Modified Roots Most plants produce either @ taproot sytem in which there inva single large root with smaller branch roots, oF 3 f= brows root system in which dese nay seals ees ot similar diameter. Some plants, hovever, have intriguing root imouifications with specific Function in addition ta those of snchornge and absorption, Aerial roots. Some plants, such a epiphyte orchid (or chide that are attached co tree branches and grow wn connected to the ground ‘without being parse in any say) have roots that exond fuels eae ase al ous have an epidermis that fs several celle tic an adap- tation to reduce water loss. These aerial roots may alse be green and photosynthetic, sin the vanila orchid, Some monocots sich 98 corn po duce thick roots from the lever pars ofthe stem these ‘prop rots grow doen to the found and brace the plants Spain wind, Climbing plants such as ivy also produce +o0ts from their stems; these anchor the stems to tee trunks ora brick wall. Any root that aries along as tari ene plane othe thn the root th lent eal fn adventitious ree. Adventitous rox formation in ivy ‘depends onthe developmental stage ofthe shoo. When the shows transitions tothe adult phase of development, iets longer eapabl of inating these root, Preumatophores. Some plant that grow in swamps and ther wet places may produce spongy ontgronths Called pumatypbore from their underwater roots (i ure 38.214). The pneumatophores commonly extend several exntimetersahore water, facliaing the oxygen supply tothe root: beneath ‘Contractile evots. ‘The roots fram the bull of lies and of several other plants such a dandelions contract, by spiraling to pull the plan ite deeper into the soil cach year ancl they reach an area of telatvely stable temperatures, The roo nly contract wo a third of their ‘original length ss they sptal like a corkscrew due to csl= Tula thickening and constrietng Parasitic roots. ‘The stems of certain plans that lack chlorophyll, such as dodder (Cucata), produce peglike Three spes of mode roves. Pacumatophor Vorerouni re apeiron Flow) Avatar aoage roe eng ore 15 logan (0 Pounds () Baten root ols ropa ge root called heuer that penetrate the hos plants round which they are twine. The haustris each omct withthe condtng Sens of the host and fecuely parasars tei host Food storage roots. ‘The ayem of branch roots of ene perce cd cnr pds ker et ede many cua parcreyma cls that tore lane quate Of earbydatr Crvns, be pari adhe, ac turnips have combinations of stem and ret tha also finn in ad storage. Cros sccons of these rot reveal mulepe ring of econdary growth. Water storage roots. Some members of the pumpkin family (Cucuraceas), spec hose ha grow nad reins, may produce water-orage Tot weighing 50 torre kilograms igure 38.210) uaress roots. Certain specie offi al ocher ropa tres predce huge utes rots toward he bau of the trunk which provid considerable sab gure 8214 ‘Some plant have mid root ha carry out Dorin, gator oxygen parasize oer planes, hore fod or water or spun he set Chapter 38 ‘The Plane ody 767[Backbone of the shoot, transporting nutrients and aerial plant organs. Stem Structure Exeemnal Form The shoot apical meristem inte stem tse and inter imitently produces bulges (primordia) that will develop Ino leave, ther shoots, ur even Dawes (gure 38. The semis am sts For which ongane grow. Leaves may tbe arranged inspiral around che stem, hey maybe in pais opposite one anothers they also may occur in =fuls (Garces) of three or more: Spirals are the most common Snd, for ress sil not onderstond, sequential leaves tendo be placed 137-5 apart. This angle relates tothe golden mean, mathematical ai, that i found i nature Che angle of eriling in some shells for example, clasical architecture (he Parthenon wal dimensions), and even tmovdern art Mondeian) The pattern of let arrangement iralled plsllotary and may optimize exposre of leaves tothe am The regia or aes (oo structure is involved) of laf attache called ‘node; the aes of stem benseen rr eke oop ts pants tent mesning than it doce when p= ‘hed vo animals (probably obvious, as plants don’e get up and move Srv): m plants it mean mele for attached. "The space between 4 petiole (or blade) and the stern is fale soya Aa lrg bed pe SSoced in each ail. This bid fe ¢ product of the primary shoot apical) fmeristem, which, with ie sociated HAGUE 32 (kp, ela bere DUREONDD bud. Aviary