1

Shear Strength Evaluation of Bentonite Stabilised with

Recycled Materials

Umair Hasana; Amin Chegenizadehb*; Mochamad Arief Budihardjoc; Hamid

Nikrazd

5a Graduate of the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University,
6Perth, Australia.
7b Researcher, PhD, at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth,
8Australia
9c Lecturer, PhD, at the Department of Environmental Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia
10d Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University,
11Perth, Australia
12*Corresponding Author: Amin Chegenizadeh
13E-mail: amin.chegenizadeh@curtin.edu.au
14Phone: (+61) (8) 92662491
15Affiliation: Researcher at the Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University
16Postal Address: GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia, 6845.

17

1. References:

18Abdelrahman, G.E., Mohamed, H.K., and Ahmed, H.M. (2013). New replacement formations on
19

expansive soils using recycled EPS beads. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference

20

on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013, 31673170.

21Amiralian, Saeid, Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Nikraz, Hamid (2015).
22

Study of scale effect on strength characteristic of stabilised composite with sewage sludge

23

Part B: Critical investigation. Construction and Building Materials, 80, 346-350. doi:

24

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.070.

1
2

25Australasian (Iron & Steel) Slag Association (2013). Quick Reference Guide 1 in Roads Guide
26

Supplement on General Applications. Wollongong: Australasian (Iron & Steel) Slag

27

Association..

28Barnett, S.J., Soutsos, M.N., Millard, S.G., and Bungey, J.H. (2006). Strength development of
29

mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and

30

determination of apparent activation energies. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(3), 434

31

440. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.002.

32Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Nikraz, Hamid (2015a). Application of
33

wood to sand-slag and its effect on soil strength. Procedia Engineering, 102, 640646. doi:

34

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.155.

35Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Nikraz, Hamid (2015b). Investigation of the
36

strength

37

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.153.

of

carbon-sand

mixture.

Procedia

Engineering,

102,

634639.

doi:

38Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J. (2013). An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals. 3rd
39

ed. London: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland.

40Fredericci, C., Zanotto, E.D., and Ziemath, E.C. (2000). Crystallization mechanism and properties of
41

a blast furnace slag glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 273(1), 6475.

42Fredlund, D.G. (2006). Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice. Journal of

43

Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(3), 286321.

44Gardner, Laura J., Bernal, Susan A., Walling, Samuel A., Corkhill, Claire L., Provis, John L., and
45

Hyatt, Neil C. (2015). Characterisation of magnesium potassium phosphate cements blended

46

with fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research, 74(0),

47

7887. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.01.015.

3
4

48Hasan, Umair, Chegenizadeh, Amin, Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, and Nikraz, Hamid (2015) A
49

review of the stabilisation techniques on expansive soils. Australian Journal of Basic &

50

Applied Sciences, 9(7):541548.

51Hasan, Umair, Chegenizadeh, Amin, Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, and Nikraz, Hamid (2016).
52

Experimental evaluation of construction waste and ground granulated blast furnace slag as

53

alternative

54

http://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-9983-z.

soil

stabilisers.

Geotechnical

and

Geological

Engineering,

116.

55Karnland, Ola (2010). Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of the Bentonite Buffer for the
56

Acceptance Control Procedure in a KBS-3 Repository. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste

57

Management Co., Stockholm (Sweden).

58Karunarathne, Aman, Gad, E.F., Sivanerupan, S., and Wilson, J. L. (2012). Review of residential
59

footing design on expansive soil in Australia. in From Materials to Structures: Advancement

60

through Innovation, 575580, CRC Press.

61McGrath, Teresa, White, Jesse F., and Downey, Jerome P. (2014). Experimental determination of
62

density in molten lime silicate slags as a function of temperature and composition. Mineral

63

Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. Inst. Min Metall. C), 123(3), 178183.

64Murthy, Inampudi Narasimha, Babu Arun, Nallabelli, and Rao Babu, Jinugu (2014). Comparative
65

studies on microstructure and mechanical properties of granulated blast furnace slag and fly

66

ash reinforced AA 2024 composites. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization

67

and Engineering, 2, 319333. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2014.24037.

68Nidzam, RM, and Kinuthia, John Mungai (2010). "Sustainable soil stabilisation with blastfurnace
69

slaga review. Proceedings of the ICE-Construction Materials, 163(3):157165.

70Van Oss, Hendrik G. (2003). Slag-Iron and Steel. United States: US Geological Survey Minerals
71

5
6

Yearbook.

72Ouf, Abdel Rahman Mohamed El-Sadek. (2001). Stabilisation of Clay Subgrade Soils Using Ground
73

Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

74Proctor, D.M., Fehling, K.A., Shay, E.C., Wittenborn, J.L., Green, J.J., Avent, C., Bigham, R.D.,
75

Connolly, M., Lee, B., and Shepker, T.O. (2000). Physical and chemical characteristics of

76

blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace steel industry slags.

77

Environmental Science & Technology, 34(8), 15761582.

78Standards Australia (2003). Methods of Testings Soil for Engineering Purposes: Method 5.1.1: Soil
79

Compaction and Density Tests-Determination of the Dry Density/Moisture Content Relation

80

of a Soil Using Standard Compactive Effort. AS 1289.5.1.12003.

81Standards Australia AS 1289.6.2.2 (1998). Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes-Soil
82

Strength and Consolidation Tests-Determination of the Shear Strength of a Soil-Direct Shear

83

Test Using a Shear Box.

84Venkatramaiah, C. (2006). Geotechnical Engineering: New Age International.

85

7
8

86List of figures:
87

88

89
90

Figure 5 Bentonite Clay (a) SEM Micrograph, and (b) EDS Spectra

91

9
10

92
93

Figure 7 GGBFS EDS Spectra

94

11
12

95

96
97

13
14

Figure 8 Construction Waste (a) SEM Micrograph, and (b) EDS Spectra

98

99
100 Figure 23 EDS Spectra of S3G5 after 28 Days of Curing with (a) Bentonite, (b) GGBFS, and
101
(c) Construction Waste Grains

15
16