made ou these pages is based upon experience. Every
feature recommended has been thoroughly tested out and found good.
. But-should there arise a problem of labor camp construction for
which the pamphlet vffers no solution, the commission stands ready to
co-operate further in every way possible. And, whenever necessary, a
camp expert will be sent out by the commission for personal consultation
and advice, at no expense to the owner or operator of the camp in
question.
'l'his pamphlet has received the approval of the following: Sanitary
Officer, Western Department, United States Army; California State'
Board of Health; Agricultural Department, University of California;
Bureau of Architecture, State Engineering Department.
'fhe commission wishes to acknowledge its gratitude
departments for their aid in the preparation 9f t~i,B',
for the helpful suggestions gathered from the Ii ~ij,
Survey" published by the Loyal Legio ' ri!l.ana
INTRODUCTION.
Like all fundamental social reforms, the undertaking of labor camp
sanitation and housing did not coi'ne suddenly. There had been a
growing conviction among those interested in all progress that in labor
camps, where men work under adverse social conditions added stress
must be laid upon the connection between the' physical: mental, and
moral well-being of those men. And when the Commission of Immigra-
~ion .and Housing took up the work, it appro:lChed the problem with this
III Vlew.
Camp conditions in 1914 were unspeakably bad throughout the state.
Yet the commission, at that time, had no legal authority to enforce its
recommendations for improvements. 'fherefore it attributes its early
success to the fact that existing conditions were due not so much to
wilful neglect or a desire for econOlllYon the part of employers as to
thoughtlessness and habit. Laborers had always lived so-why should
any change be made 7
So the' work of camp inspection was, from the start, a work of
education. Improvements. had to begin with convincing the camp oper-
ators that" anything" was not" good enongh" for the lllen who came
to seek employment, and that loyalty and efficiency couIUnot be expected
from men who were fed in dust-filled, fly-iufested tents, and given a
hundred acres for a bed.
In 1915 the state legislature amended the· Labor Camp Sanitation
Law and placed its enforcement into the commission's hands. But the
commission still preferred to act in it;; original capacity of adviser and
co-operator, resorting to legal force only when all other methods had
failed.
'fhe commission has not attempted to formulate rules to cover the
construction of all types of camps found in California. Certain rules
apply to all ·camps. Protection from the weather, protection from
disease anel contagion, sufficient light and air, a sufficient supply of good
water, adequate bathing and toilet facilities, clean grounds, are lilatt~rs
which do not permit of deviation. Certain other requirements have to
be ~djusted to fit each individual camp, according to its type, its per-
manence, its location, the climate, ease ,of communication with the outside
world, the number of men employed, etc. :lVIanysuggestions for the
building and sanitation of any camp .will be found in this pamphlet.
Diagrams of certain standard plans are included. Numerous other
plans are on file in the commission's office and will' be gladly shown to
·any person interested.
The work of camp sanitation is not finished. The fullest co-operation
on the part of employers of labor, on the part of labor itself, is still
needed, no less than before. And in this co-operation the comillission
stands ready to do its part.
 While thc selection of a calllp site is an important matter, it is futile
to make many rules to govern it. The camp must go up on a spot which
is convenient to the place of work. A good camp site makes easier the
task of. sanitation, yet many of the worst camps have been well located
while even on a site far from perfect a sanitary camp can be maint,ained.
So the problem here is nQt to find an ideal location but to make the most
of the conditions at hand.

Rules.
1. Every camp should be located as near as possible to a plcntiful
sllpply of pure water.
2. Every call1p, should be located on well-ch:ained' grouud. Low
plains, swamps and wet areas should be avoided, on account of both the
discomfort attached to wet quarters and tIle possibility of affording
breeding places for malaria-bearing mosquitoes.
3. When a camp is built on the side of a hill a deep ditch should be
dug above it to prevent the drainage water during the rain from running
through the camp.
4. As sunshine is the best disinfectant, camps should be located in
opell spaces. Exception to this rule should be made in the case of tem-
ponu'y fruit camps which operate during the hottest amI dryest weather,
wllerc shadcd locations should be chosen.
 LAYOUT OF CAMP.
From the standpoint of health, the distance between certain units is
the first thing to keep in mind when laying out a camp. Dining quar-
ters, sleeping quarters, toilets and stables should not be crowded
together.
Also, mueh labor connected with the upkeep of a good' camp can be
saved by a convenient arrangement of the various units at the time of
their construction.

, ,Rules.
1, 'rents and portable houses should be arranged lU rows so that the
surroundings can be kept clcan easily.
2. 'I'M kitchen, mess and commissary houses should be at least 100 feet
from the sleeping quarters.
3', 1'h6 stable, corral, and chicken coops should be at least 600 feet from
kitchen ancl lIIess house, aud at least 500 feet from the sleeping
quarters.
4. 'I'he toilet~ should be pll\ced at least 75 feet ft'om the sleeping
quarters and 200 feet from the kitchen and mess house.
G. If incinerators for kitchen garbage are used, they should be located
near the kitchen,
6. The hospital tent or house should be 200 feet from the kitchen and
mess tent, and 75 feet from the sleeping quarters. : ,r ':..e.a.n.a.'
Figure 1 (page 7) shows a suggested layout of a model camp.
Pignre 2 (page 9) shows the layout of another model camp, stand- • •• 0'.
,to
•
ardized by the commission.
/
PiglH'e 3 (page 11) shows the layout of a community camp., This is
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the Woman's Land Army seasonal camp at Lodi planned by and con-
struct¢d under the supervision of the commission in the summer,of 1918.
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FIG. 2.
Layout of large cninp, 'I'he tents are arranged in military style, In blocks, with
sufficient distance between tents. Water Is piped, and hydrants are provided in the
streets. Garbage cans are in the alleys. r.roilets are ort east nnd west side of camp;
near enough' fOl; convenience, but not too close. Men's and women's sl~owel's are
about 140 feet fronl the cflmp.
 COMMUNITY CAMPS.
become overrun with weeds, sanitary conveniences are neglected, and the
The community camp is a natural development of the temporary place becomes an eyesore to the community., ,
labor camp 'iIi berry, fruit'and grape 'industries. It.is a system whereby, It is regrettable that this condition prevails, as there isno'bettei'mode
a number of farmers, by clubbing together, erect a camp at a spot con- , of advertising the attractions of any town than by these clean, well-kept
venient to, all, which serves as a labor center from which workers go camps which attract the traveling public. Nor is a great outlay of
out to adjoining farms whe'n needed.' . "," : ,money necessary to provide adequate water' supply, toilet facilities,
The advantages of such a camp are readily seen. The best living; , covered metal garbage containers, etc. Such an 'outlaY,on the part of
quarters ,at the' least' cost can, be assured the workers, The social , any community will be well repaid, '
demands of the employees are met by the larger number of employees,
living together, and the objectionable features of this arrangement are'
done away with by the use of small tents for sleeping quarters, 'l'he
problem of part-time work is solved: the owner of a small orchard does
DD DD DD IId.,o .•·~, ••~ "O~~I."
o DO D,
not have to worry concerning what he should do with his workers on
days when his frui~ may not have ripened enough for picking, when he DO DODD O'DDD
may be out Of boxes, etc. ' ,
Although community camps are not a new thing, the type of buildings
best suited to their particular needs was not thoroughly worked out
DODD DO o
until the summer of 1918.. At that time, follDwing the 'plans of the
commission, several such camps were erected throughout the state. The DD DD, DO
success, of these camps, the requests from farmers for information con-
cerning their building, and the plans already fOl;med for such camps in
the future, lead the commission to believe that this type of camp will
fill a long-felt want.
,For greater ~onvenience in the building of these camps, each struc- ~
;'
tllre is made of uniform sections held together by screws. Four such D"".
1.00"'-
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sections form the walls ofa sleeping tent; a tent twice as large could be ,
made by 'using six:' Dining and cooking quarters. are made as large as ,,
. ,~ !
necessary. by using more_ such units. The floors, too, are made in
sections and thus floor space can be extended indefinitely. .- ------- ----.-- .-----.-- ------------ --1.1--._-- -------------.-- -------,----- -----O-L
: .. WUI.l. 111 •. .-......-1 . I

It is a long step from the old temporary" camp" of the days before I
I
,!
inspection-which consisted ,of dining tents of torn canvas, of the open
out-of-door fire for cooking, of sleeping quarters with the earth for a
bed and the sky for a roof, and no sanitary arrangement of any sort-
o
to the present-day community camp. ,
Yet the evolution was a natural one, coming about, as it did, through
the efforts to give the gr~atest possible comfort to the worker and to,
make him of the greatest possible use to his employer; at the same time
'practicing the strictesfeconom'y in the construction of the camp.
DO DD DD e·.·. ,,,.•"'I.IIT 110.•..,,;'
DODD
Although these rules have been worked out with reference to labor
camps; there is a type of, pleasure camps which might well profit by the DO DD DO DOO'O
suggestions embodied here. '
. 1\fany of the cities and towns in California designate certain locations
as camping places for automobile tourists. Usually these" automobile
" FIG.' 3.
camps" are established with much enthusiasm and then permitted to
Layout of community camp at Lod!. See photograph Fig. 4, p. 12.
deteriorate through indifferencc in regard to their upkeep. The grounds
 WATER SUPPLY.
Men who camp for pleasure invariably seek a camping place near a
spring, a st.ream, or a river. ,A single d,ay's outing 'can be spoiled by a
sh()l't.ageof good w:ater. It is not difficult, then, to imagine the condition
9f men engaged in hard labor who are forced to economize in the matter
of water or to drink water which is not fit for drinking .
.'The"qua~tity 'of the ~vater available is b); no me~~s the most important
consideration. Nor can the quality be determined without careful
analysis. Oftentimes the dearest of streams will contain water filled
with typhoid germs while in certain localities of California'water which
is merely liquid mud is rendered fit for all purposes by adequate settling
tanks and filters. .
To insure a supply of good water in labor camps, the following rules
have been carefully prepared:

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p. A plentiful supply of wholesome water for, drinking and bathing
i should be snpplied.
I
~. In every case, the supply must be absolutely free from organic con-
I tamination." Fresh and pure drinking water ?n1tSt be furnished
j to employees, '.' Statutes 1915.
I
~. Ground water supplies from wells should be covered at the top, to
insure against surface pollution. Water tanks should be carefully
covered. Intakes in streams or springs should be covered and
, s9reened, and they should be cleaned out weekly:
4. Old wells in qucstionable positions with reference to surface drainagc
should bc condemned and, whenever there are no wells free from
pollution upon a permanent camp site, new wells should be sunk.
I

p.'\Vhenever it is necessary to erect a camp at a place where the ouly

: water available is knov~rn to be contaluinatec1 or is even of ques~
I tionable quality, such water should be purifie4 by boiling.
p. All privy vaults and cesspools should be at least 200 feet from the
water supply and so located that pollution is impossible.
Figure 5 (page 14) shows how a well may become pollntcd by the
contents of a privy vault.
Figure 6 (page 14) shows how a cesspool located on high ground may
fail to pollute a well lower down.
Figure 7 (page 14) shows how a well located on high ground may be
polluted by the contents of a cesspool lower down.
Figure 8 (page 15) shows screened intake' of water supply used for
domestic purposes.
7. If drinking water is kept in a barrel or tank, this should be cleaned
frequently. The water should be drawn from this barrel or tank
by a faucet, and a tight cover kept ontlle barrel or tank to prevent
men from dipping in with a cup and also to prevent insects from
entering.
8. Whenever it is necessary to haul water to a camp, the barr(Jls or
tanks uS,ed as containers should be kept thoroughly Cl~an.
9. The use of individual drinking cups should be encouraged among the
employees. Whenever possible drinking fountains' should be.
installed.

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FIG. 7.
Figure 5 shows how a well may become pollute,lbY the contents of a privy vault.
Figure 7 shows how a well located on high ground may be polluted by the contents of
a cesspool lower down. Figure 6 showp how a cesspool located on high ground may
fall to pollute a well lower down. . . .
 , SLEEPING QUARTERS.
'1'11atgood living, conditions are essential to the best efforts of any
working man is today almost generally admitted. Yet the importance
.of sleeping quarters in that scheme of good living conditions is not
always realized. Many camp operators who consider it absolutely
necessary to provide tIleir men with abundant and excellent food, house
these men in poorly built and unspeakably filthy bunkhouses.
'1'0 think of living is to think of living somewhere, to think, in other
words, of a home. And the home of any man is that spot to which he
comes to rest from his work and to sleep. The rule holds in labor camps
no less than elsewhere. Whatever the condition of a bunkhouse, of a
cabin, of a tent-if a man sleeps there, if his personal belongings are
there, there also is his home.
~l'here are certain fundamental rules of building and sanitation which
are obviously necessary to a decent existence. Such are the rules of
the amount of air space allotted to each man, of proper ventilation and
light, of sanitary beds, of general cleanliness. A man has little oppor-
tunity of preserving his self-respect, which makes for efficiency, and
respect for his employer, which leads to loyalty, if he lives in a filthy,
overcrowded, foul-aired bunkhouse and sleeps in a vermin-infested
bunk. ' are aclmowledged to be much more comfortable than wooden bunks.
But there are also other rules ~'hose effects are not so self-evident,
but which are no less necessary to any man's well-being. Decent living
presupposes a chance to rest, and this-in turn-calls for a measure of
privacy. When men of many' degrees of culture, of a wide variety of
tastes, are thrown together indiscriminately; when they work in gangs
and eat in crowds-thcy must have 'a few hours in which, if they d~sirc,
they can be alone. Any other arrangement is sure to result in friction
aud discontent.
In the light of these considerations the commission has discouraged,
wherever possible, the building of old-style bunkhouses in which a great
number of men are crowded into one large room. 'l'he greatest degree
of contentment comes when one or two men are assigned to a room,
although, in some of the 111mbel:districts, the policy of building three-
and four-man cabins brought good results.
Nor should the question of health be overlooked. The dangers of
infection and contagion, so great in ci'owded sleeping rooms, can be
reduced to a minimum where small rooms are used.
Then, too, in a big room of twenty or more beds, the responsibility of
preserving order and cleanliness is shirked by all. When, however, a
room becomes the possession of one or two men, the chances that these
men will take some pride in its appearance and will co-operate in
keeping it clean, become much greater.
Yet, even then, it is unfair to leave the upkeep of living quarters to
the men themselves. In large camps a camp janitor should be employed
whose sole duty would be the care of the camp. As the men are not
expected to cook their food or wash their dishes, so should they not be
expected to air their beds or sweep their floors. Tumbled beds, filthy
toilets, a litter of cigarette stumps and' ashes, soiled clothing thrown
about the room-are the invariable result of this plan of letting the meri
do their own cleaning-up.
Rules.
1. Bunkhouses, tents and other structures used for sleeping quarters,
should provide at least 500 cubic feet of air space for each persoll;
2. Window area of sleeping quarters must equal one-eighth of the floof
area of such quarters.
3. All bunkhouses, tents and other structures used for sleeping quar-
ters should have wooden floors. Floors iJi tents should be at least
6 inches above the ground. Floors in bunkhouses should be at
least 18 inches above tl}e ground.
4. Iron bunks should be used. 'l'hese are easily made vermin-proof amI
If bunks with straw bedding are used, straw containei's or ticks
should be furnished.
5. All doors and windows should be screened.
6. Floors of bunkhouses and tents should be swept daily. Dry sweep-
ing should be discouraged.
7. In camps where men work in damp or wet surroundings "ry rooms
or rooms for drying clothes should be constructed.
8. '1'here must be prop'er drainage around the tents and bunkhouses.
Figure 9 p. 18 shows a cabin for three men.
Figure 10 shows a bunkhouse for sixteen men.
Figure 11 shows another type of bunkhouse for eighteen men.
Figure 12 shows a combination dining room and bunkhouse.
Figure 13 p. 19 shows a house tent with separate kitchen.
Figure 14 p. 20 shows a knock-down tent.
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Cabin and bathroom for three men. See bill of materiais, p. 22.
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Sleeping quarter~ for eighteen men. Sell bJll of materials, p. 21.