bd frequently de= velop into branches or may for meristems thet will develop into Aomers (Refer back to Figure 346 to review these terms) Herbaceous stems do not produces cork cumbia. The stems are unully green and photonyathetcy with a least the outer cells of the cortex containing chloroplasts Herbacenas seme commonly have stom, and may have ‘arions types of wichomes (ait) ‘Woody stems can persist over numberof years and develop distinctive markings in addition tothe orginal forgans chat form. Terminal buds usualy extend the length of the shoot during the growing season, Some bhnds sich as those of geranime, ae nprorecte, bit 768 Pan.X Plant Form and Function e, Figure 3422 Ashoot apex (009 Sig Seti oe The Cntiem). Awol evi (fo wintes sme, most buds of woody plants hive protective winter fd sales that deop of, leaving tiny bd sas 2s the bad ex feed See trig Ears ny es of gE org A Pair of butteriylike appendages called stipules (part of the leaf develop atthe base of some leaves "The stiles ‘in fill of and leave spe nar. When leaves of did ‘us trees drop in the falls they leave leurs with tiny Iundle sors, marking where vascular connections were The shapes, sizes, and other feaures of laf sears ean be distinctive enough to identify the plants in win (gure 38.23).Modified Stems Although most stems grow erect there are some modifea- ‘ons that serve special purposes including that of nara egantive propagation. Infact, the widespread arial vege- ‘ative propagation of plans, both commercial and private, frequently involves the cutting of modified stems into seg~ ‘ments, which are then planted and prodce new plants As $y become aoqosinted with the fllowing mii sms, Keep in mind that stems have lace at modes, with interna Ihenicen the nodes, and Pudi the air of the leaves, bile oats have no leaves, nodes, or axilary buds. Bulbs. Onion, lilies, and talips have swollen under- ered street are tally lege be wi ihc Foor at the base (gure 3828s). Most ofa ul consis of flaky leaves atached co a smal, knoblike stem. In onions, the fleshy Teaves are surrounded by papery, scaleliLe leaf bases of the long, green aboveground leaves. Comms. Crocuses, gladioluss, and other popular gar- -Secipleees odes: ee al ee tially See ‘lla. Cursing a corm in hal, however reveal no fleshy leaves. Instead, almost all of corm consists of stem, ‘with 2 few papery, brown nonfunctional leaves on the ‘outside, and advent ors below. Rhizomes, Perennial grasses, ferns, irises, and many other plants produce rbimes, which typically are bori- zontal stems that grow underground, often close tothe sures (Hue 38.20). Fach node hasan inconspicuous Scalelike leaf with an aullary buds much larger powo- synthetic leaves may be produced athe rhizome tp. Ad ‘emisons roots are proce throughout the length of the rhizome, mainly onthe lower surface. [Runncts and stolons. Strawberry plants produce hor- ‘zontal stems with long internodes, which, unlike rhi- zomes, usually grow along the suriace of the ground. ‘Several rammers may radiate out frm a single plane (Sig sure 38280, Some botanists use the tem zai synony- ‘mony with runner, others reserve the term stolon for a sem with long internodes that grows undergo, 38 Sean in Tish (white) potato plans. An lsh patois, however, is another spe of modified stem—a tuber. Tubers._Tn Trish potato plant, carbohydrates may ac- ccumlate at the tips of stolons which swell becoming ters; the stolons die afer the tubers mature (igure 38.284. The “eyes” of a potato are axillary buds formed. in the ails of seallike leaves, The scalelike leaves, which are present when the por Is starting to form, oon drop off che tiny vdge adjacent eo cach "eye” of 2 ‘mature potato isa let ser ‘Tendiils. Many climbing plants, such as grapes and Boston ivy, prodtce modified stems imows as tendrils, which ine around: ‘and ad in climbing (igure 38.280) Some tenis, suchas those of peas and pump is aeetalpaatbd raise eens Penna Poca te name aneome esc Nodes (anilry busts =" serene, v sem nate sree = ae con tonne tte race 4 "Type ef cia wc [Cladophylls. Cacti and several other plants produce flattened, photosynthetic stems called dado that re— scr leaves (gare 38.29). Tn ent the ral ewe re ‘eid a spines. ‘Some plans possess modified stems that serve special purposes including fod soraz, sport, or vegetative propagation. Chapter 8 The Phe Roly 77L