INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:

- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.
Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the
presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty acyl
chains and also the association of cholesterol. In the
presence of these compounds, a specific transition event
from E2 to E1 conformation is inhibited. INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:

- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific

transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is

inhibited.
INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

pump transports three sodium ions toward the

extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

the

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region

Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin

-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of

sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylcholine

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

ion-binding,
of ATP

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a

positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not
digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes

helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels

the bodys immune system

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic

lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the

body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective

in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of

ATP.
Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not
digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are

further metabolized into ketone compounds which

may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P

- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.

longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.
Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

helps maintain regular bowel movement and

lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the
Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine

-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged

ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.
Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large

intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the
Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of

inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

the

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region

-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a

positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylcholine

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin

-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of

sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.
Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the
presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.
INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Na+/K+ ATPase

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region

Na+/K+ ATPase
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty acyl
chains and also the association of cholesterol. In the
presence of these compounds, a specific transition event
from E2 to E1 conformation is inhibited. INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region

Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylcholine

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a

positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not
digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes

helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels

the bodys immune system

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic

lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the

body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective

in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of

ATP.
Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not
digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are

further metabolized into ketone compounds which

may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P

- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.

longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.
Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

helps maintain regular bowel movement and

lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the
Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine

-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged

ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.
Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large

intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the
Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of

inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

Benefits

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

the

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain

nourishment.

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine
-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

Cholesterol

-also contributes for the further stabilization of

enzyme.

the

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Benefits
Colony bacteria involved in the metabolism of
inulins help in food digestion and nutrient
absorption
increased calcium absorption (mainly in the large
intestine) induced by inulin has a side effect of
increasing magnesium absorption and bone
mineralisation
helps maintain regular bowel movement and
lessens occurrence of constipation
Inulin polymers when broken down are converted
to short-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are
further metabolized into ketone compounds which
may serve as food for body tissues.
food supplement
short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from inulin are
therapeutic
lowers cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
body
lowers possibilities of having Diabetes
helps reduce weight, and d) it sustains and fuels
the bodys immune system

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+ ATPase

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

INULIN

chemically known as -D-glucopyranosyl-[-Dfructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside

unbranched chains of fructose monomers that

may or may not contain a terminal glucose
molecule
Inulin Synthesis

naturally synthesized by plants, bacteria and

fungi

plant inulins- 2-100, or more fructose units

bacteria- 10,000- 100, 000 fructose units

synthesis starts with a sucrose molecule followed

by the rapid addition of fructose units by
enzymes. These fructose units are linked by glycosodic bonds; a flexible conformation is also
observed because of its unusual structure.
Solubility of Inulin

highly soluble in water

rate increases with high temperature and high pH

Basically, inulins are prebiotic fibers and are not

digested by human intestinal enzymes. Instead,
natural microflora in the large intestine helps
metabolize these polysaccharides and in turn obtain
nourishment.

protein complex that helps regulate physiological

amounts of sodium and potassium ions outside
and inside the cell
pump transports three sodium ions toward the
extracellular matrix and two potassium ions into
the intracellular matrix

two subunits:
- site for
phosphorylation

ion-binding,
of ATP

ion

transport,

and

- chaperone subunit

FXYD proteins are also associated with this enzyme

which is a tissue-specific modulator and enhaces
the enzymes affinity to Na+ ions
The enzyme is able to perform its function through
changing its conformation to two different ways- E1
and E2.
E1 is oriented towards the cytoplasm and has higher
affinity to sodium while E2 faces the outside and has
higher affinity to potassium.

Enzyme stabilization by phosphatidylserine and

cholesterol

Phosphatidylserine

-contributes to the stability of Na+-K+ ATPase.

transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is

inhibited.

Cholesterol
-also contributes for the further stabilization of
enzyme.

Na+/K+ ATPase has an TM8-10 pocket which

serve as the binding site of cholesterol and SOPS
molecule. In turn, the two lipid compounds
intereact to stabilize the enzyme.

the

Enzyme stimulation by phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamine
-a glycerophospholipid with a negatively charged
ethanolamine in its polar head.
-a stimulator of enzyme activity by accelerating
the enzyme transition from E1P to E2P
- bounded in a different site within the enzymebetween transmembrane helices 2, 4, 6, and 9.
longer
polyunsaturated
chain
of
phosphatidylethanolamine is more effective
in stimulating the Na, K ATPase. cleavage of
ATP.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.

Enzyme inhibition
sphingomyelin

by

phosphatidylcholine

and

Phosphatidylcholine
-a derivative of phosphatidic acid with a
positively charged choline as its alcohol group present in
the head region
Sphingomyelin
-a derivative of ceramide and is a subclass of
sphingolipids. It can either contain a phosphatidylcholine
or phosphatidylethanolamine on its head.

Inhibition of enzyme activity depends on the

presence of choline headgroups and saturated fatty
acyl chains and also the association of cholesterol. In
the presence of these compounds, a specific
transition event from E2 to E1 conformation is
inhibited.