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7 pieces 3" x 12"-8' 0" redwood sills.
a./....;. 24 llieces 4" x 6"-16' 0" Oregon pine girders and posts.
0.. 45 pieces 2" x G"~16' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. joists.
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500 lineal 2" x 4" Oregon pine S.l S. plates' outside walls.
70 pieces 2" x 4"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 FJ. studs ontside ",oils.
450 lineal 2" x 3" oi'egon pine S, 1 S. plates inside partitions.
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V;I:;> iii 80 pieces 2" x 3"- 9' 0" Oregon pine. S. 1 E. stnds inside partitions.
23 pieces 2" x 4"-16' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. ceiling joists.
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52 pieces 2" x 3'~- 8' 0" Oregon pine rough rafter supports .
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.ill 114 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" redwood S. 1 S. outside wall sheathing.
56 pieces 1" x 12"-18' 0" redwood'S. t S. outside wall sheathing.
~ 120 llieces 1" x 3"-10' 0" redwoorl S.l S. outside wall sheathing.
p. 60 pieces 1/' x 3"-18'· 0'( redwood S. 1 S. ontside wall sheathing.
p; 200 pieces 1" x 12"-!)' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. inside pllrtitions.
~ 150 pieces l"x 12"-{10' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S.· inside partitions.
§ 210 pieces 1" x 2"- ()' 0" Oregon pine .11'.2S. inside ccilings.
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" 180 pieces 1" x 2"-10' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. inside ceilings.
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l;j, 1. window 3' 0" x 2' 0" complete )vith sash, glass and frame, inside screens,
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3" x 12" redwood sills.
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26 pieces
4" x 6"-18' 0" Oregon pine rongh girders.
4" x 6"~ 8' 0" Oregon pille rough porch gi1'(1ers.
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-I
36 pieces 2" x 6"-16' 0" Oregon pine S.l E. porch joists.
::l:'"t.
T :;,
24 pieces
12 pieces
2" x 6"-18' 0" Oregon pine S: 1 E. porch joists.
2" x 6"-24' 0" .Or~gon pine S. 1 E. porch joists.'
50 pieces 2" x 6"-24' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. main joists,
80 pieces 2" x 4"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. studs.
30 pieces 2" x 4"-lW 0" Oregon pine S.l E. studs,
300 lineal 2" x 4" Oregon pine S. 1 S. plates.
350 lineal 2" x 3" Oregon pine S. 1 S. plates.
70 pieces 2" x 3"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.l ID. studs.
22 pieces 2" x 4"-24' 0" Oregon pine rough ceiling joists:
.. 4 pieces 2" x 4"-14' 0" Oregou pine rou£'h porch rafters.
76 pieces 2" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine rotigh porch rafters.
 48 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine rough main rafters.
3 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" 'Oregon pine rough ridge rafters.
210 lineal 1" x 6" redwood S. 4 S. facia. House Tent.
22 pieces 4" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine S. 4 S. porch posts. !l pieces 4" x 6"- 8' 0" redwood sills.
20 pieces 4" x 6"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.4 S. porch girders. 6 pieces 2" x 6"- 8' 0" ,redwood sills.
20 pieces 2" x 6"-· 9' 0" Oregou pine S.4 S. porch rails. 50 pieces 1" x 4"-14' 0" Oregou pine tongue and groove flooring.
25 pieces 2" x 3"-10' 0" Oregon pine S. 4 S.porch posts. 24 pieces 1" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine tougne and groove flooring.
250 pieces 1" x 12"......,4' 0" redwood S. 1 :81• outside' sheathing. 7 pieces 2" x 3"-14"0" Oregon piue S.l E. plates and ridges.
270 pieces 1" x 3"-4' 0" redwood S.l S. outside sheathing. 6 pieces 2" x 3"- 6' 0" Oregon piue S.l E. plates and ridges.
182 pieces 1" x 12"~10' O"redwood S. i S.outside sheathing. !) pieces 2" x 3"~12' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. plates an(l ridges.
200 pieces 1" x 3"-'10' 0" red\~ood S.l S. outside sh<:iathing. 2 pieces 2" x 3"-10' 0" Oregon pine ,~\ 1 E. studs. '"
22 pieces 2",x 3"- 8' 0" Oregon pine S.l E. studs.
Lumber and 'Mill Work. 11 pieces 2" x 3"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.l E. rafters.
14 pieces 1" x 6"-14' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 S. sheathing.
150 pieces 1" x 12"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. inside partitions. 6 pieces l' x 12"-14' 0" redwood S.1 S. sheathing.
200 pieces 1" x 2"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. inside partitions. ' 8 pieces 1" x 3"-14' 0" redwood S.l S. battens.
130 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. inside partitions. 12 pieces 1" x 12"- 6' 0" redwood S.l S. sheathing.
150 pieces 1" x 2'~-10' 0" Oregon pine S.2 S. inside partitions. 16 pieces 1" x 3"- 6' 0" redwood S.l S. battens.
12 pieces It''x12''- 4' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. stepping. 3 pieces 1" x 12"-12' 0" redwood S. 1 K boards.
8 pieces 2",x 12"-{6' 0" Oregon pine rough stringers. 4 pieces 1" x 3"-12' 0" redwood S.l S. battens.
1000 lineal !" half' round redwood screen half round. 12 pieces 1" x 12"- 8' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 ~:. boards interior partition.
200 lineal Y' x 2" redwood rough lattice. 14 pieces 1" x 3"- 8' 0" Oregon pine S.2 S. battens interior partition.
3200 B. ,1If. 1" x 4" Oregon pine tongue and groove flooring. 2' SCreen doors 2' 6" x 6' 6" x It". .
3000 B. 11'1. 1" x 6" Oregon pine sheathing. 1 5-panel door 2' G"x 6' 6" xU".
31 M. cedar shingles. 1 drain board, drawers and' lockers built to suit:

2 2' 2" x 5' 0" stock toilet doors.

2 2' 6" x 6' 8" stock 5·panel Oregon pine doors.
10 2' 8" x 6' 8" stock sash doors.
4 2' 8" x 6' 8" stock screen doors, galvanized screen.
10 pair 3' 6" x 4' 6" casement windows, complete with frame. Combination Dining Room and Bunkhouse.
3 :r 0" x 2' 0" sash· hinged at bottom, complete with fl:ame and screen. Location-Quan ti ty-Size- Length-Description.
Sills 54 lineal 2" x 12" redwood rongh.
NOTE.-If dOUble-hungwindows are preferred to casements, use 10'-3' 0"x5' 1" Sills 54 lineal 2" x G" reclwood rough.
Porch girder 150 lineal 4" x 8" 01;egon pine S.4 S.
Porch girder_______ 80 lineal 4" x 6" Oregon pine rongh.
Porch girder_______ 64 lineal 4" x G" Oregon pine rough. ,
Main girder 240 lineal 4" x 8" Oregon pine rough.
Underpiuning 108 lineal 4" x 4" Oregon pine rough.
Ribbon 260 lineal 2" x 8" Oregon pine S. 1 E.
Cabin for 3 Men. Porch joists 50 pieces 2" X. 6"-10~ 0" Oregon pine S.l Ill;
4 pieces 4" x 6"-18' 0" redwood sills. Porch joists 124 pieces 2" x 6"- 8' 0" Oregon pine S.l E.
1 piece 4" x 6"-14' 0" redwood sills. First floor joists____ 37 pieces 2" x 6"-24' 0" Oregon pine So1 E.
12 pieces 2" x 6"-12' 0" Oregon, pine S. 1 E. joists and bridging. €~cond floor joists __ '37 pieces 2" x 10"-24' 0" Oregon pine S.l Ill.
24 pieces 2" x 3"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.l E. stnds. Flooring 5000' B. l\f. 1" x 4" Oregon pine tongue and J:roove.
18 pieces 2" x 3"-10' 0" Oregon pine S.l S. plates and braces. Porch posts 18 pieces 4" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine S.4 S.
18 pieces 2" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine rough rafters. Porch posts 11 pieces 4" x 4"- 8' 0" Oregon pine S.4 S.
7 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine rough ceiling joists. Porch rail 220 lineal 2" x 4" Oregon pine S. 4: S.
72 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" redwood S. 1 S. boards. Porch posts 25 pieces 2" x 3"- 6' 0" Oregon pine S.4 S.
80 pieces 1" x 3"-10' 0", redwood S.l S. battens. Porch posts 34 pieces 2" x 3"- 4' 0" Oregon pine S. 4 S.
76 pieces 1" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon l}ine rough sheathing. Porch screen 750 lineal !" Oregon pine half round.
050 B. l\f. i" x 4" tongue and groove and V Oregon pine ceiling. Porch screen 1000 lineal i" Oregon pine qnarter round.
3()() B. M. k"x 4" tongue' and groove Oregon pine flooring. Porch rail 900 pieces i" x ,4"- 2' 8" Oregon pine T. & G. & Double V.
600 shingles. Studs 388' pieces 2" x 4"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.l Ill.
2 sash It 6" x 2' 0", 1(j·oz~glass, 'no frame. Plates 1400 lineal 2" x 4" Oregon pine S. 1 S. & 1 E.
4 sash l' 6" x 5' 0", IG·oz. glass, 'casement frame" for '2" x 3" studs. Plates 600 lineal 2" x 3" Oregon pine S. 1 S. & 1 E.
4 screens 3' 0" x 5' 0", top hung, 'inside screens: Studs 90 pieces 2" x 3"- 9' (JI' Oregon pine S.l E.
1 sash door 2' 8" x 6' 6", no frame, l1nd 1 screen Posts 2 pieces G" x 6"-12' 0" Oregon pine rough.
1 5·panel door 2' 6" x 6' 6", no frame. Girder 3 pieces 2" x 16"-20' 0" Oregon pine S.l S. & 1 E.
Bridging S'50 lineal 2" x 6" Oregon pirie S. 1 E.
Bridging 144 lineal 2" x 10" Oregon pine S. 1 E.
Ceiling joists 20 'pieces 2" x 4"-24' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E.
 Rafters -----______ 22 pieces 2" x 4"-c-14~0" Oregon pine rough.
BILL OF MATERIALS FOR KNOCK'DOWN TENT I='RAME FOR
Rafters ---________ 22 pieces 2" x 4"-16' 0" Oregon pine rough.
Porch joists ------_ 00 pieces 2" x 4"~12' 0" Oregon pine rough. COMMUNITY CAMPS.
Rafter supports 300 lineal 2" x 3" Oregon pine rough. Joist-6 pieces 2" x 3"-S' 0" Oregou pine No.1 Common sized.
Exterior walls 5000' R. M. 1" x 8" redwood V rustic standard. Joist-2 pieces 2" x 3"-10' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common sized.
Corner boards 150 lineal 1" x 6" redwood S.4 S. Gorner posts-4 pieces 2" x 3"-G' 0" Oregonpiue No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Facia -------- 110 lineal 1" x 6" redwood S.4 S. Center 'posts-12 pieces 2" x 2"-6' 0" Oregon pine No. 1 Comnion S. 4. S.
Roof sheathing __~_2800'R..I\f. 1" x 6" Oregon pine rough. Sills-2 pieces 2" x 3"-10' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Shingles 30]\f. cedar "Star A Star."
Sills-I p:ece 2" x 3"-8' 0" Oregon pine-No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Stairs -----------~ 32 pieces 1" x 10"- 3' 0" Oregon pine stepp'Jlg S.4 S. Sills-1lliece 2" x 3"-6' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Stairs -------_____ 32 pieces 1" x 7"- 3' 0" Oregon pine risers S.4 S. Plates-2 pieces 2" x 2"-10' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Stringer --________ 4 pieces 2" x 12"-16' 0" Oregon pine rough. Plntes-2 pieces 2" x 2"- 8' 0" Oregon pine No.1 COUlmon S. 4 S.
Rail ~______ G pieces 2" x 4"-16' 0" Oregon pine S. 4 S. Hafters-2 pieces 2" x 2"-10' 0" Oregon pine No. 1.COIllJllonS. 4 S.
Rail -----_________ 16 pieces 2" x 2"- 3' 0" Oregon pine S.4 S. <1irts-2 pieces 2" x 2"-]0' 0" Oregon pine No. 1 Common S. 4 S".
Newels --- __~_____ 4 pieces 4" x 4"- 3' ·0" Oregon pine S.4 S. Girts-l piece 2" x 2"-8' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. ~ S.
Inside walls 324 pieces!" x 12"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.l S. No. l. Ciil'ts-l piece 2" x 2"-G' 0" Oregon pine No. J Common S. L! S.
Inside walls 200 pieces ~"x 12"-12' 0" Oregon pine S.l S No.1. Rirlge--ll'iece 2" x 2"-1.0' 0" Oregon [line No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Inside walls 296 pieces 1" x 12"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 S. No.1. 1~looraud side waIls-
Battens --- 200 pieces ~"x 2"-12' 0" Oregon pine S. 4 S. No.1. 18 pieces 1" x G"-lO' 0" Oregon pine T. I..rv, G. flooring.
Battens ---- 620 pieces ~"x 2"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 4 S. No.1. 12 pieces I" x 6"-10' 0" O"egon pine T. & G. flooring S. 4 S.
Base ---- __. 260 pieces lineal 1" x 4" Oregon pine S.4 S. No.1. 12 pieces'I" x 6"-8' 0" Oregon pine T. &, G. flooring S. 4 S.

