(eC VE ela city Received Combining (MRRC) Scheme A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications Smee Roma Rico Flores ESI e) edA. Antenna Diversity * Receive Diversity - Selection Combining - Equal Gain Combining - Maximal Ratio Combining ¢ Transmit Diversity - Open Loop Transmit Diversity - Nt x Nr Transmit Diversity - Closed-loop Transmit Diversity * MIMO Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringReceive Diversity = Most prevalent form of spatial diversity = Ubiquitous on cellular base stations and wireless LAN access = No particular requirements on the transmitter = Requires a receiver that processes the Nr received streams and combines them = Highly effective in both flat fading and frequency- selective fading channels Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Combining Basic Block Diagram —+>| Transmitter Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Combining = Combines the information from all the received branches in order to maximize the ratio of signal-to- noise power = Works by weighting each branch with a complex factor and then adding up the Nr branches [1] CONCEPT: Branches with better signal energy should be enhanced, whereas branches with lower SNR’s are given lower weights Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics Engineering“Maximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme Representation of the Classical 2-branch MRRC so Iig=age* Ay=ae@ nd ro=solto+ro rissohvtmy, Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme = Atagiven time, a signal s, is sent from the transmitter. = The channel between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna zero is denoted by and between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna one is denoted by where: ho = age" hy = ayes Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combii = Noise and interference are added at the two receivers. The resulting received baseband signals are: To =hos0 + no ri =hyso +m = where n, and n, represent complex noise and interference. Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics Engineering= Assuming n, and n, are Gaussian distributed, the maximum likelihood decision rule at the receiver for these received signals is to choose signal s; if and only if (iff): P(r0, hosi) + P(r, basi) < P(ro, hose) +@(r1, his), With Gaussian Distributed Noise 2 2 2 = frequency Maximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combi = Assuming n, and n, are Gaussian distributed, the maximum likelihood decision rule at the receiver for these received signals is to choose signal s; if and only if (iff): P(r0, hosi) + P(r, basi) < P(ro, hose) +@(r1, hase), Vitk = Where d2(x,y) is the squared Euclidean distance between signals and calculated by the following expression: P(x, y) = (@—y)(a* —y") Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combii = Assuming n, and n, are Gaussian distributed, the maximum likelihood decision rule at the receiver for these received signals is to choose signal s; if and only if (iff): P(r0, hosi) + P(r, basi) < P(ro, hose) +@(r1, his), With ya" -y" = Euclidean distance between signals used for digital communication determines the achievable error probability Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combi = Assuming n, and n, are Gaussian distributed, the maximum likelihood decision rule at the receiver for these received signals is to choose signal s; if and only if (iff): P(r0, hosi) + P(r, basi) < P(ro, hose) +@(r1, hase), Vitk Pay yz" -y" = Achievable error probability, i.e. the probability that a signal is different from the actually transmitted signal is detected at the receiver = Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme = The receiver combining scheme for two-branch MRRC is as follows: 39 =horo + hina ha(hoso +10) + hij (hig9 +1) =(a§ +.03)50 + hgno + hyn. = Expanding (3) and using (4) and (5) (ro, hosi) + f(r, hisi) < P(r0, hose) +i, his), Viek ) P(e, y) = (@-y)(e"-y'). (4) = (a6 +.07)80 + Kono + him. 6) Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme = The receiver combining scheme for two-branch MRRC is as follows: Bo =hiro + hin ae y ea =h(hoso + no) + hj (hiso +1) Vv =(a§ +.03)50 + hgno + hyn. = We get, choose s; iff: me roe 7 Sate (ai + 03)|s:l? — 308% — 358% bert < (05 +03)|sel? — S085 — 35%, Viek (6) ras » = or equivalently choose s; iff: (a + aj - Diss? + PGo, 5%) S (a5 +a} — Ise? +00, 9%), VEFK. (7) Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme = For PSK signals (equal energy constellations) si? =|se|?=Es, Vi, k = Where E, is the energy of the signal. Therefore, for PSK signals, the decision rule in (7) may be simplified to: choose 3; iff @ Go, i) < (50, sx), Vi FB. Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics Engineering= The maximal-ratio combiner may then construct the signal $,, as shown in the figure, so that the maximum likelihood detector may produce §, which is a maximum. likelihood estimate of s, Maximal-Ratio Received Combining Scheme Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics EngineeringMaximum Likelihood Detector Maximum Likelihood Detection Rule (a8 +a —Dlal?+ Go, 2) = oe S (05 +03 —L]sx? +0Go, se), WEAK = For PSK signals: d (80, 8:1) < P30, sk), 9 Vix ke Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics Engineeringesources [1] S. Alamouti, “A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications” Journal on Select Areas in Communications, October 1998, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 2-3, [2] J. Adams, A. Ghosh and R. Muhamed, “Multiple Antenna Techniques”, in Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking, Westford Massachusetts: Pearson Education Inc., 2007, Ch. 5, Sec 2, pp. 154-156 Maximal Ratio-Received Combining (MMRC) Scheme ‘Ateneo de Naga Electronics Engineering—w THANK YOU!