3(+'+/4 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"#

<"*= >?1 @"= A1 8&)'&BC&( >DDA

!"#$% &'' ()*+,-./ & 0&(-#1%$2 ()3+.4

#0) 0&(-#1&' 1%) +5 0&(-#1% -.
)41*&#-+.&' 6)%)&6*0
!"#$% &%#'(
!"#$"# %&'(")"*+',# -#+.&(/+'01 -2

)*% +,$+%-. ,/ *#0".12 3"%2 #. .*% *%#4. ,/ 5,146"%172 .*%,4%."+#3 /4#8%9,4:; <. "2 # +,8-3%=
+,$+%-. .*#. .#:%2 8#$' 2*#-%2 #$6 /,482 "$ 5,146"%172 ,9$ 94"."$>? %@%$ 8,4% 2, "$ .*% 9"6%4
2,+",3,>"+#3 9,4: ,/ ,.*%4 #+#6%8"+2; <$ .*% A42. -#4. ,/ .*"2 -#-%4 < 6%@%3,- #$ 1$6%42.#$6"$> ,/
*#0".12? 0#2%6 ,$ 5,146"%172 8#$' 94"."$>2 ,$ .*% +,$+%-.? .*#. 4%+,>$"B%2 0,.* ".2 -%48%#0"3".'
#$6 ".2 #0"3".' ., +#-.14% +,$."$1".' #$6 +*#$>%; < #32, 8#- ".2 4%3#.",$2*"- ., 5,146"%172 ,.*%4
+,$+%-.2? "$ -#4."+13#4 A%36 #$6 +13.14#3 +#-".#3; <$ .*% 2%+,$6 -#4. ,/ .*% -#-%4 < %=#8"$% #..%8-.2
., ,-%4#.",$#3"B% *#0".12 "$ %8-"4"+#3 4%2%#4+* "$ %61+#.",$; < +4"."C1% .*% +,$.%8-,4#4' /#2*",$ ,/
,@%43#'"$> 4%2%#4+* #$#3'2%2 9".* 5,146"%172 +,$+%-.2? "$+316"$> *#0".12? 4#.*%4 .*#$ 8#:"$> .*%
+,$+%-.2 9,4: "$ .*% +,$.%=. ,/ .*% 6#.# #$6 .*% 4%2%#4+* 2%.."$>2; <$ .*% A$#3 -#4. ,/ .*% -#-%4 <
64#9 ,$ # 4#$>% ,/ 4%2%#4+* %=#8-3%2 .*#. 1."3"B% *#0".12 #2 # 4%2%#4+* .,,3 ., "3312.4#.% *,9 *#0".12
+#$ 0% 8#6% ., 9,4: "$ %61+#.",$#3 4%2%#4+*;

".#6+41*#-+.
D,4 5,146"%1 .*% >,#3 ,/ 2,+",3,>"+#3 4%2%#4+* "2 ., 1$+,@%4 .*% 8,2. 6%%-3' 014"%6
2.41+.14%2 ,/ .*% 6"//%4%$. 2,+"#3 9,4362 .*#. 8#:% 1- .*% 2,+"#3 1$"@%42%? #2 9%33 #2
.*% E8%+*#$"2827 .*#. .%$6 ., %$214% .*%"4 4%-4,61+.",$ ,4 .4#$2/,48#.",$ F5,146"%1?
GHHI? - GJ; )*"2 "2 # @%4' 6"//%4%$. #>%$6# #$6 .%48"$,3,>' ., .*#. ,/ 81+*
+,$.%8-,4#4' %61+#.",$#3 4%2%#4+*? 9*"+* .%$62 ., @"%9 #$' /,+12 ,$ 2.41+.14%2
#$6 8%+*#$"282 #2 -#4. ,/ # 6"2+4%6".%6 K#4="2. 4%2%#4+* #>%$6#; L,9%@%4?
9*"3% 5,146"%1 4%+,>$"B%6 .*% +,$.4"01.",$ K#4="28 8#6% ., *"2 9,4:? *"2 ,9$
.*%,4%."+#3 /4#8%9,4: "2 # +,8-3%= 64#9"$> ,$ .*% "6%#2 ,/ $,. ,$3' K#4=? 01. M%0%4?
!14:*%"8 #$6 K%43%#1NO,$.'? -312 # >4%#. 6%#3 ,/ +,$+%-.1#3 6%@%3,-8%$. .*#. "2
6"2."$+.3' *"2 ,9$; <$ /#+.? 5,146"%1 "$2"2.%6 .*#. *% 9#2 ., .*% 3%/. ,/ K#4= FP4%229%33?
QRRQJ;
(<$2.".1.% /,4 O,3"+' S.16"%2 "$ T61+#.",$? U,$6,$ K%.4,-,3".#$ V$"@%42".'? GIIWQQR L,33,9#'
&,#6? U,$6,$ XY Z!5? V[; TN8#"3\ 6;4%#']3,$6,$8%.;#+;1:
<SSX RG^QW_IHQF-4"$.J`<SSX ZYI_Waa^_ F,$3"$%J`R^`R^R^aGNG^
! QRR^ )#'3,4 b D4#$+"2 U.6
!c<\ GR;GRZR`RG^Q_IHR^QRRRQaIHa^