Windows:
Mill Work.

4 sets mullion D. H. windows 2' 6" x 4' G" without screens. 2

*"*"
x 1.0" x *"
18 lag screws ~" x 4".
4 strap i1'on8bent aud drilled to Detail A.
x 12" x Ii" strap irons bent and drilled to Detail B.
4 sets mullion D. H. windows 2' 6" x 4' 6" with screens. 4 bolts (machine) 5/16" x 3!" with one staudard washer and oue nnt.
2 sets mulJioll D. II. windows 3' 0" x 5' 1" with screens. -8 bolts '(machine) 5/1.6" x 2!" with one stillldard washer and one nut.
1 set mnllion D. I-I. windows 2' 6" x 5' 1" with screens. 2! pounds 8d common nails.
1 single D. H. window 3' 0" x 2' 0" with screen. 1 pound 20d common nails.
1 single D. I-I. window 3' 0" x 4' 0" with screen.
1 single D. H. window 2' 6" x 3' 6" with screen.
1 single D. I-I. window 3' 0" x 3' 0" with screen.
6 single D. I-I.windows3' 0" x 5' 1" withont screens.
1 single sash l' 6" i. 2' 0" with screen.
Doors: .
11 5-panel with jambs for 2" x 3" studs-2' 6" x 6' 8".
1 5-panel with jambs for 2" x 4" studs-2' 6" x 6' 8".
2 3-panel toilet with jambs for tongue and groove-2' 2" x 5' 0".
2 5-panel with jambs for 2" x 4" stnds-2' 8" x 6' S".
Height Number of Number of
6 sash doors with frames for 2" x 4" stnds-2' 8" x 6' S". Height

I
817:0or tent

I
or walls occupants S17.6or tent occupants
2 screen doors, stock-2' S" x 6' 8".
Vents:
I permitted
II
orwnlls
permitted

2 louver vents 3' 0" x 4' 0" frame for 2" x 4" studs. 7 X 9! ____________ 3 1 18 x 20____________
5 6
9! x 9! ________.____ 3 1 18 x
24. ___________
5 7
x 12____________ 30____________
9! 3 1 18 x 5 9
14____________ 35____________
9! X 3 1 18 x 5 10
x 12____________ 4(1-___________
12 3! 2 18 X 5 12
12 14____________ 24. ___________
X 3! 2 20 x 5 8
12 x 16____________ 30 ____________
3! 2 20 x 5 10
12 x 18____________ 35____________
3! 2 20 x 5 11
14 X
14____________ 40____________
4 3 20 x 5 13
14 16____________ 50 ____________
X 4 3 20 X 5 I 16
16___·_________
14 x 3 3 24 x· 2.() ____________ 6 14
14 x 18____________ 35____________
4 3 24 X 6 16
14 x 20____________ 40____________
4 4 24 x (l 18
24 ____________ CO ____________
14 x 4 4 24 X 6 23
16 16____________ 60 ____________
X 5 4 24 X (; 27
16 18____________ 1
X Ii 4 30 Xc 6 25
16
16
16
X
x
x
20____________
24 ____________
30____________
5
5
5
6
30 x
30x "-------1
50 ____________
60 ___: ________
70____________
6
(;
32
38
35____________
5 7 30 x 6 44
16 5 9 75____________
X 30 X 5 H
18____________ 8L __________ 1
18 X 5 5 30 X 5 48

FIG. 15.
lVlodel sleepIng quarters with rooms opening upon screened porch.
fields. See bill of materials, p. 21.
DRY.ROOM .
.All labor camps in which men work in wet weather should be provided
with adequate facilities for drying wet and damp clothing.
While racks over the heating stoves are often sufficient in camps
which employ but a few men, or where only one or two men occupy a
room, larger camps in which severalmeli are housed together sho·uld be
provided with a dry-room. Few things are so unpleasant or so detri-
mental to health as a living room filled with the malodorous steam which
riscs from soaked clothing in the process of drying.
'['he llccessal'y eqnipment of a elr.y-roomconsists of racks, frolll which
t.he clol.ltBsare hllng, and It heating stove.
STERILIZING ROOM .
.Among the recent additions to ,the equipment of California labor
camps is the sterilizing room which fills a long felt want in the cleaning
of blankets and bedding. It is a new idea in camp equipment but when
it is once installed it will repeat the story of the baths, since operators
will wonder why they did not think of it before.
'1'he operation of the room is very simple and any camp having steam
at hand can avail itself of a plant of this kind to great advantage.
II II The sterilizing room should be carefully constructed, the interior of
Built in the rice
the room lined with galvanized sheet iron. 'fhe floor should be concrete.
Blankets, mattresses, clothing and other ·articles which are to be freed
from vermin are hung upon racks within the room. Steam is then
passed into it for 30 to 60 minutes, after which the steam is removed
through a vent in the roof and the condensation through drains ill the
floor.
The sterilized articles are then thoroughly dried by the heat pro-
duced by the passing of steam through manifolds.
This process of sterilizing' has been used with great sliccess by the Red
River Lumber Company at Westwood. Figure 17 (p. 28) gives the
plan of such a room.
BILL OF MATERIALS FOR STERILIZING HOUSE.
4! barrels Portland cement.
Ii tons sand for concrete, nothing to i" size.
1 ton small rock i" to it" size.
I! ton large rock !l-" to 2!" size.
Sills-2 pieces 2" x 4"-16' (Y' redwood merchantable S. 1 S. and 1 E.
Sills-2 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" redwood merchantable S. 1 S. and 1 E.
Plates-4 pieces 2" x 4"-16' 0"· Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 1 S. (llul 1. m.
Plates--4 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon lline No.1 Common S. 1 S. and 1 E.
Studs-32 pieces 2" x 4"-8' 0" Oregon piue No.1 Common sized...
Studs- 4 pieces 1" x 4"- 8' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common sized.
Collar beams-9 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common rough.
Rafters-22 pieces 2" x 4"-9' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common rough.
Stnds for yentilators-3 pieces 2" x 4"-14' 0" Ol'egon pine No.1 Common S. 4 8.
 Plates for Yentilators-c3 pieces 2" x 4"-10' 0" Orcgon pinc No.1 COllllllonS. 4 S.
:.; Rafters and color beams for "entiIator-3 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine Ko. 1
~
COlllillonS. 4 S.
"~
0.
Hoof boards-340 n. F. 1" x 4" Oregon pine No.2 sheathing S. 1 S.
/
0 Stl'illS at ends of roof--
(J
•.. Board along rakes-4 pieces 1" x 2"-D' 0" O"egon piccc No.1 ComllJon S. 1 S.
'"E
.0 and 1 E.
Boards along 1'akes-1 piece 1" x 2"-12' ,0 " Otegoll pine No.1 COlllmonS. 1. S.
"•..
>-l ancl1 E.
IUdge piece-1 piece 1" x 0"-18' 0" Oregon pine No.1 ,CommonS. 1 S. and 1 K
'"> Frame for ventilator in ceiling joist-I piece 2" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine No. 1
~ Common rough.
"" Interior sheathing-GOO B. F. 1" x S" or 1" x 10" Oregon pine No. 2 sheathing
<.
~ S. 1 S. cut 16' 0".
Interior sheathiug-230 B. F. 1" x S" or 1" x 10" Oregon pine No. 2 sheathiug
,.s'" S. 1 S. cut 12' 0".
~.
.0
Interior sheathing-OO B. E'. 1" x 8" or 1" x 10" Oregon pine No. 2 sheathing
S. 1. S. cut 10' 0" .
'0
Hustic sides-3G pieces 1" x 10"-lG' redwood chaunel l'ustic sap denl'.
'"
~ Itustic ends-42 pieces 1" x 10"-12' rerlwoo[1channel rnstic sap clear. '
•.. Hnstic ventilators-3 Ilieces I" x 10"-10' reclwoodchannel rnstic saIl eleal'.
.2" Comec' boards 8Jul door casings, main bnil,ling and ventilator-
,
o pieces 1" x 4""':""12'0" redwood sap clear S. 1 S. and 2 E.
'"
p"":;
4 pieces I" x 3"-12' 0" redwood sap clear S. 1 S, und 2 E.
Foot board under, Jonvel'S, jambs und casings-
1 piece 1" x 0"-10' 0" redwood su'p clear S. 1 S. und 2 E.
2 pieces 1~'x 4"-8' 0" redwood sap clear S. 1 S. am] 2 E.
2 pieces-I" x 4"-]0' 0" redwood sap clear S. 1 S. und 2 E.
LOU\'ers-4 pieces 1" x 0"-10' 0" redwood sap clear S. 1. S. und 2 E.
Ventilator doors-frlllile-
1 piece 1" x G"-l{)' 0" redwood sap clear S. 1 Sand 2 R
1. piecc 1" x G"- S' 0" redwooclsap clear S. 1 S. allli 2 )oJ.
1 picce I" x 4"-10' 0" redwood sap clcU!'S.l S, aml 2 R
1 piece I" x 4"- S' 0" redwood sap clear oS. 1 S. and 2 E.
1 piece 2" x 0"- (j' 0" redwood sup clear S. 1 S. and 2 ru.
1 piece I" x 2"- S' 0" redwood 'sap clear S. 1 S. and 2 ru. '
2 pieces I" x 2"-10' 0" redwood sap clear S. 1 -So and 2 E.
Rhingles-3! l\L Star-A-Star red cedar shingles.
])001' jambs-3 pieces 1" x 0"-,7' 0" Oregon pine No. 2 clear and 1",t1c,' R. 1. S.
1.Iuorjambs-I piece 1" x 6"-3' 0" Oregon pine No.2 clear and bettcr S. 1 N.
Door jaJnbs-18 lineal feet t" x 2" Oregon pine.No. 2 clear and better S. 1 S.
l\IlI ttrcss l'[lcks~
IIol'izontal pieces-O pieces 1" x 0"-12' Oregon pinc Selected COlllmonS. -! S.
Vertical pieces-,~ pieces 1" x 4-:0' Oregon 'pic'e Selected Common S. 4 S.
Slats-82 pieces 1H" 'x 1H"~10' 0" Oregon pine No.2 clear llnd better S. 4 S.
Blanket hangers- '
Horizontul pieces-2 pieces 1" x 3"-16' 0" Oregon pine Selectee!Common S. 4 S.
Braekets-22 pieces 1H" x 1~"-14' 0" Oregon pine No.2 clear and better S. 4 S.
Pipe gUOl'ds-3 pieces 1" x 6"-1(;' 0" Oregon pine Selected Cominon S. 4 S.
Vertical slats-7 ]lieces 1" x 4"-14' 0" Oregon pine Selected Common S. 4 S.
Horizontnl slats-4 11icces1" x 4"-lii' 0" Oregon 'pine Sclected Common S. 4 S.
'1'. and G. for doors-14 pieces 1" x 6"-7' 0" Oregon pine T. and G. S. 1 S.
'1\ ond G. fot' l1ool's-34 pieces 1" x 0"-2' 8" Oregon,pine '1'. and G. S. 1 S.
Sheet metal-820 square feet No. 27 gflnge gal\'llnized iroli.
Piping-
1 2" globe Yal\'c, Crane Co. No. 12 or equal.
2 1" globe vulves, Ul'une 00. No. 12 or equal.
1 !" globe Yal\'e, Crane Co. No. 12 or equal.
1 2" x !" tee, blflck.
1 2" x 1" x 2" tee, black.
2 2" clls, black.
 1 piece 2" pipe, thread 2 ends, black, 3' 0" long.
B pieces 2" nipples, th"ead 2 ends, black, 4' long. COOKING AND DINING QUARTERS.
1 piece t" nipple, thread 2 cnds, black, 4' loug.
1 piece 2" nipple, thread 1 end, black, 12' 101lg. Camp operators generally look upon good, plentiflll food as indispen-
1 1" tee, blad,. sable to a successful labor camp. But a fact which is sometimes over-
8 1" ells, black.
1G 1" return bends, open, black looked)s that a necessary part of good food'is proper protection of it.
2 l)ieces 1" pipe, thread 2 ends, black, 14' 0" loug. Uncler ~JjO.J.3el',protection comes,'proper refrigeration, clean cooking
14 pieces 1" pipe, thrcad 2 ends, black, 12' 0" long.
2 pieces 1" pipe, thread 2, ends, black, 10' 0" long.
and ~~7¥tit~1~m~?\.,:~#;(?od·qecays qUIckly llnless it is kept in a cool
1 piece 1" pipe, thread 2 ends, black, 3' 6" long.' place."~ Andnwless"'it~s 'cooked i~a clean room in clean pots, unless the
1 piece 1" pipe, thread 2 ends, black, 3' 0" long. cook's 'hand~'.~nd clothes·' are clean'; its consumption is' a ~enace to
1 piece 1" pipe, thread 2 ends, black, 8' 6" long.
2 picces 1" nipple, tllread 2 ends, black, 6" long. health. A fil$hy sink in ,wh,ieI~v~getables are cleaned and filthy towels
Hardware- with which dishes are dried' ai't.·fi:l~tters of gre~test' concern.
14 t" bolts 12" long, bent at VO degrees 4" from nut end, provide with staudard No less important is.,,the question of decep.t,.S~ryjug. ,The,gloomy
nut and \VasileI'.
20 pounds 8d common nails. unventilated dining room with flies crawling over'g'i;{~Wt;bIes, s'o com-
10 pounds 20d common nails. mon to oIg,stYle camps, is passing. ,ili its ,'place is coming the well-aired,
5 pounds 10d common nails.
10 pounds 3d blued shingle nails. well-lig-ht~tl, ,~ell-screened dining>r60m\~hich liot only m!lkes the meal
5 pounds 1d galvanized barbed roofing uails. more appetizing and meal time mor~.'pleasant, but also offers an imluce-
2 No. 3 screw eycs.
2 4!" galvanized line cleats. ment for tidying~up on the part of-'the men. A man of fairly cl~an
2 iron screw pulleys 2". habits will easily grow accustomtld to eomirig to the table unwashed if
50 lineal feet No. 8 sash cord, cotton.
Hinges for vcutila.tor doors-2 pair 2t" x 2t" tigllt piu butts, galvanizcd. a
the, table itseH is dirty, while' eyen' man linacquainted with soap will
'Hinges for entrance doo1's-2 pail' 3t" x 3t" loose pin butts, galvanizcd. Illstinctively make an efforCto' c" cleau\lp" if he comes",to eat in a well-
2 cast iron thumb latch sets. ,
1 safety hasp witll screw set staples.
lighted room, ata table covered wit)J.'white oilcloth and set iil an orderly
1 bmss cylinder 'pa,lIocl, with 3 ke.ys. fasllion.
Too much can not be said of the necessity of adequate screening
ag-ainst flies. Quite apart from the most important consideration of
health, the feeling of disgust'which fly-infestec\ food arou;ses in even the
most hardened men· is not conducive to an enJoyment of a meal or to
propel.' work thereafter.
'rhe matter of building is an important consideration in connection
with th0~cookiDg and dining qnarters. As the dining room must not
be mad~ tOQ','smallto seat the men comfortably, so must the' kit.chcn not
be f~o large' for the greateskefflcieocy oldl!e IJaft of tIle coole. In the
accompanying" drawings the requirements of all concerned have been
carefully considered.
Rules.

t 1. Cooking and dining quarters should be well lighted and well

} ventilated.
2. Copking and dining, quarters nll~st b,e fl~~-proof. All openings must
'I
k
be screened and th~' doors should liave spring hinges, coils or,some
FIG. 18. other arrangement which will close them tight autpmaticapy,
j,
The lype of "camp" which used to be considered "good enough" [or the
workers.
a. Cats, dogs and other pets should be exclnd,ed. 't',.' -

I 4. Quarters where food is stored, prepared, or served,'lllust be kept

clean and sanitary at all times. Floors should be ,swept daily.

