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Movement Analysis

Movement Joints
Running Analysis
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Detailed analysis of movement is a complex activity requiring sophisticated

equipment. However, basic analysis of movement can be done visually and
should involve the following:

A description of the actual movements which occur at the joints involved

The plane(s) in which the movement occurs
The muscles producing the movement
The function of the muscles involved (agonists, antagonists, synergists &
fixators)
The type of contraction (isotonic - concentric or eccentric, isometric)
The range of the muscle action (inner, middle, outer)

AnalysisofSprinting

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The leg action in running is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a
frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.

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The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball
and socket joint.
The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge
joint.
The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a
modified joint.

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Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with
the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the
ground (recovery phase).

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DrivingPhase

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Biomechanics
Analysis Example

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Action

Agonist Muscle

Hip

Extension &
hyperextension

Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and

gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings
(biceps femoris, semimembranosus,
semitendinosus)

Knee

Extension

Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus

femoris, vastus medialis, vastus
lateralis and vastus intermedialis)

Ankle

Plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius

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Joints
involved

Recoveryphase
Joints
involved

Action

Agonist Muscle

Hip

Flexion

Iliopsoas

Knee

Flexion

Hamstrings (biceps femoris,

semimembranosus, semitendinosus)

Ankle

Dorsi
flexion

Tibialis anterior

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Motion Analysis
Sports Analysis
AnalysisofThrowing
Throwing comprises
of two phases, the
preparatory phase
and the throwing
phase.
Most actions are
rotational in the
transverse
plane
and
longitudinal
axis and the two
joints
primarily
involved are the
elbow
and
shoulder.
The elbow is a
hinge joint formed
by the humerus
and ulna.
The shoulder is a
ball
and
socket
joint
formed
between
the
humerus and the
scapula.
Note: The javelin is
incorrectly
held.
See
the
Javelin
section for more
details.

Preparatoryphase
Joints
involved

Articulating
bones

Action

Agonist Muscle

Shoulder

Humerus &
scapula

Horizontal
hyperextension

Posterior deltoids
and latissimus dorsi

Elbow

Humerus &
ulna

Extension

Triceps brachii

Throwingphase
Joints
involved

Articulating
bones

Action

Agonist Muscle

Shoulder

Humerus &
scapula

Horizontal
flexion

Anterior deltoids and

Pectoralis major

Elbow

Humerus &
ulna

Flexion

Biceps brachii

Analysisofracketstrokes
There are two
phases
to
striking a ball
with a racket,
the
preparatory
phase
and
the
striking
phase.
Most actions
are rotational
in
the
transverse
plane
and
longitudinal
axis and the
three
joints
concerned
are the wrist,
elbow
and
the shoulder
The elbow is
a hinge joint
formed
by
the humerus
and ulna.
The shoulder
is a ball and
socket
joint
formed
between the
humerus and
the scapula
The
wrist
forms
a
condyloid
joint between
the ulna and
carpal bones

PreparatoryPhase
Joints
involved

Articulating
bones

Action

Agonist Muscle

Wrist

Ulna & carpal

Radius &ulna

Supination

Supinator

Elbow

Humerus &
ulna

Extension

Triceps brachii

Shoulder

Humerus &
scapula

Horizontal
hyperextension

Posterior deltoid
and latissimus dorsi

StrikingPhase
Joints
involved

Articulating
bones

Action

Agonist Muscle

Wrist

Ulna & carpal

Radius & ulna

Pronation

Pronator teres

Elbow

Humerus &
ulna

Flexion

Biceps brachii

Shoulder

Humerus &
scapula

Horizontal
flexion

Pectoralis major and

Anterior deltoid

Rotation

External obliques

Trunk

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Analysisofjumping
The action in
jumping
is
one
that
takes place in
a
sagittal
plane about a
transverse
axis
and
involves the
hip, knee and
ankle joints.
The bones of
the
hip
involved are
the
femur
and
pelvic
girdle which
form a ball
and
socket
joint.
The bones of
the
knee
involved are
the
femur
and
tibia
which form a
hinge joint.
The bones of
the
ankle
involved are
the tibia and
calcaneus
which form a
modified
joint.

Joints
involved

Action

Agonist Muscle

Hip

Extension
&hyperextension

Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus

and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings
(biceps femoris, semimembranosus,
semitendinosus)

Knee

Extension

Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus

femoris, vastus medialis, vastus
lateralis and vastus intermedialis)

Ankle

Plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius

AnalysisofKicking

The action
in kicking is
one
that
takes place
in a sagittal
plane about
a
frontal
axis
and
involves the
hip,
knee
and
ankle
joints.
The bones
of the hip
involved are
the
femur
and pelvic
girdle which
form a ball
and socket
joint.
The bones
of the knee
involved are
the
femur
and
tibia
which form
a
hinge
joint.
The bones
of the ankle
involved are
the
tibia
and
calcaneus
which form
a modified
joint.
Kicking
comprises
of
two
phases, the
preparatory
phase and
the kicking
phase.

PreparatoryPhase
Joints
involved

Action

Agonist Muscle

Hip

Extension &
hyperextension

Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus

and gluteus minimus)

Knee

Flexion

Hamstrings (biceps femoris,

semimembranosus,
semitendinosus)

Ankle

Plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius

Kickingphase
Joints
involved

Action

Agonist Muscle

Hip

Flexion

Iliopsoas

Knee

Extension

Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus

femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis
and vastus intermedialis)

Ankle

Plantar
flexion

Gastrocnemius

Agonist,Antagonist,Fixator&SynergistMuscles
Question often asked relate to which are the Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator &
Synergist Muscles. When kicking the ball then:

Agonist - Quadricep muscles

Antagonist - Hamstring muscles
Fixator - Gluteus Maximus
Synergist - Abdominal muscles

RelatedReferences
The following references provide additional information on this topic:
PERRY, T. S. (1990) Biomechanically engineered athletes. Spectrum,
IEEE, 27 (4), p. 43-44
NILSOON, N. (2014) Movement analysis of side step cutting motion in
agility testing for elite athletes.

PageReference
If you quote information from this page in your work then the reference for this
page is:
MACKENZIE, B. (2007) Movement Analysis [WWW] Available from:
https://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm [Accessed 24/10/2016]

RelatedPages
The following Sports Coach pages provide additional information on this topic:

Articles on Physiology
Books on Physiology
Blood Pressure
Body Fat
Body Type
Energy Pathways
Ideal Weight
Lactic Acid
Maximum Heart Rate
Movement Analysis
Muscle Types
Protein
Range of Movement
Vitamins
VO2 max

AdditionalSourcesofInformation
For further information on this topic see the following:
BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1996) Advanced Studies in Physical
Education and Sport. UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1997) The World of Sport Examined. UK:
Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
BIZLEY, K. (1994) Examining Physical Education. Oxford; Heinemann
Educational Publishers
DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport. UK:
Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

 GALLIGAN, F. et al. (2000) Advanced PE for Edexcel. Oxford; Heinemann

Educational Publishers
McARDLE, W. et al. (2000) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

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