^aQ F= G&,0
S,8% ,/ 5,146"%172 "6%#2 #$6 +,$+%-.2 #4% 0%..%4 :$,9$ #$6 0%..%4 1$6%42.,,6
.*#$ ,.*%42; <$ -#4."+13#4? 4%/%4%$+%2 ., +13.14#3 +#-".#3 *#@% 0%+,8% +,88,$-3#+% "$
#+#6%8"+ 94"."$>? L#0".12? "$ +,$.4#2.? "2 3%22 9%33 :$,9$ #$6 "2 -4,0#03' 5,146"%172
8,2. +,$.%2.%6 +,$+%-.; d3.*,1>*? "$ +,88,$ 9".* +13.14#3 +#-".#3? .*%4% "2 #$
"$+4%#2"$> .%$6%$+' /,4 *#0".12 ., 0% 2-4#'%6 .*4,1>*,1. #+#6%8"+ .%=.2 3":%
E"$.%33%+.1#3 *#"4 2-4#'7 FL%'? QRRaJ? 0%2.,9"$> >4#@".#2 9".*,1. 6,"$> #$' .*%,4%."+#3
9,4:; L,9%@%4? 1$3":% +13.14#3 +#-".#3? *#0".12 *#2 0%%$ 210e%+. ., 9"6%2-4%#6
+4"."+"28? 8#"$3' ,$ .*% 0#2"2 ,/ ".2 3#.%$. 6%.%48"$"28; )*"2 "2 "4,$"+ "$ @"%9 ,/
5,146"%172 4#.",$#3% /,4 6%@%3,-"$> .*% +,$+%-.; L% #4>1%2 .*#. *#0".12 "2 +%$.4#3 .,
*"2 8%.*,6,3,>' ,/ 2.41+.14#3"2. +,$2.41+."@"28? #$ #..%8-. ., .4#$2+%$6 61#3"282 ,/
#>%$+'W2.41+.14%? ,0e%+."@%W210e%+."@% #$6 .*% 8"+4,W8#+4,; L#0".12 .*%$ "2 .*%
+,$+%-.1#3 .,,3 .*#. 5,146"%1 12%2 9".*"$ .*"2 8%.*,6,3,>"+#3 /4#8%9,4: ,/
2.41+.14#3"2. +,$2.41+."@"28 "$ #$ #..%8-. ., 4%+,$+"3% .*%2% 61#3"282 F5,146"%1?
GHZ_#J; 5,146"%1 FGHHH#J +,$."$1%6 .*4,1>*,1. *"2 +#4%%4 ., +*#33%$>% .*% @"%9 ,/
*#0".12 #2 # /,48 ,/ 6%.%48"$"28? #22%4."$> .*#. *#0".12 ,//%42 .*% ,$3' 614#03% /,48 ,/
/4%%6,8f.*#. >"@%$ 0' .*% 8#2.%4' ,/ #$ #4.;
L#0".12 #2 # +,$+%-. *#2 # @%4' 3,$> *"2.,4' 6#."$> 0#+: ., d4"2.,.3%; d3.*,1>* <
6, $,. *#@% .*% 2-#+% *%4% ., "$+316% # >%$%#3,>' ,/ *#0".12? X#2* FGHHHJ "$+316%2
#$ %=+%33%$. *"2.,4' ,/ .*% +,$+%-.; d++,46"$> ., 5,146"%1 ". "2 .*4,1>* .*%
9,4:"$>2 ,/ *#0".12 .*#. -4#+."+% F#>%$+'J "2 3"$:%6 9".* +#-".#3 #$6 A%36 F2.41+.14%J;
<$ 4%3#.",$ ., .*% +*#4>% ,/ 6%.%48"$"28? 5,146"%1 FGHHR0? -; GGIJ #4>1%2 .*#.
*#0".12 0%+,8%2 #+."@% "$ 4%3#.",$ ., # A%36? #$6 .*% 2#8% *#0".12 +#$ 3%#6 ., @%4'
6"//%4%$. -4#+."+%2 #$6 2.#$+%2 6%-%$6"$> ,$ .*% 2.#.% ,/ .*% A%36; < 9"33 %3#0,4#.% ,$
.*% 3"$:2 0%.9%%$ *#0".12 #$6 5,146"%172 ,.*%4 +,$+%-.2 3#.%4 "$ .*% -#-%4; D"42. <
9#$. ., .%#2% ,1. e12. 9*#. 5,146"%1 8%#$. 0' *#0".12 0' #$#3'2"$> ". "$ .%482 ,/ /,14
4%3#.%6 #2-%+.2;
7)*+,-./ & 0&(-#1%
E,C+'6/ ,/ &BC"$+B&#'
<$2.%#6 ,/ 9,4:"$> 9".* 9*#. *% +,$2"6%42 ., 0% # g#9%6 +,$+%-.1#3"B#.",$? .*#. ,/ .*%
E#+."@% 210e%+. +,$/4,$."$> 2,+"%.' #2 "/ .*#. 2,+"%.' 9%4% #$ ,0e%+. +,$2.".1.%6
%=.%4$#33'7 F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -; GHRJ? 5,146"%1 6%@%3,-%6 .*% +,$+%-. ,/ *#0".12 .,
6%8,$2.4#.% .*% 9#'2 "$ 9*"+* $,. ,$3' "2 .*% 0,6' "$ .*% 2,+"#3 9,436? 01. #32, .*%
9#'2 "$ 9*"+* .*% 2,+"#3 9,436 "2 "$ .*% 0,6' F5,146"%1? GHZGJ; )*% *#0".12\
<2 # 2,+"#3"2%6 0,6'; d 2.41+.14%6 0,6'? # 0,6' 9*"+* *#2 "$+,4-,4#.%6 .*% "88#$%$.
2.41+.14%2 ,/ # 9,436 ,4 ,/ # -#4."+13#4 2%+.,4 ,/ .*#. 9,436f# A%36f#$6 9*"+* 2.41+.14%2
.*% -%4+%-.",$ ,/ .*#. 9,436 #2 9%33 #2 #+.",$ "$ .*#. 9,436; F5,146"%1? GHHZ#? -; ZGJ