I
Dry sweeping should be discouraged.
 G. All perishable food should be protected from putrefaction and
insects: In remote localities w):lere ice cannot be -obtained, a
small screened box should be built in the sha~le and covered witlt
burlap or canvas which should be kept wet in warm weather:
Fresh meats, eggs, butter, milk, etc., should be kept in this box.
6. An ample supply of hot and cold running water should be available
at all times. '
7. No dining room, kitchen or other place where food is stored, pre"
pared, or served, should be used as a sleeping or living room.
S. Absolute cleanliness, both of person and of clothes on the part of
cooks, waiters, and their helpers, should be insisted upon.
9. No person afflicted with a communicable disease should be allowed
in the cooking and dining quarters.
10. All persons cooking and handling filod should be required to submit
to a thorough physical examination with pa'rticular attention to
'the possibility of their being disseminators of tYP110idfever 01'
tuberculosis. '
A recent ofiicial investigation into a typhoid outbreak oj' 93 cases III
an inland city, traced the infection to food which had beeu contaminatecl
during preparation by a woman recently recovered from typhoid.
Mild or ambulatory cases of typhoid fever are frequently unrecog-
nized by a layman and are then as dangerous for infection as the more
severe cases.
Typhoid infection very frequently takes place in the labor camps
because persons preparing the food are "typhoid carriers." It is of
record that certain persons, though entirely recovered fom typllOid, have
remained carriers and distributors 'of the germs for years.
The excreta and urine of such a person, who is a carrier of typholc]
infection, is filled with thousands of germs. If a fly reaches that
excreta, his wings and feet are covered'with a llluHittlde of these viru-
lent germs, and if he touches food the ne,v infection of a healthy persol1
is completed. This is the medical reason' for screened toilets and an
efficient disposal of manure and garbage.
Undoubtedly every large California labor camp, practically withotit
exception, has its typhoid carrier or carriers.
 Dining Room.
3 pieces 3" x 12"-10' 0" redwood sills.
10 pIeces 4" x 6"-16' 0" redwood sills.
4 pieces 4" x 6"- 6' 0" red,,'ood sills.
5 pieces 2" x 6"-10' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. porch joists.
5 pieces 2" x 6"-16' 0" Oregon pine S.l E. porch joists.
52 pieces 2" x 8"-18' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. joists.
400 lineal 2" x 4" Oregon pine S.l S. plates.
240 lineal 2" x 3" Oregon pine S.l S. plates.
24 pieces 2" x 4"-18' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. studs.
30 pieces 2" x 4"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 11). studs.,
it! 40 pieces 2" x 3"- 9' 0" Oregou pine S. 1 E. studs.
I' 15 pieces 2" x 4"-30' 0" Oregon pine S. 1 E. ceiling joists.
I
! 34 pieces 2" x 4"-18' 0" Oregon pine rough .rafters.
11 pieces 2" x 4"- 8' 0" Oregon pine rough rafters.
4 pieces 4" x 4"- 8' 0" Oregon pine rough porch posts.
"';
,...
1 piece 4"·x 6"-16' 0" Oregon pine rough porch girder.
ci 1 piece 4" x 6"---':""10'0" Oregon pine rough porch girc13J".
..; 1000 B. M. 1" x 4" Oregon pine rough roof sheathing.
b;
1500 B. M. 1" x 4" Oregon pine tongue and groove flooring.
ii; it M. shingles.
68 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" redwood S. 1 S. siding, exterior.
'"'"
rn 72 pieces 1" x 3"-10' 0" 1'edwoodS.l S. battens; exterior.
30 pieces 1" i 12"-18' 0" redwood S. 1 S. siding, exterior.
ci 36 pieces 1" x 3"-18' 0" redwood S.l S. battens, exterior.
a 24 pieces 1" x 12·"-16' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. boards, interior.
"
(.J

;s
26 pieces 1" x i)T"-16' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. battens, interior.
0
40 pieces 1" x 12"- D' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S. boards, interior.
H 46 pieces 1".x 3"- 9' 0" Oregon pine S.2 S. battens, interior.
.... 10 pieces 1" x 12"-12' 0" Oregon pine S.2 S. boards,. interior .
0
U>
12 pieces 1" x 3"-12' 0" Oregon pine S.2 S. battens, interior.
l''"'
12 pieces 1" x 2"-10' 0" Oregon pine S. 2 S.· boards, interior.
'"' 14 pieces 1" x 3"-10' 0" Oregon pine S.2 S. battens, interior.
"'"
r1
18 pieces 1" x 12"-2~' 0" Oregon p!ne S. 2,S. boards, interior.
bB
20 pieces 1" x 3"-24' 0" Oregon pme S.2 S. battens, interior.
200 lineal 1" x 12" Oregon pine S. 4 S. shelving.
';:;"
;s
.... Mil' Work .
0
2 fmmes--4' 0" x 3' 6" casement sash-complete--Iess in_ide trbu.
'"'
0
.;:: 4 frames-4' 0" x 4' 6" casement sash-complete-less inside trim.
1 frame -3' 0" x 3' 0" casement sash-complete-less inside trim.
-:::'" Sash (16-oz. glass) and inside screens with above.
H
2 screen doors-2' 10" x 6' 6".
3 interior doors-2' 10" x 6' 6" 5-panel stock.
2 interior doors-2' 8" x 6' EV' 5-panel stock.
1 interior door -2' 6" x 6' 6" 5-panel stock.
 ,
,/ """.",,
"
I'

T,fOI1T La. V4TIOit

!'lEss ANoCOOIf TENT-IfIYOCf( OOWIYSYSTEM

PLI1N of MESS TEN:;6;J-LbMll~r~

Pla~ Vaal""
1J11111L (lJRlIlR COitfICCTlIJ/t B
FIG. 22.
A model dining tent (knocl(-down system), for tiny-two persons_ See photographs,
3~. 3S, 39 and _~o. Bills of materials:
pag·~~ Canvas type, p. 38; Semipermanent,
 Dining and Cooking Quarters.
30 picces 2" x 4"-:4' 0" Oregon pine studs.
9 picces 2" x 4"-lG' 0" Oregon pine platcs.
14 pieccs 2" x 4"- D' 0" Oregon pine rafters.
7 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pille rafter tics.
a picccs 2" x 4"-lG' 0" Oregon pine ridgc.
5 IJlcces 2" x 4"-10' 0" Orcgon pine rafters over
(J picccs 2" x G"-20' 0" redwood lllud sills.
4:3 pieccs 1" x 12"-10' 0" rcdwood boards.
48 pieces 1" x 3"-10' 0" redwood battens.
12 picccs 1" x G"-10' 0" rcdwood over scrcen.
70 pieces 1" x G"- 7' 0" Oregon pine tongue and
12 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" Oregon pine S.l S., for
2 pieces 1" x 12"-lG' 0" redwood for gable ends.
2 stock doors 2' G" x 6' 6" xl!".
2 screen d001'S 2' 0" X 6' 6".
1 stock door 3' 0" x 6' 6" x B".
1 screen door 3' 0" x 6' 6".
500 square' feet galvanized 01' copper wire screen.
lJOOsquare feet canvns for ten t covering.
6 pail' 6" strap hinges for doors.
(j spring coils 12" 01' 14" for doors.
7 ridge conncctions markcd "A," nn"! 14-~" x tJ"
8 COl'ner connections mOl'l<cfl liB," and 8-~" x 3"
14 ruftcl' connections murkcd "C," 11m] 28-~" x 5"
'J &" x 5" boits for stu,] connections.
7:3 squarc fcct 2-ply IIfnllboid, 01' equal, roofing,
galvauized il'o~.
vestibulc.
groore £01' vestibule.
shelving.
boll's. FIG. 24.
bolts. Interior of dining lent shown on page ~8.
bolts.
or D-5' sbccts cOL'I'lIgalcd BILL OF MATERIALS FOR PERMANENT DINING QUARTERS.
E'ootings-lJO lineal fcet 2" x 12" redwood, rongh.
Footings, posts-150 lineal feet 4" x 4" redwood, rough.
8ill-240 Iinenl fcet 2" x G" Oregon pinc, rouglI..
Floor joints-30 pieces 2" x 6"-18' Oregon pine, S. 1 E.
l!'l00ring-900 board feet 1" x 4" OregOl;'pinc, S. G. 1.'. & G.
Studs-25 pieces 2" x 4"-14' Oregon plUC, rough.
Studs- S pieces 2" x 4"-12' Oregon pine, rongh..
Plates AIH]bridge-&29 lineal feet 2" x 4" OregQnp1l1e,rongh.
Roof rnfters-40 pieces 2" x 4"-10' Oregon pine, rough.
Roof ties-20 pieces 2" x 4"-12' Oregon pine, rough.
Riclge--Z· pieces 2" eX 4"-22' Oregon pine, rough.
Roof sheet-l,OOO bOArdfeet 1" x 6" Oregon pine, rough.
Boards-55 pieces 1" x 12"-14' redwood, rough.
Boarcls-16 pieces 1" x 12"-10' redwood, rough.
Boards-16 picces 1" x 12"-12' redwood, rough.
Boards-1J2 lineal feet 1" x 12" redwood, rough.
Battens-G5 pieces 1" x 3"-14' redwood, rough.
Battens-16 pieces 1" x 3"-10' redwood, rough.
Bnttens-16 pieces 1" x 3"--'-12' redwood, rough. .
'Vindow stops-700 Iinenl. feet !l" x t" Orcgon Illne, rough.
DO\lrs-4 screen 2' 6" x 6' 6" stock.
Doors-2 screen 3' 0" x 6' 6" stock.
8ns11-22 sec. 2' 6~" x 2' x 7t" stock.
Screen-22 pieccs 2' 8" x 2' 10" No. 16 gal".
Plates-40 pieces 1" x 12"-2', Detail C.
Plate&-20 pieces i" x 12"-2', Detail A.
Plates-16 pieces i" x 6"-3', Detail B.
9 squares Rendy Roofing 2-ply 01' equal roofing.
I-Inrdware-
50 pounds 10d nails.
100 pounds 8d nails.
10 pounds 4d nails.
3 pounds tacks.
6 pail' screen door hinges.
6 cntches for screen door.
 BILL OF MATERIALS FOR SEMI-PERMANENT DINING QUARTERS.
l!'()otings-!JO linear feet 2" x 12" redwood;· rough.
M,EAT HOUSES.
F()otings, posts-150 lineal feet 4" x 4" redwood, rough. Meat huuses are an important feature of labor camps.
Sill~240 lineal feet 2" x 6" Oregon pine, rough.
Floor joists-30 pieces 2" x 6"-18' Oregon piue, S. 1 E. Thc meat house should be carefully constructed and should be free
l!"looring~!JOOhoard feet 1" x· 4~' Oregon pine, S. G. T. & G. from cracks and knot holes. Doors should fit tight.
Studs-25 pieces 2" x 4" 14' Oregon pine, rough.
Studs-,- 8 pieces 2" x 4"~12' Oregon pine, rough.
Meat hangers should be placed so that the meat will not come in con-
PIa te ancl hridge-'G29 lineal fcet 2" x 4" Oregon i)ine, rough. tact with the walls. The meat block should be round and smooth and
H()of rafters--40 pieces 2" x 4"-10' Oregon pine, rough. either painted or varnished on all surfaces except the top. '1'he interior
Hoof ties-20 pieces 2" x 4"-12' Oregon Vine, rough.
Hidge-2 pieces 2" x 4"-22' Oregonpine, rough~ of the meat house and all of the tools and utensils should be kept
Hoof shect-'l,OOO iJoarll feet 1"· x 6" Oregon ·pinc, rougl!. scrupulously clean.
Boards-TOO, board feet 1" x, ·12" redwood, rough.
Battens-600, lineal feet 1" x 3" redwood, rougl!. Figure 26 shows a type of meat h611sesuitable for permanent camp
Screen fr~.mes-,-600 lineal feet!t" x it". Sawdust or equally effective material is packed in the space between the
D001'S--4 screen 2' 6" x 6' 6" stock.
Doors:-2 screen 3' 0" X 6' 6" stock. double walls; double doors are provided, the inner one of screen. At
Screen-336 square feet 3' x 0" wide, No. 16 galvanized. night the heavy outer door is opened and the cool air permitted to cir-
Screen- T2 square feet 4' x 0" wide, No. 16 galvanized.
Plates-, culate in the rooms. In the morning'it is again closed shutting out the
40 pieces i" X.12"-2', Detail C. warm air.
·20 pieces ;1;" x 12"-2', Detail A.
16 pieces t"· x 6"-3', Detail B. li'igure 27 shows a screened lmock-down type of meat house snitable
lUO bolts {i" x [)". for permanent 01' temporary labor camp. This type of meat house i&
48 bolts {i" x 3".
o squares Heady Hoofing, 2-ply 01' C(]wtl rooting.
the one most favored by labor camp operators.
50 pounds lOd nails,
80 pounds 8d nails.
J0 pounds 4d nai Is.
5 pouuds tad;s.
G pair screen door hinges.
6 catches for screeu door.

:J£CTIO/,/
IX"O~ j;/:o'

,Mreen. doc:r

1tH.-At/f/M 'Jfl>1fftlldflJl»1:!!y"
FIG. 25. -J', :£:,,'

Semi-permanent dining quarters. See bill of .matcriais, p. 40.

