ANTENNA

Introduction
Antenna is the interface between the transmission line and space. Antennas are passive devices,
the power radiated cannot greater then the power entering from the transmitter. When speaking
of gain an antenna ,gain refers to be an idea that certain directions are radiated better then others.
Antenna are reciprocal- the same design works for receiving systems as for transmitting system.

Why Antennas?
Need of antenna arisen when two person wanted to communicate between them when separated
by some distance and wired communication is not possible. Antennas are required by any radio
receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection ton the electromagnetic field.

Where used?
Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting point to point radio
communication, wireless LAN , radar and space exploration. Antennas are most utilized air
outer space.

Parametrs of Antenna
Directivity and gain
In antennas, power gain in one direction is at the expense of losses in others Directivity is the
gain calculated assuming a lossless antenna

Radiation pattern

Beamwidth
The width of this beams defined as the angle between its half-power pointsA half-wave dipole has
a beamwidth of about 79 in one plane and 360 in the other

Polarization
The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave
with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and
by its orientation. A simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted verty,
and a different polarization when mounted horizontally.Reflections generally affect polarization.
For radio waves the most important reflector is the ionosphere - signals which reflect from it will
have their polarization changed

Types of Antenna
Diopole Antenna
Loop antenna
Helical antenna
Dish antenna

Yagi uda antenna

It is a directional antenna consisting of a driven element (typically a dipole or folded dipole)
and additional parasitic elements (usually a so-called reflector and one or more directors).
All the elements are arranged collinearly and close together.The reflector element is slightly
longer (typically 5% longer) than the driven dipole, whereas the so-called directors are a little
shorter.The design achieves a very substantial increase in the antenna's directionality and gain
compared to a simple dipole. Typical spacing between elements vary from about 1/10 to 1/4
wavelength, depending on the specific design.

Arrays
An antenna array is a set of individual antennas used for transmitting and/or receiving
radio waves, connected together in such a way that their individual currents are in a
specified amplitude and phase relationship. This allows the array to act as a single antenna,
generally with improved directional characteristics (thus higher antenna gain) than would
be obtained from the individual elements.