)*12? ,$% ,/ .*% +41+"#3 /%#.14%2 ,/ *#0".12 "2 .*#. ". "2 %80,6"%6? ". "2 $,. +,8-,2%6
2,3%3' ,/ 8%$.#3 #..".16%2 #$6 -%4+%-.",$2 F2%% #32, P*4"2 S*"33"$>72 #4."+3% "$ .*"2
@,318%J; 5,146"%1 94".%2 .*#. ". "2 %=-4%22%6 .*4,1>* 614#03% 9#'2 E,/ 2.#$6"$>?
2-%#:"$>? 9#3:"$>? #$6 .*%4%0' ,/ /%%3"$> #$6 .*"$:"$>7 F5,146"%1? GHHR#? -; YRJ;
O%,-3%72 4%3#.",$2*"-2 ., 6,8"$#$. +13.14% #4% +,$@%'%6 "$ # 4#$>% ,/ #+."@"."%2?

hG

3&0"#$ '4& 4,C+'6,* 6/& "7 4,C+'6/

^aa

"$+316"$> %#."$>? 2-%#:"$> #$6 >%2.14"$> F5,146"%1? GHZ^J; S, .*% *#0".12 #2

.*% 2,+"#3 "2 "$2+4"0%6 "$ .*% 0,6' ,/ .*% 0",3,>"+#3 "$6"@"61#3 F5,146"%1? GHZ_0?
-; GGaJ

E,C+'6/ ,#$ ,:&#90

5,146"%1 2%%2 *#0".12 #2 -,.%$."#33' >%$%4#."$> # 9"6% 4%-%4.,"4% ,/ -,22"03% #+.",$2?
2"813.#$%,123' %$#03"$> .*% "$6"@"61#3 ., 64#9 ,$ .4#$2/,48#."@% #$6 +,$2.4#"$"$>
+,142%2 ,/ #+.",$; L% 94".%2 .*#.\
L#0".12 "2 # :"$6 ,/ .4#$2/,48"$> 8#+*"$% .*#. 3%#62 12 ., E4%-4,61+%7 .*% 2,+"#3
+,$6".",$2 ,/ ,14 ,9$ -4,61+.",$? 01. "$ # 4%3#."@%3' 1$-4%6"+.#03% 9#'? "$ 21+* # 9#'
.*#. ,$% +#$$,. 8,@% 2"8-3' #$6 8%+*#$"+#33' /4,8 :$,93%6>% ,/ .*% +,$6".",$2 ,/
-4,61+.",$ ., :$,93%6>% ,/ .*% -4,61+.2; F5,146"%1? GHHR+? -; ZYJ