~ 111 A'lfrJ~d)y tt!d

'vJLA/i
 Meat House.
1 piece 3" x 12"--'8' 0" redwood rongh sills.
2 pieces 6" x G"-S' 0" redwood rough sills.
10 pieces 2" x 6"-8' 0" Oregon pine sized joisls.
8 pieces 2" x G"--{j' 0" Oregon piue rough rafters.
4 pieces 2" x G"-8' 0" 0l'e:;on pine rough.
2G pieces 2" x G"-S' 0." Oregou piue S. 1 JD. studs nn,l plalcs.
OG pieces 1" x 4"-8' 0" Oregon pine rough sheathing.
G4 pieces 1" x 8"-8' 0" redwood V rustic wall shenthing.
.•.
0;
8 pieces 1" x 6"-8' 0" redwood V 54;) comer boards.
ci. 200 pieces 1" x 4"-8' 0" Oregon pine tongue nnd groovc flooring.
vi l 400 shingles.
d 800 square fcet 2-ply building paper.
'C 200 cubic feet sawdust.
:0'"
S
if
.....
0
:::
:0 BILL OF MATERIALS FOR BU RLAP-COVERED MEAT HOUSE.
'"'"
rn Sills-1 picce 2" x 4"-14' 0" merchantable redwood S. 4 S.
ci.
Sills-2 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" merchantable redwood S. 4 S.
S Sills-2 pieces 2" ·x 4"-10' 0" merchantable redwood S. 4 S.
oj
(J
Sills--4 pieces 2" x 4"- 0' 0" merchantable redwood S. 4 S. (
""0 Roof boal'lls-11 pieces 1" x 12"-14' 0" l11crchnntnblcredwoo,! S. 1 S. nUllgrool'ed
to ship Inp.
,..:
e<t
t'">. 1'osts-2 pieces 2"· x 4"-14' 0" No.1 COIllUlOn
l'latcs-2
Orcgon pine S. 4 S.
picces 2" x 4"-12' 0" No.1 Common Oregon pille S. 4 S.
Plates und l'aftcrs-o l)ieces 2" x 4 -io' 0" No.1 Gommon Oregoll. pine S. 4 S.
u

r..~ 0""
oj
l'osts-2 ]Jieces 2" x 4"-9' 0" No.1 Common Oregon pine S. 4 S.
.•.. 1'08ts-2 pieces 2" x 4"-8' 0" No.1 Common Orel;0ll pine S. 4 S.
Posts, plates, mfters, doors, shelf braces, etc.-13 picccs 2" x 3"-14' 0" No. 1
:0.e'" Common Orcgon pine S. 4 S.
'5 Rails-3 pieces 2" x 3"-12' 0" No.1 Common Oregon pine S. 4 S.
Rails-1 piece 2" x 3"-10' 0" No.1 Common Oregon pine S. 4 S.
'"ci: Posts, plates, rafters, braces-22 pieces 2" x 3"-0' 0" No. 1 Common Oregon
.::l pine S. 4 S.
a
,0 Posts, braces-12 pieces 2"x 3"-8' 0" No.1 Common Oregon' pille S. 4 S.
Shelf-2 pieces H" x 12"-7' 0" No.1 Common Oregon pine S.·4 S.
'"
"
oj F100ring-22 pieces 1" x G"-T 0" No.2 V. G. O. P. T. and G.
GOO lineal fect ~" x 1" Oregon pine square edge top.
'"'"" 78 square yards heavy btll'lap.
(J
" 140 lineal feet No. 14 mesh wire fly-screen, 3G" widc.
.•..'" 10 ponnds 8d common nails .
0
1 !Jound 3d common nails.
:l1
2 pounds 8-onnce blued cnt tacks.
•.."
. ",
0
Slotted pipe with connections.
oj
20 3" x 3" x .gff X 2" connecting angles .
'"
::;{ 16 3" x 2" x f' x 3" connecting angles.
12 I" machine bolts 4!" 10llg,with 2 washers each.
8 I" machine bolts 3!" long, with 2 washers each.
G2 i" machine bolts 2!" longo, with 2 washers each.
 " . INCINERATORS.
DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AND REJ:;USE. Incinerators for' burning 'garbage and 'refuse can be easily and
Little need be said about the most obvious objection to the careless cheaply constructed. In a permanent camp, incinerators should be built
of brick or concrete alldllned with fire-brick.
thl'owing about of garbage and refuse of all sorts. It is hard to imagine
meu taking any pride in the cleanliness of their living quarters while Figure 29 (page 47) shows a barrel and trench type incinerator suit-
the yard is filled with empty ef\ns, with broken bottles, with skins of able for a camp of 125 persons. 'l'his incinerator can be constructed in
vegctables, with crnmpled papers, and slimy with the grease from num- the following lllanner : Dig two trencl]es 10 feet long and 10 or 12 inches
herless pans of dishwater thrown out of the kitchen door. And a wide, bisecting each other. At the point of bisection, the trenches should
practice bnt a little less objectionable than this last is that of letting be from 15 to 18 inches deep, gradually shallowing from this point to
the water from the sink run through a pipe and drain out into the yai·d. their origin. Over the place of bisection, place four boards to support
Nor is the matter less important from the standpoint of its relation an ordinary sugar or flour barrel. Al'ound the barrel pile sods of
to "flies. Experience has shown that the only way to do away with flies earth and pack tightly up to the top of the barrel. If sods are not
is to do away with the places in which they breed. The disposal of obtainable, use clay. Make a fire in the trench under the barrel and
mauure is taken up elsewhere. Piles of rotting garbage furnish ideal when the barrel is burned out, a 113rc1.cone of earth or clay is left.
breeding places, and it is futile to depend upon screens to keep flies out According to the direction of the wind, one trench opening near the
of the living quarters if they breed just outside the door. cone is left open and the other three plugged with' soil. 'rhus a flue
'l'he septic tank is the best solution of the disposal of any liquid refuse. is effected through the one opening and the top of the cone. The ashes
1·'01' It tell1porary camp a slop-pit lIlay 1Jeconstructcd. POI' the disposal
should be raked out at the end of each day's use and a fresh fire started
of l'\olids thc incinerator is the bcst solntioB, and several types arc herc in the morning. Fuel and garbage are fed to the fire thl'Ollgh thc top
sholl'11. of the cone.
li'igul'e 28 (page 46) shows a stack-type incinerator for a camp of
Rules. 150 people. 'rhe pan shown is 8 inches in depth and 'is used to evapo-
1. lCitc~LCngarbage and refuse must be kept in fly-proof, covered con- rate liquid slops, while the solid garbage is placed on top of the fuel.
tamers, preferal~ly metal, until permanently disposed of. Such By treating the liquid thus ~eparately, a great deal of fnel is saved.
containers should be emptied at least once in two days.
2. l<'ly-proof metal receptacles should be provided near sleeping qlHU:-
tel's for the collection of papers, cast off clothing, etc.
144 fire brick.
~{.Garbage and kitchen waste water must not be thrown or drained into (;30 common brick.
20 cubic feet excuva tion.
rivers or streams. Such pollution of running water is in violation 225 ponnds of old rail or grate bnl's.
of chapter 374 of the Statutes of 1913. Drainage must be dis- 22 sfJuarc feet No. 24 galvanize!1 iron (01' slacle
posed of through a septic tank or covered cesspool connected with
th~ kitchen or other buildings by a covered drain. A grease trap , 20 cnbic fcet concrete.
144 fire brick.
WIll reduce the danger of a clogged drain pipe. 20 cubic feet excnvation.
223 ponnds aiel rails 01' grate hurs.
4. G~rb~ge sh?uld be disposed of by feeding to hogs, by burying or b:y 22 square feet No. 24 galvauized iron for stack,
mcmeratlOn. If there are hogs in camp they should be kept in 1 piece wronght iron plute. 21) x 20 inches.
pens at least 3'00 yards from camp, or if permitted to i'oam at large 21 SfJuare feet sheet metul for pun.
the camp must be fenced to prevent their entry.
 Figure 29 shows a barrel-type incinerator suitable for a camp of 125'
persons. 'fhere is needed for its construction:
One common flour or sugar ban'el.
Placing clay.
Old rails or scrap iron.

Clay ~/7/(
nefd Jlvne
old /'(7/(,01' Jfmp 11'(J/7

-r--'
-- -----.; ----- ~. !/ole
-1:------:: ----n , 7/llf Iyjll! 0/ .BOI'!-d //1clhet'Cllol'
II

11
II
PRH.f!fI'IJ'Jr..
II
I: ~ ~ 10 pe C onsln"cled' 0/ fle/ds/one
I I II II :1
~ ~ as shown or fll'e bnck 1/1j>/ace 0/
1 ,-__ :1 11 11 slon&,
-=- =.=- _ -_U_ ,
..L
L ~ ~~Jl- - _=_ ~L-;__
,~

2Jelallol

/:2"
CROff
.freT/Oil aOJJJreTIOII
SIMWtnJ.[JfI&A J1.t7/!.l -, cox",k .shoW/~ HtJI/.r,
".vaillL ",..//yCIIYltf'H'RJR(.57dcr TrPL)

FIG.
A stacl< type incinerator for a camp
shown is 8 inches in depth and is used
garbage is placed on top of the fuel, By
deal of fuel'is saved.
28.
of one hundred and fifty people. The pan
to evaporate liquid slops, while the solid
treating the liqUid thus separately, a great
 SIJ:ALLOW UNOERGROUND DISPOSAl, USING A S(P1'ICTANI( l'OR PREVIOUS TREATMEN'r.

This system consists of the installation of a septic -tank to clear or

clarify the sewage and a somewhat ramified system of tile or under-
ground distributors for dispensing the sewage underground, thus -keep-
ing the sewage buried out of sight, but shallow, so as to let it receive
the benefits of filtration through the loose soil that lies above the rock,
clay or water table found so universally, and also the benefits of: some
absorption of air by way of the air spaces in the snrface soil.
'l'he location of the septic tank and disposal area should be given the
greatest isolation and remoteness from wells practicable to obtain. As
a guide, 200 feet separation from wells, dwelling3 or highways should
be sought. 'l'he se,ver leading to the septic tank should be at least
6-inch and slope at least 8 inches per 100 feet.

Septic Tank.
Wood or concrete may be used for the construction of the septic tank. Use 2-/nch Redwbod fDr Side'S,"Top and
,Vooden tanks are suitable for about five years. Concrete is suitable for 80ffon?
more permanent use if cleaned out every three to five year3. A typical
wooden tank for residential use is shown in Figure 30. Concrete can he
Ilscd provided the illside dimensions specified and the baffling al'l'ange-
ment there shown are provided. 'l'hickness of concrete must be suf-
ficient' for structural strength. With a concrete tank it is wise to leave
pel'manent manhole openings in the .roof for cleaning purposes. ,Vith
a wooden tank a dOllble-thiclmess plank cover and ample posts and
cross-bracing are essential for structural reasons. The baffles should
in all cases reach within two inches of the roof and must leave an air
space between the top and the roof line. A concrete tank requires
concrete baffles not over 2t
inches thick.

Pel'Sons tdbuln ry
(Assuming J1~r~~~~' l>~l'gd~l;rS sewage pel'
I bo~~~~l~[ow
Otltl~~e~ewer
I Height of
roof above
I
sewer invert,
inches . __ .5/udge tJr .Jewnge .5elfl;np

;~ =:=:=:===:::=:=:
]00
__::=::::==::=::=:::::=:=::I-~--I 0
-----,-----
I s:-~~
..~ ~-~s.:::=
~~~5-;':.~:;_~.:;
150 6
200 _ 6
2,0 6
3CO _. • ._
 SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTING OR IRRIGATION SYSTEM.
The area of the disposal ground is indicated in the following
tabulation:
Area Recommended for; Disposal Ground, per 100 Population for Various
Kinds of Soil. Assume Not Over 75 Gallons of Sewage
per Person per Day.
Coarse sand or pebbly graveL__________________ 3,500 square feet
Fine sand ~__________________________ 10,000 square feet
Loose loam ~_______________________ 20,000 sqnare feet
Heavy loam, ordinary soiL____________________ 45,000 square feet
Adobe or gnmbo 150,000 square feet

The area determined upon should then be trenched for lines of tile
or distributors to be buried in them, spaced at intervals of not less than
.~
~
~
0 4 feet nor more than 10 feet, the smaller spacing preferred. 'rhe line
of the main leading to the distributors should be designed to give an
even division of flow to all the branch'~s, so that no one branch is taxed
" r:.
~
more than the other. 'rhe branches should be laid with flat grades, say
not over 3 inches fall per 100 feet.
Two typical arrangements of subsurface irrigation disposal systems
,.
"
, ~
~~
)ll~
.'j;; E:
t are shown in Figures 32 and 33. The first layout is one adapted to
:flat topography; the second is better fitted to hillside disposal. These
sketches show in one case the use of agricultural tile to distribute the
~~~Ii::
"t sewage, and in the other a wooden dish'ibutor. In mountain regions
it is often difficult to obtain tile and the use of wood is preferred.
The substitution· of a wooden distributor 'will not intel'fere with the
success of the system.

EJ The bottom of the trench should be finished· off to an even grade. If

tile is used it should lie on a thin loose bed of even-size stone, about
15 to 24 inches under the ground, the shallower the better. 'l'he joints
t .... ~
and the rock should then be covered with grass or straw to kcep thc
:"'/;0/-- earth backfill from filling the pipe and pores of the stone. With the
i
use of the wooden trough arrangement it is not necessary to use rock.
In any system it is always wise to so layout the main distributors
that the system is divided into units all heading at a common switch
box, see Figllre 31. 'rhe purpose of this switch box is to allow cutting
a line out of service so that the soil in that vicinity can rejuvenate. In
operation it should be a regular practice to rest each line for a few days
or a week at a time, doing this every month or so.
No form of vegetable to be used or sold for cooking or table use can
IJe safely grown on ground damp with sewage. Probably the best
crops, all things considered, to be grown on the plot are grains or some
form of fodder.
Cesspool Disposal.
While the use of cesspools is not recommended, they may be used for
sewage disposal at temporary camps, where the character of the soil is
such as to permit proper seepage. The· cesspool should be properly
.•••. " .•...•.•.•..• ..:1 •.•.•..• ...:1 •..••..•.•.•••..•.•.••..• ;:) TT'"'..:J ...•
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....__ ....__ 1~ 1.J' ~J.. 1_ .... 1 .1.. __ 1
U,
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96
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Roel< >..""'.: ~:
Around ./01 f:&~~"
6"~ . _•...... 1...
/I" y~ ~
Owell/no
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";-/0 ~~~'"
::0.... J;. .......•
SECTIOIY THRU
o•..••..•
~ . TILE LINt:
~~-, ..•.
'~".,..
'
Q.' .
;>.•.~~:-....
..-0"" ~ /....... ... -·············.·/Yo f Over /00 Ff. _ ,..l
,..-t>o;>""-:.?........ ...... ,--------------------.:..------' ..... 1'
. or ,--e::::r:S{!.!~~~~~~~~::~-E~.~.:!:.~::'~~-~~~No
•...••• LeSJ
<:
. ",EPTIC
',Slope
'
/Yot Oyer 2'per /00' 'Y Th'On 6 '
.
TANK '-------------- ------------- .....!..

