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Strength
The common definition is "the ability to exert a force against a resistance".
The strength needed for a sprinter to explode from the blocks is different to
the strength needed by a weight lifter to lift a 200kg barbell. This therefore
implies that there are different types of strength.

Whataretheclassificationsofstrength?

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Anatomy & Physiology

The classifications of strength are:

Maximum strength - the greatest force that is possible in a single
maximum contraction
Elastic strength - the ability to overcome a resistance with a fast
contraction
Strength endurance - the ability to express force many times over

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AbsoluteandRelativestrength
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Absolutestrength - The maximum force an athlete can exert with his

or her whole body, or part of the body, irrespective of body size or
muscle size
Relative strength - The maximum force exerted in relation to body
weight or muscle size.

Howdowegetstrong?
A muscle will only strengthen when it is worked beyond its normal operation it is overloaded. Overload can be progressed by increasing the:
number of repetitions of an exercise
number of sets of the exercise
intensity by reduced recover time

Howdowedevelopstrength?
Maximum strength can be developed with :
weight training
Elastic strength can be developed with :
conditioning exercises
complex training sessions
medicine ball exercises
plyometric exercises
weight training
Strength endurance can be developed with :
circuit training
dumbbell exercises
weight training
hill and harness running

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Theeffectsofstrengthtraining
Strength training programs cause biomechanical changes that occur within
muscle and serve to increase the oxidative capacity of the muscle. The affects
of strength training are:
an increase in ATP, CP and glycogen concentration
a decrease in oxidative enzyme activity
a decrease in mitocarbohydratendrial density
These changes vary slightly according to the training intensity.
Changes that occur within the muscle because of strength training are
classified as:
Myogenic - changes within the muscle structure
Neuogenic - changes to the connection between muscle and nerve

Myogenicchanges
Strength training results in muscle hypertrophy, an increase in the crosssectional size of existing fibres. This is achieved by increasing:

number of myofibrils
sarcoplasmic volume
protein
supporting connective tissue (ligaments and tendons)

Strength training programs increase the intramuscular stores such as

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP) and glycogen.
In women, the potential for hypertrophy is not as great as men due mainly to
the lower levels of testosterone in women.

Neurogenicchanges
By repeatedly stimulating muscle, you increase the rate of response of the
central nervous system. The recruitment patterns become more refined and
as a result and gross movement patterns become more efficient and effective.

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RelatedReferences
The following references provide additional information on this topic:

 RAMSAY, J. A. et al. (1990) Strength training effects in prepubescent

boys. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 22 (5), p. 605-614
BEATTIE, K. et al. (2014) The Effect of Strength Training on
Performance in Endurance Athletes. Sports Medicine, 44 (6), p. 845-865
MARCINIK, E. J.et al. (1991) Effects of strength training on lactate
threshold and endurance performance. Medicine and science in sports
and exercise, 23 (6), p. 739-743
FAIGENBAUM, A. D. et al. (1996) The effects of strength training and
detraining on children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning
Research, 10 (2), p. 109-114

PageReference
If you quote information from this page in your work then the reference for
this page is:
MACKENZIE, B. (1997) Strength [WWW] Available from:
https://www.brianmac.co.uk/strength.htm [Accessed 24/10/2016]

RelatedPages
The following Sports Coach pages provide additional information on this topic:

Articles on Strength Training

Books on Strength Training
Circuit Training
Weight Training

AdditionalSourcesofInformation
For further information on this topic see the following:
BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1996) Advanced Studies in Physical
Education and Sport. UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1997) The World of Sport Examined. UK:
Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
BIZLEY, K. (1994) Examining Physical Education. Oxford; Heinemann
Educational Publishers
DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport. UK:
Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
GALLIGAN, F. et al. (2000) Advanced PE for Edexcel. Oxford;
Heinemann Educational Publishers
McARDLE, W. et al. (2000) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
BREWER, C (2005) Strength and Conditioning for games players. UK;
Coachwise Business Solution.
CHU, D. (1996) Explosive Power and Strength. USA; Human Kinetics
Publishers, Inc.
BOMPA, T. and CORNACCHIA, L. (1998) Serious Strength Training. USA;
Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
DELAVIER, F. (2001) Strength Training Anatomy. USA; Human Kinetics
Publishers, Inc.
PAULETTO, B. (1991) Strength Training for Coaches. USA; Human
Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
WINCH, M. (2004) Strength Training for Athletes. UK; Stanley L. Hunt
Ltd.
TENKE, Z. and HIGGINS, A. (1999) Medicine Ball Training. Canada;
Sport Book Publishers
SCHOLICH, M. (1999) Circuit Training for all Sports. Canada; Sport
Book Publishers

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