L,9%@%4? #2 .*% C1,.% 4%@%#32? .*% #66%$618 "$ 5,146"%172 9,4: "2 #39#'2 #$
%8-*#2"2 ,$ .*% +,$2.4#"$.2 #$6 6%8#$62 .*#. "8-,2% .*%82%3@%2 ,$ -%,-3%; M*"3%
.*% *#0".12 #33,92 /,4 "$6"@"61#3 #>%$+' ". #32, -4%6"2-,2%2 "$6"@"61#32 .,9#462 +%4.#"$
9#'2 ,/ 0%*#@"$>\
)*% *#0".12? #2 # 2'2.%8 ,/ 6"2-,2".",$2 ., # +%4.#"$ -4#+."+%? "2 #$ ,0e%+."@% 0#2"2 /,4
4%>13#4 8,6%2 ,/ 0%*#@",14? #$6 .*12 /,4 .*% 4%>13#4".' ,/ 8,6%2 ,/ -4#+."+%? #$6 "/
-4#+."+%2 +#$ 0% -4%6"+.%6 i .*"2 "2 0%+#12% .*% %//%+. ,/ .*% *#0".12 "2 .*#. #>%$.2 9*, #4%
%C1"--%6 9".* ". 9"33 0%*#@% "$ # +%4.#"$ 9#' "$ +%4.#"$ +"4+182.#$+%2;F5,146"%1? GHHR0?
-; YYJ

!%2-".% .*"2 "8-3"+". .%$6%$+' ., 0%*#@% "$ 9#'2 .*#. #4% %=-%+.%6 ,/ E-%,-3% 3":% 127?
/,4 5,146"%1 .*%4% #4% $, %=-3"+". 413%2 ,4 -4"$+"-3%2 .*#. 6"+.#.% 0%*#@",14? 4#.*%4 E.*%
*#0".12 >,%2 *#$6 "$ *#$6 9".* @#>1%$%22 #$6 "$6%.%48"$#+'7 F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -;
YYJ; )*% -4#+."+#3 3,>"+ .*#. 6%A$%2 *#0".12 "2 $,. ,$% ,/ .*% -4%6"+.#03% 4%>13#4".' ,/
8,6%2 ,/ 0%*#@",14? 01. "$2.%#6 E.*#. ,/ @#>1%$%22? ,/ .*% 8,4%N,4N3%22? 9*"+* 6%A$%2
,$%72 ,46"$#4' 4%3#.",$ ., .*% 9,4367 F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -; YZJ;
L,9%@%4? #. ,.*%4 ."8%2? 5,146"%1 6,%2 -,"$. ,1. .*#. .*% ,-%4#.",$ ,/ .*% *#0".12
4%>13#43' %=+316%2 +%4.#"$ -4#+."+%2? .*,2% .*#. #4% 1$/#8"3"#4 ., .*% +13.14#3 >4,1-"$>2
., 9*"+* .*% "$6"@"61#3 0%3,$>2 F/,4 %=+%33%$. %=#8-3%2 ,/ 21+* %=+312",$2? 2%% S:%>>2?
GHHYj P*#43%29,4.*? QRRRJ; )#:"$> .*% 9,4:"$> +3#22 #2 #$ %=#8-3%? #$ "$6"@"61#3
9"33 0% /#4 8,4% 3":%3' ., 8#:% # @"4.1% ,1. ,/ $%+%22".' .*#$ #..%8-. ., #+*"%@% E9*#. "2
#34%#6' 6%$"%67 F5,146"%1? GHHR#? -; _^J; 5,146"%1 @"%92 .*% 6"2-,2".",$2? 9*"+*
8#:% 1- *#0".12? #2 .*% -4,61+.2 ,/ ,--,4.1$"."%2 #$6 +,$2.4#"$.2 /4#8"$> .*%
"$6"@"61#372 %#43"%4 3"/% %=-%4"%$+%2; )*%' #4%\
614#03' "$+13+#.%6 0' .*% -,22"0"3"."%2 #$6 "8-,22"0"3"."%2? /4%%6,82 #$6 $%+%22"."%2?
,--,4.1$"."%2 #$6 -4,*"0".",$2 "$2+4"0%6 "$ .*% ,0e%+."@% +,$6".",$2; F5,146"%1? GHHR#?
-; _^J

d2 # 4%213.? .*% 8,2. "8-4,0#03% -4#+."+%2 #4% 4%e%+.%6 #2 1$.*"$:#03%? 01.?

+,$+,8".#$.3'? ,$3' # 3"8".%6 4#$>% ,/ -4#+."+%2 #4% -,22"03%;