~ OlsfribuforJ, eifher wood ($ee defaiIJ

Qr J II ogric(jlf(jm/ file (jee deJoII fig 2)'

CJ
Cb ~
.

Owe/ling
9''''
'~6'~.
.

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! ~~
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\r)

Sepfic
laid Ol7rocKbc?d ana I"/afgrade of
no f over 2 IIper /aJ ..I
(SWitch Box.,/ .
. :

....~wer
... -- ...-. -.......-.-
~
7cmK+, -1'--'4'
----
-- ~
------ I
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r----- 4L-----"J
L.._~----.., __
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r- - _---I --
-;.-:'f'o·llo/CJIJ:-·~
1'----~---
\'--517orl runs 0/7sleep inclines to be sewer pipe
WOOD O/S7RIBl/TOR or wooden channels wi/h no seepage ouflefs.
(Moy be used insfeadorftle)
 TOILETS.
Of all the features of a labor camp, the toilet is the most difficult to
keep clean. 'fhis fact is often used by camp operators as objection to
their erection. Not the least reason, however, for the foul condition of
many camp toilets is that labor camps have sa .often lacked toilet facili-
ties of any sort that the men have not grown accustomed to the proper
use of them. For this reason the greatest car~ in inspecting them
should be exercised on the part of operators, instead of the too-prevalent
practice o.Eignoring them altogether.
Wherever possible the commission lll'ges the installing of fhmh toilets
in the permanent camps. AltllOugh tllis means a nlilch greater ontJay
oEmoney at the start, these toilets arc a permanent fcatn re. 'fhese· n I'C
practicable in all camps which have a plentifnl water SIlIlply.
In temporary camps, 01' where plenty of water is not available, the
latrine type of toilet has to be used. Here the two chief considerations
In their erection are privacy mid proper distance from the other build-
ings of the camp. The'toilets must be far enough away to prevent
unpleasant odors from reaching the living quarters, yet not too f~r
to be easily accessible to all.
Nor can it be repeated too often that the upkeep of a toilet after it
is built is the most important consideration.

--,
I
Rules.
1. There should be a sufficient number of toilets at convenient places,
so as to afford one seat for every fifteen persons. In hop fields,
fruit ranches and other places where men and women work in the
field there should be portable toilets, moved along conveniently,
I I affording at least one seat for 40 persons.
I
I I 2. The toilets must be kept sanitary and fly-proof. All openings must
be screened. 'l'he cracks must be battened and the bottom of the
I shelter must be banked with earth where the frame touches the
I I_- ground.
I !?em V4b/e covet:
3. Doors should have spring hinges, coils or some other arrangement
L_ to close them automatically.
4. The seat covers should be constructed so as to drop down over the
hole as soon as the person rises, as shown in Figure 37 (page 58).
5. The pit should be at least 4 feet in depth and when filled with
excrement to within one foot of the surface, the building must be
moved over a new hole, and the old hole filled with earth 01'
thoroughly burned out with oil or oil-soaked straw.

FIG. 36.
See drawings, Figs. 37, 38, 3n. ,10, pp. 58, 61, 62, 63.
materials, pp. 57, 59, GO.
6: 'l'he surface of the excreta in the pit must be kept well covered
with crude oil, lime, ashes, dirt or other similar substances.
Crude oil is preferable for the following· reasons :
(a) It is easily handled and the person who applies it runs no
risk of contamination from the fecal matter.
(b) It is relatively small in bulk and easily transported.
(c) It keeps down bad odors and is repellent to flies.
(d) It does not fill the pit so quickly as lime or dirt, thus
prolonging the usefulness of the toilet.
7. A urinal trough, as shown in l!'iignre 37 (p. 58), should be in each
men's toilet, and this should be thoroughly washed out daily and
the inside painted with crude oil.
8. If a box or other receptacle is used to receive the excreta, the con-
tents should be emptied twice a week, the receptacle thoroughly
washed and the inside painted with crude ·oil.
l!'ignre 40 (p. 63) shows a model 'f1y-proof toilet with a hox
l'cceptahle which can be hauled out into the field and the excreta
used for fertilization after proper treatment.
D. In camps where women are employed, there should be a.sufficieut
number of toilets for their use, marked "Fot; Women Only.;'
These should be at least 50 feet distant from the 'men's toilets.
10; Cleanliness and care in the use of all toilets should be insisted upon.
11. Paper s~ould be provided in all toilets.
12. The placing of toilets over a river or stream is expressly forbidden
by chapter 374 of the Statutes of 1913.
13. Information concerning the installation of flush toilets in connection
with septic tanks will be furnished upon request.
Figure 37 (p. 58) shows a two-hole toilet for Inen.
2 pieces 4" x G"- 5' 6" redwood skids.
1 piece 4" x 4"- 4' 0" redwood center skid.
2 pieces 4" x 4"- 6' 6" Oregon pine girder.
3 pieces 2" x 4"- 4' 0" Oregon pine joists.
4 pieces 2" x 4"- l' 4" Oregon pine Cllt in between joists.
24 pieces 1" x 3"-10' 0" .redwood battens, etc.
22 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" redwood siding, S.l S.
4 pieces 1" x 12"-14' 0" Oregon pine floor and roof, S.1 S.
4 pieces 2" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine plates. .
3 pieces 2" x 4"---4 8' 0" Oregon pine rafters.
1 piece H" x 20"- 4' 0" redwOOd,clear, for seat.
Bills of
1 piece H" x 6"- 4' 0" redwood, clear, for seat.
1 door, 2' 4" x 6' 6", made of planks or may be stock door:
Sbingles, corrugated galvanized iron or other suitable material liay be used.
15 feet 2" diameter galvanized iron pipe-urinal drain.
 1 pair 6" slt'ap I;inges for door.
1 heavy spring coil (12" or 14"). Figure 38 (p: 6i) ~ho:wsa toilet witl~ single entrance.
2 pail' 3" '1' hinges for seat covers.
6 i" x 0" bolts, skids to girders. BILL OF MATERIALS FOR TOILET.
4 ~" x G" eye bolts" 2" eye; one each end through sldds.
2 pieces 1" x G"- 6' 0" redwood, S.l'S., fOl' vent stack. 1 piece 4" ,x 4"- 6' 0" redwo,od ,center sldd.,
1 piccc 1" x' 4"- 6' 0" redwood, S.l S., for veut stack. 1 piece 4" x 6"-14' 0" redwood 'skid.
2 'pieccs 1" x 14"- l' 8" Oregon pine, S. 1 S., for seat covel'. 1 piece 4" x 4"-20' 0" redwood girders:
1 piece 1" x 8"- 4' above scrcen front. ' 2 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Orego,n' ,pine rafters.
15 square feet No. 1G black wire screen, 01' galvanized 01' cappel' wire screen. 6 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine p,lates, 'etc.,
2 pieces 1". X; G"-S' 0" tongne and groove, for .sent front. 3 pieces 2" x 3"-12' 0" Oregon Iline plates, etc., [redwood for sholter fence.
10 square feet zinc 01' galvauized iron' miunl lining. 2 pieces 1" x 12"-10' 0" redwood, S.l S., sieling, nnd 5 pieces 1" x 12"-12'
14 pieces 1" x 12"-lG' 0" redwood, S,l S.; siding.
10 pieces 1" x 3"-lG' 0" redwood battens, etc.
4 pieces 1" x 3"-10' 0" redwood, battens. 'etc.
8 pieces 1" x 12"-12' 0" Oregon, pine, S. 1 S" for 11001' and roof. [scat front.
G pIeces 1" x 6"-14' 0" Oregon pine tongue and groove,' for partitions aud
1 piece ,2" x 3"- 8' 0" Oregon, 'pine, S.4 S., post for partition and seat f"ont.
1 piece '1" x 8"- G' 0" redwood over 'screen front.
1 piece H" x 20"- 6' 0" redwood, clear, for seat, S.l S."
1 pIece H" x 6"- 0' P" redwood, clellr, for seat, S.l S. [material).
2 pieces 1"x 14"- l' 8" re(hvood or Oregon pine seat covel', S.l S. (clear
1 piece 1" x 6"-14" redwood vent stack.
1 piece 1" x 4"- 8' redwood vent stack.
1 door 2' 4" x 6' 6" (plank or 11" redwood stock door).
1 pail' 6" strap liinges for door. ,
1 heavy sPl'ing coil for door (12" or 14").
2 pail' 3" 'l' hinges for seat covers.
4, ~", x 6" eye bolts, 2" eyc; one' on each end through skids.
6 ,r X 9",bolts, skids to gir(1e.rs. , .'
Shingles, con;ugated iron or other suitable muterial.
14 square feet wire screen, either No. 16 black wire, copper, or galvunized screen.

Figure 39 (p. 62) shows a diagram of a portable toilet for field

use. 'l'his is suitable for use in hop fields, fruit ranches, etc.
~:o·
C..re"J ,5£ctmlY BILL OF MATERIALS FOR PORTABLE TOILET.
2 p~eces 4" x G"- 5" 0" redwood skid.
1 pIece 4" x 4"- 4' 0" redwood skid center.
2 pieces 4" x 4"- 6' 6" Oregon pine girders.
6 pieces 2" x 4"- 7' 0" Oregon pine studs.
6 pieces 2" x 4"- 8' 0" Oregon pine plates, etc.
S pieces 2" x 3"-12' 0" Oregon piue plates.
2 pieces 1" x 0"-12' 0" tongue and groove, for seat front.
,0 pieces 1" x 12"- 8' 0" redwood boards, S.l S., behind seat.
6 pieces I" x 3"- 8' 0" redwood battens bebind seat.
1 piece H" x 20"- 4' 0" redWOOd, clear, for seat, S.l S.
1 piece H" x 6"- 4' 0" redwood for seat, S. 1S.
2 pieces 1" x 14"- l' 8" Oregon pine, S.l S., seat lid ..
Cl7l1f LllTR/N£ I, plank door 2' 4" x 6' 6".
i? HOLE TYPE ,.•• HEN 1 pair 6" strap binges for door.
1 heavy spring coil for door (12" or 14").
2 pair 3" 'l' hinges for seat lid.
FIG. 37. 4 it" x 0" eye bolts, 2" eye; one each end.
6 &" x 9" bolts; skids to girders.
Men·s two-hole toilet. 'rhe se~t covers should be constructed so as to drop down over 10 square feet galvanized wire screen for top.
the hole as soon as U,e ,~el~son:r\ses.~as shown In figure, See bill of materials, p, 58. 150 square' feet canvas or burlap.
 2 pieces 4" x 6"--4' redwood girder.
2 pieces 4" x 4"-7' Oregon pine girder.
1 Ilieee 4" x 4"--4' Redwood girder.
4 Ilieees 1" x 12"--4' Oregon pine S. 1 S. floor.
7 vieces 1" x 12"-6' Oregon pine S. 1 S. roof.
20 }lieces 1" x 12"-8' redwood for sides S. 1 S.
2 Ilieces 1" x 12"-10' redwood for sides S. 1 S.
.4 1.ieces 1" x 3"-10' redwood battens.
18 pieces 1" x 3"-8' redwood battens.
2 pieces 2" x 3"-12' Oregon pine plates.
4 IJieces2". x 4"-12' Oregon pine plates.
3 jlieces 2" x 4"-8' Oregon pine rafters.
2 jlieces 1" x 6"-6' redwood S. 1 S. v~nt stack.
1 Ilieee 1" x 4"-6' redwood S. 1 S. vent stack.
,,,
1 piece 1" x 8"-4' redwood above screen front.
1 piece 1!" x 20"--4' redwood, clear, for seat, and 2 11ieces1" x 6"-8' tongue amI
',: "
\.
groove.
1 piece 1!" x 6"-4' redwood for seat.
': r j'
1
2 pieces 1" x 14"~1' Oregon pine S. 1 S. for seat covel's. .' II I ,
1 piece 1" x 14"-12' redwoocl for sides and ends of box receptacle. ",'
1 piece 1" x 12"-8' redwood for bottom of box l'eceptncle.
~" I I
2 pieces 3" x 4"--4' redwood skids for box receptacle. \i! I I
14 squat'e feet galvanized iron 01' zinc lining for box receptacle. " ,
1 door, 2' 4" x 6' 6", either vlank or stock door.
3;) squure feet 2-ply Malthoid roofing, or equal; or shingles or corrugated galvll.uir.ctl
iron.
1 [lair 6" strap hinges for large door and 1 pail' 4" stmp hinges for swall door.
1 heavy spring coil 12" 01' 14" for 11l1'gedoor and 2 pail' 3" '1' hinges for seat lids.
1 ~" x 24" rod for box receptacle.
G Ii" x (Y' bolts for girders.
15 square feet screen, black wire, No.6; 01' galvlUlized 01' copper sCreen.
:
---\

,,
I
, ,
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I I ,
, , I
 I
I
1
I
I

=-=---=-..::::"'=-=-~_:...-_--=-=-
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I
/
, I
" 4 ,(.'o.ft I ~ .~".

r,;r - P"F- 6k'lfa",/<-

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FtJRT/lfJI t / /lTR{rtL t5LCTIOft
JUlY, . zrP/ If( t'lELD art 0dL r I
- Jr1£fl5 I/lTRI/lf. -
Two lIou::-TrFz. WfTII[JOX RtcLPM,CU.
FIG. 39.

Portable toilet for field use. See bm of materials, p. 59. FIG ....40.

Model fly, proof toilet-with box l;ecelltacle. See bill of materIals.' p. GO.
 Rules.
BATHS.
The installing of baths in labor camps is one of the recent inno- 1. Every camp, regardless of size and location, should provide proper
vations. Up to the time when the commission lmdertook the bathing facilities for the employees.
inspection of labor camps, baths in most camps were wholly unknown. 2. Although either showers or tubs may be used, showers are prefer-
'l'he commission has held from the start that adequate bathing facili- able, as they are more sanitary and more easily installed.
ties or their absenc~ influence the entire life of a camp. A man who Furthermore, they are cheaper and can accommodate more
goes unbathed from day to day and from week to week, can not keep bathers in less time.
llis self-respect, neither can he preserve a cheerful outlook upon life. 3. There should be at least one shower head for every fifteen employees.
It is true that, accustomed to being dirty, he himself may not be In camps where women are employed, separate bathrooms should
conscious of the reason for his mental attitude, may not even desire be provided for them and marked" For Women Only." In these
to bathe. And therefore is it the more necessary to install baths. bathrooms, shower heads should be set about 5 feet from the floor,
Here must be met the objection that the majority of men will riot at an angle of 45 degrees, to prevent the wetting of the hair. -
use them. No movement for social betterment ever began with a
4. Bathrooms should be near sleeping quarters.
majority. If 10 per cent of the men want baths, then ll1t1.~t these , '.
5. Bathhouses or bathrooms should be carefully constructed, well
10 per cent have them. In another year the 10 per cent will have
ventilated,' and so lighted that there will be no dark corners,
grown to 20, or 50. And the 50 per cent will remain in the labor camp
which has made the effort to encourage their staying. 6. In permanent camps, floors of batlll;ooms should be of cement. 'l'he
walls should be lined with nonabsorbent material.
Baths are an incentive to general cleanliness. It is hard to put on
a dirty, sweat-soaked shirt after a thorough scrub with hot water and 7. Drainage from bathrooms should be carried through a covered
soap. Cleaner clothes will follow clean bodies, cleaner habits will drain to a cesspool or septic tank, or disposed of in some other
follow clean clothes. It is useless to provide decent living quarters, to sanitary manner.
attempt to keep these quarters clean, if the men who come into their 8. Facilities for washing hands and face should be provided in all
rooms are a nuisance to themselves and to each other because of the camps. The use of a common towel and soap is prohibited.
odors which rise from them. 9. Tubs or sinks should be provided, to enable employees to launder
Furthermore, the connection between frequent bathing and good their clothes.
health is so close that from the standpoint of hygiene alone baths 10. rl'he water heater should be of sufficient capacity to insure an ade-
should be installed. quate supply of hot water for bathing and washing purposes.
Frequently reluctance to take baths is due to the fact that no pro-
vision for heating the water has been made. Especially in the more
rigorous climate the heating problem assumes vast proportions.
The drawings on pages 66 and 69 show piping system for showers.
rrhere are numerous makes of stoves fitted with coils for heating water.
12 pieces l" x 12"-20' Oregon pine S. 1 S. floor.
In small camps, where the kitchen range is fitted with water coils, a 20 pieces 1" x 12"-12' Oregon pine S. 1 S. roof.
sufficient supply of hot water can be provided for showers. 10 pieces 1" x 12"-14' redwood shelter.
G pieces 1" x 12"-2' 6" for bench.
A simple method for heating water for showers in temporary camps . 4 pieces 2" x 8"-12' redwood mud sill.
can be devised by bending 30 feet of I-inch pipe into a coil. Connect 2 pieces 2" x 6"-10' redwood mud sill.
10 pieces 4" x 4"-10' Oregon pine underpinning.
one end of the coil with the pipe from the water tank, and the other 4 pieces 2" x 8"-'10' Oregon pine blocking between joists.
end of coil to the pipe leading to the showers. Place the coil into a pit 7 pieces 2" x 4"-16' Oregon pine joists, plates, etc.
8 pieces 2" x 4"-8' Oregon pine rafters,
about 2 feet deep in which several iron bars or stones have been placed 17 pieces 2" x 3"-20' Oregon pine studs, plates, etc.
for the coil to rest on. Cover the pit with sheet iron. Cut a hole into 10 pieces 1" x 3"-10' Oregon pine nailing strips.
40 pieces 1" x 8"-10' redwood siding, ship-lap.
the sheet iron for draught pipe or smokestack. 34 pieces 1" x 8"-8' redwood siding, ship-lap.
When warm water for showers is required, start a fire under the coil 32 pieces 1" x 8"-14' redwood S. 2 S. shower partitions.
6 pieces 2" x 8"-16' Oregon pine joists,
and as the water passes through the coil it is heated sufficiently for 200 square feet 2-ply M:althoidroofing, or equal.
bathing.
 5 6" shower hends, i" connections; 5 ~" "globe valves.
4 ~" tees; 7 i" elbo\Vs; 5 pair 6" strap hinges.
65 feet r galvanizcd iron pipe; 4 t" caps.
5 stock doors, 2' G" x 6' G" x If'.
Heating arrangements as shown in I!'ignre 42 (page 60) can be nscd in connec.
tion with this bathroom by the addition ()f a compartment for,lhe stove anq galvanized
range boiler. The piping arrangement as shown in Fignre ~13(page(G~ can also be
llsed in tbis bathroom.
---_.
-4-
FIG. 41.
Drawing of five-shower bathhouse.
BILL OF MATERIALS FOR BATHHOUSE.
' Concrete-l ton small rock, 2 sacks cement, 1/5 ton concrete sand.
SiJls-2 pieces 2" x 10"~20' 0" i'edwood merchantablc \·ongh." '
SilIs-2 pieces 2" '" 6"-'.' 4' o'r 'redwood merchantable rongIi.
Joist-2 pieces 2" x 8"-20' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common sized.
Joist-ll pieces 2" x 8"-9' 0" Oregon 'pine No.1 Common sized.
42 690 Joist-3 pieces 2" x 6"- 6' 0"· Oregon pine No.·l Common sizcd.
Studs-8 pieces 2". x 4".-8' 0" Oregon pine No; 1 Common S. 4 S.
Studs-12 pieces 2" x 4"~9' 0" Oregon'pine No.. 1 Common S. 4 S.
Stnds~14 pieces 2~' x 4"-7' 0" Oregon pine- No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Studs--S pieces 2" x 2"-7' '0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Plates, interior-9 pieces"2" ,'J<: 2'1-'-9'.0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Plates, interior-3 pieces.2" x' 4"-9' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Plates, exterior-2 pieces 2" x 4"-20' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Plates, exterior-2 pieces 2,i X 4"':':" 9' {)" Oregon pine No.. 1 Common S. 4 S.
Rafters-8 pieces 2" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Rafters--4 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine No.1 Common S. 4 S.
Boarding-24 pieces 1" x 10"-8' 0" redwood extra merchantable S. 1 S.
Boarding-ll pieces 1" x 10"-9' 0" redwood extra merchantable S. 1 S.
Boarding-36 pieces 1" x 10"-10' 0" redwood extra merchantable S. 1 S.
Battens-26 pieces i" x 3"-8' 0" redwood extra merchantable S. 1 S.
Battens-13 pieces i" x 3"-9' 0" redwood extra merchantable S. 1 S.
Battens-28 pieces i" x 3"-10' 0" redwood extra merch;tutable S. 1 S.
Roof boarding-13. pieces 1" x 10"-22' 0" Oregon pine No.2 Sheathing S. 1 S.
Roof boarding-l piece 1" x 10"-14' 0" Oregon pine No.2 Sheathing S. 1 S.
Roof boarding-l piece 1" x 10"- 7 0" Oregon pine No.2 Sheathing S. 1 S.
'
Lattice-7 pieces 1" x 2"-8' 0" Oregon pine No.2 Sheathing S. 4 S..
Seats-2 pieces 2" x 1(;"-3' 6" Oregon pine extra merchtintable S. 4 S.
Seats--4 pieces 2" x 16"'-14" Oregon pine extra 'merchantable S; 4 S. and salved.
1.'. and G. cross partition-220 pieces 1" x 4"-3' 2" V, joint redwood to pattern.
T. and G. shower partition-156 pieces 1" x 4"-'-3' 0" V. joint redwood to pattel'll,
---i '--, '
------
2 sides. '.'
! T. and G. short partition-l54 pieces 1" x 4"-2' 0" V joint l'edwood to pfltteru,
,~ . 4l- 2 sides to cut in 2.
Seat-l piece 1" x 12"-12' 0" r~dwood cxtra merchantable S. 4 S.
Floor-270 board feet 1" x 4" No.2 V. G. Oregon pine flooring.
2 doors-2' 2" x 6' 8" x lit" 5 panel Colonial, redWOOd.
2 'r. and G. frames for 2' 2" x 6' 8" x lit" doors Colonial, rcdwood.
1 dool'-2' 8" x 6' 8" x lit" 2 panel and 6 Its. 21 oz. glass, rcdwood.
1 'r. and G. frame for 2' 8" x 6' 8" x H" doors, redwood.
4 pieces sawed from 1" x 18" redwood for seats.
10 sash-l' 6" x l' 6" x lit" 2 Its. vertically, 16 oz. glnss.
10 T. and G. cascmcnt frames to hinge at bottom and swing in at top l' 6" x l' 6"
x Ill" sash.
Sheet metnl-
2 pieces No. 26 gauge galvanized iron 36" x 96" plain.
2 pieces No. 26 gauge galvanized iron 36" x 48" plain.
2 pieces No. 26 gauge galvanized iron 24" x 48" plain.
Duck-
2 pieces hemmed all around. Finished size 36" x 80".
4 pieces hemmed all around. Finished size 24" x 80".
4 pieces hemmed all around. Finished size 32" x 80".
See bili of materials, p. 65.
Hardwal'~
30 pounds 8d COUlmon nails.
10 pounds 20<1common nails.
15 pounds 8d box nails.
2 pounds 6d box nails.
3i pair 3!" x 3!" galvanized loose l}iecebutts.
3 plain brass trim-wrought ensy spring lock sets with cast brass face plate and
cast brass bolts' and latches.
10 pair 3" x 3" loose pin galvanized iron butts.
10 only brass transom catches-may be wrought.
10 only pair transom chains, galvanized.
3 rolls 2-ply prepared roofing paper plain-complete witb cement and nails.
Plulllbing-
3 lengths 24" x 6" stoVe"pipes, black.
1 length 24" x 6" stove pipe, galvanized.
1 cone top for the G" galvanized pipe supported on 3 straps.
1 SO-gallon 110ri7.0ntal galvanized range boiler with 4 1" tappings in shell. ~rap-
pings in head to be plugged.
1 cast iron box stove, on legs. Insicle dimensions of stove to be at least 23" x 13"
x IGt" deep. Stove to be fitted with two 1" pipe coils, G pipes each, made of
standard blnck pipe with open return bends. One coil to be placed along each
side of fire box with connections tbrough back of stove. Stove pipe 6" diam.
1 1" safety relief vnlve, spring operatecl, adjustable to meet safety regulations.
2 1" globe valves, rongh brass, with renewable composition.
4 i" globe valves, wrought brass, with renewable composition.
2 5" cliam. rain shower heads with adjnstable ball joint for !" iron pipe thrend.
Tbe following fittings to be galvanized cast or malleable iron-
3 1" tees.
2 1" x 4" x 1" tees.
2 f' x !" x W' tees.
2 ;t" tees.
14 j" elbows.
2 !j!' elbows.
S ;t" elbows.
100 feet of ~" W. 1. pipe, gnlvanized.
[; feet of r W. 1. pipe, galvanized.
4[; feet of 1" W. 1. pipe, galvanized.
4 !" ground joint nnions, galvanized.
G 1" ground joint unions, galvanized.
S 1" short nipples, galvanized.
4 !i" short nipples, galvanized.
1 I-pound can of pipe cement.
1 dozen galvanized pipe straps for !" pipe.
MO""8I.L
1 dozen galvanized pilJe straps for 1" pipe '''coY,,&,
H L •• , •• ;,,~
..•••,.'L f~

,LND LLLVATJON n.ON T LLf.VATIOIi

,SnOWING SVCiCil.STIOH fOlL [JCT R..AJlCL jCA L f.. • I :a oS •• oS , 'T ~ fT.
 STABLES AND CORRALS.
1'he commission has found that stables and corrals ,are vBry.-often
al
located near the living quarters and that manure is permitted to'accumu-
late in large piles, thus affording a breeding 'placefor imiumer'able"flies .e...
Ul
which infest the kitchen and dining' rooins. The ac()oni.paiiYingrules
•.."
Ul

should be observed to lessen the fly liuisance and prevent objectionable 0

,<::

odors from reaching the living quarters.' <:

~
Rules. '
1. Wherever possible, corrals and stables should be located at least
/ .•...

~
~
0

600 feet from the living quartets. '1'he direction of prevailing .,

0

:S
winds should be considered when the location for corrals and
stables is chosen. ), "•..
BUl
2. Stables and corrals should be kept clean.
3. Manure should be disposed·of daily either by spreading it in thin
1i
'tl

layers on the land a safe distance from camp, or by burning or ~ <:

t<l
burying it. n manure is to be retained
it should be placed in a fly~proofboi u~til
for any length of time,
permanently disposed of. I/~~
~
~f.
~W:P
,-
~
"
~~
g:1:i
4. 1'he photograph on page 73' sho\Vsaia~>ge pile of manure piled ~ ''""
,

~ '"..• ~E

I
near the cooking, dining and sleei)ing quarters. These quarters ~,.~

swarm with flies. It has been found that a pile of horse manure
~b:
,
".

. - ". ~
tIl.~
_Ul

tiq..j
",0
weighing 500 pounds, at the end of'four days' exposure, may con-
tain about 300,000 fly maggots. Besides, from, the standpoint of 1 Ul'tl
.- 0
fi ";::
economy, this is a poor method of keeping manure, as a large part ~
,"
i '<:'""
of it is wasted by heating and leaching. . ~ ~"

..---' t'
'<1
~ \ t<l
5. Figure 43 shows a ~oncrete fly-proof" comijosting pit, capacity .e

~!
::,'I. '"
t<l
"
2,700 cubic feet, which will stOl;ethe offal of ten horses for a period
of six months. The manure produced by one horse in one 'day
i ~: ~ "
.,<::
Eo<

together with the bedding which is throwu out with the manure,
"~ ~ '" ...
~ • .. '5.
amounts to Ii cubic feet. ~ ,~
'b/)

'"~ '" ~
This composting pit enables the farnlel' to save lllOst of the manure. ~ Ul

s
l!
0

'0"
S
A sump is, provided to take care of the urine which is the most valuable
part of the excreta of animals. It is rich in nitrogen and potash 'which "
.•...
0
are successfully preserved with the dlmg in this pit. By means of a ...
0

pump, as shown in Figure 44 the manure can be frequently moistened >'" .