hG

^a^ F= G&,0
E,C+'6/ ,/ , 9"B)+*,'+"# "7 9"**&9'+.& ,#$ +#$+.+$6,* '(,H&9'"(+&/
<. #--%#42 .*#. 5,146"%1 "2 +,$+%"@"$> ,/ *#0".12 #2 # 813."N3#'%4%6 +,$+%-.? 9".*
8,4% >%$%4#3 $,.",$2 ,/ *#0".12 #. .*% 3%@%3 ,/ 2,+"%.' #$6 8,4% +,8-3%=?
6"//%4%$."#.%6 $,.",$2 #. .*% 3%@%3 ,/ .*% "$6"@"61#3; d -%42,$72 "$6"@"61#3 *"2.,4' "2
+,$2.".1."@% ,/ *#0".12? 01. 2, #32, "2 .*% 9*,3% +,33%+."@% *"2.,4' ,/ /#8"3' #$6 +3#22
.*#. .*% "$6"@"61#3 "2 # 8%80%4 ,/; )*12? /,4 5,146"%1\
.*% 210e%+. "2 $,. .*% "$2.#$.#$%,12 %>, ,/ # 2,4. ,/ 2"$>13#4 +,>".,? 01. .*% "$6"@"61#3
.4#+% ,/ #$ %$."4% +,33%+."@% *"2.,4'; F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -; HGJ

d. ."8%2? 5,146"%1 2%%82 ., 0% 21>>%2."$> # 6%>4%% ,/ 1$"/,48".'; d. ,.*%4 ."8%2? *%

4%+,>$"B%2 6"//%4%$+%2 #$6 6"@%42".' 0%.9%%$ 8%80%42 ,/ .*% 2#8% +13.14#3 >4,1-"$>
#$6 94".%2 "$ .%482 ,/ .*% 2"$>13#4".' ,/ "$6"@"61#3 *#0".12; L#0".12? 9".*"$? #2 9%33 #2
0%.9%%$? 2,+"#3 >4,1-2? 6"//%42 ., .*% %=.%$. .*#. .*% 6%.#"32 ,/ "$6"@"61#327 2,+"#3
.4#e%+.,4"%2 6"@%4>% /4,8 ,$% #$,.*%4\
k12. #2 $, .9, "$6"@"61#3 *"2.,4"%2 #4% "6%$."+#3 2, $, .9, "$6"@"61#3 *#0".12%2 #4%
"6%$."+#3; F5,146"%1? GHHR+? -; ^IJ

L,9%@%4? 0%+#12% .*%4% #4% +3#22%2 ,/ %=-%4"%$+% .*%4% #4% #32, +3#22%2 ,/ *#0".12 ,4
.*% *#0".12 ,/ +3#22%2; 5,146"%1 #..%8-.2 ., e12."/' *"2 +,33%+."@% 6%A$".",$ ,/ *#0".12;
<$ 4%/%4%$+% ., +3#22 *#0".12 *% #22%4.2 .*#.\
"$.%4-%42,$#3 4%3#.",$2 #4% $%@%4? %=+%-. "$ #--%#4#$+%? "$6"@"61#3N.,N"$6"@"61#3 4%3#N
.",$2*"-2 #$6 .*#. .*% .41.* ,/ .*% "$.%4#+.",$ "2 $%@%4 %$."4%3' +,$.#"$%6 "$ .*%
"$.%4#+.",$; F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -; ZGJ

d +,33%+."@% 1$6%42.#$6"$> ,/ *#0".12 "2 $%+%22#4'? #++,46"$> ., 5,146"%1? "$ ,46%4 .,

4%+,>$"B% .*#. "$6"@"61#32 +,$.#"$ 9".*"$ .*%82%3@%2 .*%"4 -#2. #$6 -4%2%$. -,2".",$ "$
.*% 2,+"#3 2.41+.14% E#. #33 ."8%2 #$6 "$ #33 -3#+%2? "$ .*% /,482 ,/ 6"2-,2".",$2 9*"+* #4%
2, 8#$' 8#4:2 ,/ 2,+"#3 -,2".",$7 F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -; ZQJ;
E,C+'6/ ,/ , 9"B)*&I +#'&()*,0 C&'J&&# ),/' ,#$ )(&/&#'
L#0".12 E4%/%42 ., 2,8%.*"$> *"2.,4"+#3? ". "2 3"$:%6 ., "$6"@"61#3 *"2.,4'7 F5,146"%1?
GHHR+? -; ZIJ; <$6"@"61#3 *"2.,4"%2 .*%4%/,4% #4% @".#3 ., 1$6%42.#$6"$> .*% +,$+%-. ,/
*#0".12; L#0".12%2 #4% -%48%#03% #$6 4%2-,$2"@% ., 9*#. "2 >,"$> ,$ #4,1$6 .*%8;
P144%$. +"4+182.#$+%2 #4% $,. e12. .*%4% ., 0% #+.%6 1-,$? 01. #4% "$.%4$#3"B%6 #$6
0%+,8% '%. #$,.*%4 3#'%4 ., #66 ., .*,2% /4,8 %#43"%4 2,+"#3"B#.",$2\
)*% *#0".12 #+C1"4%6 "$ .*% /#8"3' "2 #. .*% 0#2"2 ,/ .*% 2.41+.14"$> ,/ 2+*,,3 %=-%4"%$+%2
ij .*% *#0".12 .4#$2/,48%6 0' .*% #+.",$ ,/ .*% 2+*,,3? ".2%3/ 6"@%42"A%6? "2 "$ .14$ #. .*%
0#2"2 ,/ #33 2102%C1%$. %=-%4"%$+%2 i #$6 2, ,$? /4,8 4%2.41+.14"$> ., 4%2.41+.14"$>;
F5,146"%1? GHYQ? +".%6 "$ 5,146"%1 b M#+C1#$.? GHHQ? -; Ga^J