It::

with urine. Water should also be poured into'the pit to prevent the
slow burning inside the pit, which destroys all of the fertilizing salts.
\ ~
•.."
<":
0

";C';W
<
"
 BILL OF MATERIALS FOR COMPOSITING PIT.
:l08 lineal feet il" twisted steel for horizontal reinforcing.
350 lineal feet il" twisted steel for vertical reinforcing.
O(j lineal fcet il" twisted steel for vertical reinforcing in pit:
For concrcte forms:
108 pieces 1" x 0"-10' 0" Oregon pine, S.l S.
90 pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon pine.
Concrete: .
Floor-210 cnbic fl.=13 barrels cement, 4 cubic yds. sand, 71 cubic Yds. gral'el.
Walls~OO cubic fl.=23 barrels cement, 7 cubic yds. sand, 14 cubic hIs. rock.
4 pieces 2" x 6"-20' 0" redwood,plates, i lliece 3" x 12"-0' pumll foundation.
n pie~es 2" x G"-24' 0" redwood plateR. .
1H pieces 2" x 4"-12' 0" Oregon jline tl'l1S~.
]:{ viece~ 2" x 4"-JO' 0" Oregon pine trl1ss.
~ ]Iieces :!" x 4"-1-1' 0" Oregon vine tl'us~.
:·1 pip('eH 1" x {)"-10' 0" Oregon lJille tl't1SR .
•, ])i('eps ~" x 4"-~O' (j" Oregon pine rllllwny.
':1 ph~CI'R 2" x 4"-2·2' 0" Oregon pine 1'1II1wn.y.
12 lliecl's 2" x 4"-10' 0" Oregon pine 'mEters. ,
IG pieces 2" x 8"-20.' 0" Oregon pine tongue and groove floor for l'Ullwny.
30 pieces 1" x 8"-10' 0" red wool! ship-lap top covering.
48 pieces 1" x 0"-12' 0" Oregon pine tongue and groove for doors.
12 pieces 1" x 2"- 5' 0;' Oregon pine strips.
7 pieces 1" x 6"-14' 0" Oregon pine for door frames.
12 pieces 1" x 0"-10' 0" Oregon pine for door frames.
12 pail'S 4" strap hinges and 2·!J,ring lifts.
12 pieccs. 1" pipe 6" long for weep holes for pit.

p~h//~./ I"MW'o/
17/ .DOO/"3

-(

FIlJ. 44.

Cl'oss-secUon of composUng pit shown on FIg. 43. p. 71.

 'l'llC propel' screening of houses against malaria-carrying mosquitocs
is the first measure for reducing the prevalence· of malaria in any COUl-
Bedbugs.
munity, according to the reports of the United States Public Health
Bedbugs are found in cracks and crevices of beds, floors,· walls, etc.
Service and State Board of Health. The proper screening of houses
'.rhere are several methods for their eradication. The cheapest and
in malarial districts will reduce the number of cases of the disease by
most effective agent for this purpose is probably sulphur dioxide fumi-
from 40 to 6Q per cent. If buildings in such districts are 'screened,
g~tion. Four to five pounds per 1,000 cubic feet is generally sufficient
people will not, by keeping indoors after dark, be infected by malaria·
to kill bedbugs. 'rhe room or rooms should be 'sealed tightly and the
bearing mosquitoes.
sulphur should be burned slowly so that it may thoroughly penetrate
It has also b~en determined that the efficiency of workers may be
into all cracks and crevices. The best way to apply this method is to
increased about 90 per cent by the screening of dwelling houses in
burn the sulphur in an iron vessel, which is placed in a tub of water.
localities whe~e mosquitoes are prevalent. 'rhis efficiency is gained by
'.rho application of gasoline, benzine, coal oil or live steam to cracks
overcoming the loss of sleep through fighting these annoying insects.
and crevices of beds and rooms is effective,· but must be thorough in
a})plication to produce results.

Lice.
SANITATION SERVICE.
Persons found to· be infested with lice should be required to illuno-
1. Each large camp should have one or more able-bodied men, whose
(liately rid themselves of them. The clothing should be removed,
entire time is devoted to the cleaning up of the camp.
placed in a wash boiler or other receptacle which has been rubbed on
the inside with coal oil and be immediately boiled in water, or soaked 2. The co-operation of every person in the camp is needed for secming
for at least two minutes in gasoline. The former method is preferable the best results.
where applicable, owing to the great danger from explosion and fire in 3. It is the duty of every 'employer to obey conscientiously the law
the case of gasoline. Some fabrics, especially leather, are ruined by requiring him to report immediately to the local health officer all
boiling, and therefore belts, shoes, etc., must be treated with gasoline. communicable diseases, such as typhoid,. smallpox, etc.
'l'he entire body should be bathed with kerosene, which should be·thor- 4. In camps of 50 or more persons, a fly-proof and mosquito-proof tent
ol.lghly rubbed into the hairy parts. 'rhis procedure should be followed or house sholtld be provided for receiving the sick. .
by drying with a towel or by a warm bath with soap and water. If
tlw hair is not clipped it should be wet thoroughly with kerosene aud
washed half an hour later with soap and water. Longer soaking may
it'l'itate t11e skin. After the bath fresh, clean clothing should be put
011. To rid rooms of lice, fumigation by sulphur should be used. All
bedding and clothing should be thoroughly boiled.

Mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes in certain' parts of California are a distinct nienace to
healtl\. They breed in pools of standing water. When the breeding
places can not be drained they should be frequently oiled with a mixtl1l'e
of crude oil and kerosene, equal parts of each. Since mosquitoes may
hreed in water in tin cans, broken bottles, etc., these receptacles should
not be allowed to accumulate. In localities where mosquitoes are prev-
a.lent, sleeping quarters, diping rooms and kitchens should be screened.
111 the vicinity of rice fields and other places where oiling and draining
can not always be undertaken, the screening of sleeping quarters, dining
rooms and kitchens is absolutely essential.
FIG. 46.
Oiling breeding places of mosquitoes.
 . .
One of the most important changes in the attitude of labor employers
is that which deals with recreation in labor camps. Instead of looking
upon recreation as a "fancy" and wholly unnecessary feature, camp
operators are beginning to class it with, the screening of dining room
w]ndows and the installing of garbage cans.
It is not during working hours that discontent rises; men are made
restless in their free hours unless wholesome recreation is provided.
'l']lC best' of men will grow dull and apathetic and dissatisfied if, after
working hours, they have no choice bnt to lie back on their beus and
listen to the coarse talk of chance companions. Everywhere life grows
stale ·when no influence from outside touches' it ; more than of any
other place is this true of isolated labor camps. And when life grows
stale then men grow irritable and every trifling disagreement with the
()l1lployermay easily become a grievous injury which is further magni-
fied by talking it over with the others.
Man must have recreation. It may be that only 10 per c'ent of the
labor force will care to read or to write letters. Then that 10 per cent
RllOUldhave books, should have magazines and n~wspapers, should have
a quiet room equipped with writing materi!lls in which there area few
comfortable chairs and a table or two. For those who do not read,
pool and billiard tables will furnish proper recreation. A phonograph
will reach everyone. A moving picture theater, installed in one large
camp surpassed all expectations in its beneficial influence upon the men.
A room in which dances can be held will, in the long run, prove a very
cheap investmept in camps in which families live.
Operators who once complained of the quality of labor which came
to them, now plan to make their camps so attractIve that they will draw
and keep the better class of labor. The goal of this policy is to attrac~
men with families, for the coming of families means a permanent labor
supply, means a cleaner camp, means a camp of higher standards of
morality. But before families will come to a camp to stay, that camp
must be made so attractive that Women wiiI not hesitate to settle there
:md children can grow and develop in the midst of hygienic surround-
ings and wholesome influences.
REPRODUCTION OF SET OF SANITARY RULES PREPARED BY
THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING FOR
USE IN LABOR CAMPS.
1. Use the toilets. Do not urinate or defecate on the camp
grounds ; it endangers your own health and that of your fellow
workmen.
2. Put your cast-off clothing-shirts, sox, trousers, etc.-in thc
c~mtainers provided for them.
.3. Keep your. bunks clean. Do not spit on the floor of the
sleeping quarters. Throw old papers and tobacco tins in the
garbage cans.
4. Cooks, flunkies and workmen'must keep screen doors on eating
quarters closed.
5. Keep your windows and tent flaps open to admit plenty of
fresh air to your sleeping quarters.
6. Air all bedding and blankets at least once a week.
7. It is safer to use a drinking cup of your own.
S. Make proper use of. the baths, toilets and other sanitary
features provided for you. .
9. Obey the rules of sanitation. Co-operate with your employer
and with this Commission in bettering the sanitary conditions in
labor camps.
We heal·tily agl'ee with these l'ec01:nmendations, and tn/.st tlwt
ow' men will assist 1/.S in keeping this camp clean and livable by
following the above suggestions.
(Owner's signature) _
The above is a reproduction of a placard which we shall be glad
to send you, to be posted at convenient places in your labor camp. We
also have it in the Spanish language. Let us know how many you can
lise, and we shall send them without cost to you.
'COMMISSION OF niMIGRA'l'ION AND HOUSING
OF CALIFORNIA,
Underwood Building, 525 Market Street,
San Francisco, Califol·nia.
 I:AGE
DRINKING WA1'lDH, 13, 14
DRY ROOM "_____ 27
'lDFFICImNCY OJ)' LABOR ~ 75, 76
PAGE lDNDORSEMlDNT OF pAlIJpHLET ---------------------------- 4
ANALYSIS OF WATER SUprLL ~ ~ _ 13 J)'LIES, BREEDING 0l!' - 44, 70
AUTOMOBILE CAMPS --------- -------- --- -'------- 10 FLIES, SCRlDlDNING AGAINS1'_______________________________________ 31
HAHRlDI, AND TRlDNCH INCINERATOR ~ _ FI .•USH TOILE'J'S r ~_ 55
45
BA'I'HING FACILr.rIES _ GARBAGE, DISPOSAL OF 44
G5 GARBAGlD CONTAINERS 44
BATHS ------- G4
HlDD BUGS, EXTlDRMINA~l'ION OF _ GROUND W K.rER SUppLY ~ ~ ' 13
74
BII,T,S OF MATERIAL- HlDATING SYS1'lDMS _-----------------------'-----------------------~ 64
.Baths ~ ~_'_ G5, G7 INCIN lDRA'J'ORS __ 41>
Composting pits ..;. ~ .__ 72 INDIVIDUAL DRINKING CUpS______________________________________ J4
(Jooldng and dining quarters ~ ~__35, 38,30,40 INDIVIDUAL ,:rO'VELS ..:________________________________________ 05
] JlCillel'utors . ~___ 4G· INSANI'l'ARY 1'OILE'J'S [i7
Meat houses ~____ 43 INSEel'S, EX1'ERMINA1'ION 'OF 74
IRON BUNKS 1,'
Sleeping qilul'ters .:... 21, 22, 23, 25
Sterilizi~g room ' :...________________________________ 27 JAPANESlD ASSOCIATION AND ADVISORY pAMPHLlDT_____________ 4
Toilets 57, 59, GO KITCHmNS 31, 33
BRIiJIDDING 0))' FLIES -44, 70 LAY-OUTS OF CAMpS________________________________________________ 8
BRElDDING OF lIWSQUITOlDS________________________________________ 74 LICE, lDXTERMINAT'ION OF ~_________________ 74
LOCA1'ION OF CAMpS .:______________________ G
CAUl' PLACARD FOR lDl\fpLOYlDES__________________________________ 77
MALA-RIA 75
CARE OF FOOD SUppLIlDS -------------------------------------- 31 MEAT HOUSES '__________ 41
CARRIERS OF DISEASE_____________________________________________ 33
lIWSQUITOlDS, BREEDING OF 74
CLEANLINESS OF COOKS, HELplDRS AND WAITERS________________ 33
C01l1MON '.rOWlDLS PROI-IITITED ~_______________________________ 61> MOSQUITOES, lDXTlDRlIiINATION OF ~______ 75
COMMUNrTY CAMPS 10 PlDRSONS HANDLING FOOD_________________________________________ 33
COMI'OS'.rING PITS 70 PI-I01'OGRApHS-
CON1'AMINA1'lDD WATlDR SUPPLIlDS ~ ~__________________ 13 Community camp '___________________________________ 12
,COOKING QUARTlDRS -- ~_____________________ 31 Dining quarters ~ 32, 34, 38, 3D, 40
CO-OpERA'J'ION OF COMlIHSSION____________________________________ '1 Illsailitary camp '__________________ 30
CORRALS ~~ --___ __ 70 lDxtel'mlnatioll of mosquitoes ~________________ 75
CROWDED SLlDlDpING QUARTlDRS '_____ IG Sleeping quarters ~_______ 26
Stables ~~_~ --_ 73
CUBIC FlDlDT OF AIR SPACE PER PERSON__________________________ J7
DINING QUAR1'lDRS 31 'l'oilets __ uG
rOLLU'l'ION OI~ WELk ' 13
DISEASm, COMlIWNICABLE ~ ~-~---~---------3i~, 75
DISPOSAl, OF GARBAGm AND REFUSE ~ ~::. ~_______ 44 PRIVACY, NECmSSITY FOR_______________ _ In
DISPOSAL OF MANURE '_____________________________ 70 REC R EAT ION ____________ __________________________ ______ ___ 76
DItAINAGlD IN CAMpS ~ ~______________________ 6 SANITATION SlDRVIClD 75
SCRElDNING OF BUILDINGS 31, 75
DRAWINGS-
Baths 6B, 69 SLlDlDpING QUAR'.rlDRS IG
Collection box :._ 15 SPANISH 1'RANSLATION OF CAMP pLACARD______________________ 77
Community camp -' ~ ~ 11 S1'ABLE S ______ ______________________ ________________________ 70
Composting pits 71, 72 STANDARD SIZlDS OF 1'mNTS________________________________________ 25
Cooking and dining quarters- ~ ~ 36, 37 STANDARDS OF SANI1'A1'ION ~_'_________________ 75
Incinerators 46, 47 S'J'ERILIZING ROOM 27
I,a.y-outs of camps ~_______ 9 SUGGESTED LAY-OU'.rs OF CAl\IpS ~___________________________ 8
I,ocation of camps ~____________________________________ 7 TlDNTS 8, 10, 17
lIIeat houses -' , ~ 41, 42 TOILETS 55
TOvVELS _____ 61>
Pollution of welL__________________________________________________ 14
Septic tank .______________________________________ 49' '1'RlDA1'ING CON'J'mN1'S OF' PRIVY VAULT ~ 55, 57
Sleeping quarters 18, 19, 20, and inserts TYPHOID CARRIERS ;)0

Slop pit ~ _'_______________________ 54 UPKEEP OF CAlifI' ~ 10, 11,17

Sterilizing room 28 VALUE OF MANURE_________________________________________________ 70
Subsurface irrigation system 52, 53 VENT ILATIO N 1G
W ATmR SUPPLY 13
Switch box for irrigation system -'-'-'_____________________ 50
'J'oilets ~ 58, 61, 62, 63 WOODlDN FLOORS IN 1'lDNTS________________________________________ 17
o