)*%4%/,4%? #3.*,1>* .*% *#0".12 "2 # -4,61+. ,/ %#43' +*"36*,,6 %=-%4"%$+%? #$6 "$
-#4."+13#4 2,+"#3"B#.",$ 9".*"$ .*% /#8"3'? ". "2 +,$."$1#33' 4%N2.41+.14%6 0' "$6"@"61#327
%$+,1$.%42 9".* .*% ,1.2"6% 9,436 F!" K#>>",? GHYHJ; S+*,,3"$>? "$ -#4."+13#4? #+.2 .,
-4,@"6% # >%$%4#3 6"2-,2".",$? # .14$ .,9#462 9*#. 5,146"%1 .%482 E# +13.14%6 *#0".127
F5,146"%1? GHIY? -; a^^J; )*12? 9*"3% *#0".12 4%g%+.2 .*% 2,+"#3 -,2".",$ "$ 9*"+* ".

3&0"#$ '4& 4,C+'6,* 6/& "7 4,C+'6/

^a_

9#2 +,$2.41+.%6? ". #32, +#44"%2 9".*"$ ". .*% >%$%2"2 ,/ $%9 +4%#."@% 4%2-,$2%2 .*#. #4%
+#-#03% ,/ .4#$2+%$6"$> .*% 2,+"#3 +,$6".",$2 "$ 9*"+* ". 9#2 -4,61+%6; 5,146"%1
FQRRR0J 8#-2 .*"2 -4,+%22 ,/ .4#$2/,48#.",$ "$ 4%3#.",$ ., .*% d3>%4"#$ 9,4:"$> +3#22
614"$> .*% GH_R2 #$6 GHIR2? 6%8,$2.4#."$> *,9 *#0".12 "2 E.*% -4,61+. ,/ 2,+"#3
+,$6".",$"$>2? #$6 .*12 ,/ # *"2.,4'7 F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -; GGIJ; )*% 4#$>% ,/
-,22"0"3"."%2 "$2+4"0%6 "$ # *#0".12 +#$ 0% %$@"2#>%6 #2 # +,$."$118; d. ,$% %$6?
*#0".12 +#$ 0% 4%-3"+#.%6 .*4,1>* %$+,1$.%4"$> # A%36 .*#. 4%-4,61+%2 ".2
6"2-,2".",$2; d. .*% ,.*%4 %$6 ,/ .*% +,$."$118? *#0".12 +#$ 0% .4#$2/,48%6 .*4,1>*
# -4,+%22 .*#. %".*%4 4#"2%2 ,4 3,9%42 #$ "$6"@"61#372 %=-%+.#.",$2; <8-3"+". "$ .*%
+,$+%-. "2 .*% -,22"0"3".' ,/ # 2,+"#3 .4#e%+.,4' .*#. %$#03%2 +,$6".",$2 ,/ 3"@"$> .*#. #4%
@%4' 6"//%4%$. /4,8 "$"."#3 ,$%2;
5' 64#9"$> .,>%.*%4 .*%2% /,14 .*%8%2 41$$"$> .*4,1>* 5,146"%172 6"2+122",$2 ,/
*#0".12? *#0".12 +#$ 0% @"%9%6 #2 # +,8-3%= "$.%4$#3"B%6 +,4% /4,8 9*"+* %@%4'6#'
%=-%4"%$+%2 %8#$#.%; P*,"+% "2 #. .*% *%#4. ,/ *#0".12? 9*"+* *% 3":%$2 ., E.*% #4. ,/
"$@%$."$>7 F5,146"%1? GHHR#? -; __J? 01. #. .*% 2#8% ."8% .*% +*,"+%2 "$2+4"0%6 "$ .*%
*#0".12 #4% 3"8".%6; < %$@"2#>% *#0".12 #2 # 6%%-? "$.%4",4? %-"+%$.4% +,$.#"$"$> 8#$'
8#.4"+%2; )*%2% 8#.4"+%2 6%8#4+#.% .*% %=.%$. ,/ +*,"+%2 #@#"3#03% ., #$' ,$%
"$6"@"61#3; P*,"+%2 #4% 0,1$6%6 0' .*% /4#8%9,4: ,/ ,--,4.1$"."%2 #$6 +,$2.4#"$.2
.*% -%42,$ A$62 *"82%3/`*%42%3/ "$? *%4 %=.%4$#3 +"4+182.#$+%2; L,9%@%4? 9".*"$
5,146"%172 .*%,4%."+#3 /4#8%9,4: *%`2*% "2 #32, +"4+182+4"0%6 0' #$ "$.%4$#3"B%6
/4#8%9,4: .*#. 8#:%2 2,8% -,22"0"3"."%2 "$+,$+%"@#03%? ,.*%42 "8-4,0#03% #$6 #
3"8".%6 4#$>% #++%-.#03%; d2 U"B#46, FQRRaJ -,"$.2 ,1.? .*% $,.",$ ,/ # .4#$2-,2#03%
8#.4"= 0,.* 2%.2 3"8".2 #. .*% 2#8% ."8% .*#. ". "8-3"%2 g%="0"3".'; !"2-,2".",$2 #4%
"$%@".#03' 4%g%+."@% ,/ .*% 2,+"#3 +,$.%=. "$ 9*"+* .*%' 9%4% #+C1"4%6;
L#0".12 "2 ,$3' #$ #2-%+. ,/ 5,146"%172 +,$+%-.1#3 .,,3N0,=; D,4 5,146"%1 ". "2 .*%
"$.%4#+.",$ ,/ *#0".12? +13.14#3 +#-".#3 #$6 A%36 .*#. >%$%4#.%2 .*% 3,>"+ ,/ -4#+."+%
F5,146"%1? GHHR0J; <$ -#4."+13#4? .*% +,$+%-. ,/ A%36 #662 ., .*% -,22"0"3"."%2 ,/
5,146"%172 +,$+%-.1#3 /4#8%9,4: #$6 >"@%2 *#0".12 # 6'$#8"+ C1#3".'\
)*% 4%3#.",$ 0%.9%%$ *#0".12 #$6 A%36 ,-%4#.%2 "$ .9, 9#'2; c$ ,$% 2"6%? ". "2 # 4%3#.",$
,/ +,$6".",$"$>\ .*% A%36 2.41+.14%2 .*% *#0".12? 9*"+* "2 .*% -4,61+. ,/ .*% %80,6"8%$.
,/ .*% "88#$%$. $%+%22".' ,/ .*% A%36 F,4 ,/ # *"%4#4+*' ,/ "$.%42%+."$> A%362J; c$ .*%
,.*%4 2"6%? ". "2 # 4%3#.",$ ,/ :$,93%6>% ,4 +,>$"."@% +,$2.41+.",$\ *#0".12 +,$.4"01.%2 .,
+,$2.".1."$> .*% A%36 #2 # 8%#$"$>/13 9,436? # 9,436 %$6,9%6 9".* 2%$2% ,4 9".* @#31%? "$
9*"+* ". "2 9,4.* "$@%2."$> ,$%72 %$%4>'; F5,146"%1? "$ M#+C1#$.? GHZH? -; ^^J

l4%$/%33 #$6 k#8%2 FGHHZ? -; G_J #4>1% .*#. E"/ *#0".12 04"$>2 "$., /,+12 .*% 210e%+."@%
%$6 ,/ .*% %C1#.",$? A%36 /,+12%2 ,$ .*% ,0e%+."@%7; d2 l4%$/%33 FQRRaJ 21++"$+.3'
#22%4.2? *#0".12 #$6 A%36 $%%6 ., 0% 1$6%42.,,6 #2 *">*3' +*#4>%6 8#.4"+%2 "$@,3@"$> #
6'$#8"+ -*"3,2,-*' ,/ *18#$ -4#="2; )*% 4%3#.",$2*"- 0%.9%%$ *#0".12 #$6 +13.14#3
+#-".#3 "2 8,4% %$8%2*%6; S+,.. U#2* -%4+%"@%2 *#0".12 #2 8#6% 1- ,/ +13.14#3 +#-".#3
FU#2*? GHHa? -; GHYJ; L,9%@%4? 8,2. 94".%42? "$+316"$> 5,146"%1? @"%9 .*% .9,
+,$+%-.2 #2 8,4% 2%-#4#.%6; 5,146"%1 *"82%3/ "2 @%4' %=-3"+". #0,1. .*% 4%3#.",$2*"0%.9%%$ .*% .9, +,$+%-.2; <$ F+/'+#9'+"# *% 8#-2 ,1. # /,4813# .*#. %3#0,4#.%2 .*%"4
"$.%4+,$$%+.",$? EFL#0".12 ! P#-".#3J m D"%36nO4#+."+%7 F5,146"%1? GHZ^? -; GRGJ;
K' 1$6%42.#$6"$> ,/ .*"2 "$.%4+,$$%+.",$ "2 ,$% "$ 9*"+* *#0".12 3"%2 0%$%#.* +13.14#3

^aI F= G&,0
+#-".#3 >%$%4#."$> ".2 8'4"#6 8#$"/%2.#.",$2; )*%4% "2 # 2"8"3#43' +3,2% 6'$#8"+
0%.9%%$ *#0".12 #$6 A%36\
2,+"#3 4%#3".' %="2.2? 2, ., 2-%#:? .9"+%? "$ .*"$>2 #$6 "$ 8"$62? "$ A%362 #$6 "$ *#0".12?
,1.2"6% #$6 "$2"6% 2,+"#3 #>%$.2; d$6 9*%$ *#0".12 %$+,1$.%42 # 2,+"#3 9,436 ,/ 9*"+* ".
"2 .*% -4,61+.? ". "2 3":% # EA2* "$ 9#.%47\ ". 6,%2 $,. /%%3 .*% 9%">*. ,/ .*% 9#.%4 #$6 ". .#:%2
.*% 9,436 #0,1. ".2%3/ /,4 >4#$.%6; F5,146"%1 b M#+C1#$.? GHHQ? -; GQYJ

L,9%@%4? 9*%$ *#0".12 %$+,1$.%42 # A%36 9".* 9*"+* ". "2 $,. /#8"3"#4? .*% 4%213."$>
6"2e1$+.14%2 +#$ >%$%4#.% +*#$>% #$6 .4#$2/,48#.",$; )*% 4%/4#+.,4' #$6 6%2.#0"3"BN
"$> "8-3"+#.",$2 .*#. .*% $,.",$ ,/ A%36 *#2 /,4 .*% +,$+%-. ,/ *#0".12 +#$ -4,61+%
$1#$+%6 1$6%42.#$6"$>2 ,/ -,9%4 4%3#.",$2 #$6 -,3"."+#3 #>%$+' FK+X#'? QRRRJ;

80) 9+%%-(-'-#-)% &.4 '-,-#&#-+.% +5 1%-./ 0&(-#1% -. 6)'&#-+. #+ *6-#-*&'

6)%)&6*0 &/).4&%
d2 d$64%9 S#'%4 FQRR^J -,"$.2 ,1.? ,$% ,/ .*% 8,2. 6"2."$+."@% '%. 1$4%8#4:%6
/%#.14%2 ,/ 5,146"%172 .*%,4%."+#3 /4#8%9,4: E"2 .*#. .*% 8,2. 9"6%3' 2.16"%6 /,482 ,/
6"@"2",$? 6,8"$#.",$ #$6 %=+312",$ "$ 2,+"#3 4%2%#4+*f8,2. ,0@",123' 4#+"28 #$6
2%="28? 01. #32, #>%"28? *,8,-*,0"#? 6"2#0"3"28f,$3' %$.%4 #2 "$+"6%$.#3 8,6"A%42?
"/ #. #33; d3.*,1>* "$ ,$% ,/ 5,146"%172 3#2. 0,,:2 %,/96*+#& F"B+#,'+"# F5,146"%1?
QRRGJ *% 6,%2 94".% %=.%$2"@%3' ,$ >%$6%4%6 *#0".12? *"2 8#"$ %8-"4"+#3 /,+12 "2 $,.
+144%$. 4%3#.",$2*"-2 0%.9%%$ .*% 2%=%2 #$6 +,$.%8-,4#4' 8#2+13"$"."%2 #$6
/%8"$"$"."%2? 01. >%$6%4 6"@"2",$2 "$ d3>%4"# "$ .*% GHIR2; o%.? *#0".12 "2 -4"8#4"3' #
8%.*,6 /,4 #$#3'2"$> .*% 6,8"$#$+% ,/ 6,8"$#$. >4,1-2 "$ 2,+"%.' #$6 .*%
6,8"$#.",$ ,/ 210,46"$#.% >4,1-2? #$6 #2 21+* [#.*%4"$% K+P3%33#$6 #22%4.2 .*#.\
". +#$ %#2"3' 0% #--3"%6 ., .*% #$#3'2"2 ,/ >%$6%4 F,4 4#+"#3 #$6 %.*$"+J 6"2#6@#$.#>% #2
9%33; FK+P3%33#$6? GHHR? -; GR_J

L#0".12 +#$ 0% 12%6 ., /,+12 ,$ .*% 9#'2 "$ 9*"+* .*% 2,+"#33' #6@#$.#>%6 #$6
6"2#6@#$.#>%6 -3#' ,1. #..".16%2 ,/ +13.14#3 21-%4",4".' #$6 "$/%4",4".' "$>4#"$%6 "$
.*%"4 *#0".12 "$ 6#"3' "$.%4#+.",$2; d2 K+P3%33#$6 *">*3">*.2? 21+* 6"2-,2".",$2 #4%
"$g1%$+%6 0' >%$6%4 #$6 E4#+%7 #2 9%33 #2 2,+"#3 +3#22;
L,9%@%4? >%$6%4 "2 210218%6 .*4,1>*,1. 81+* ,/ 5,146"%172 94"."$> 1$6%4 *"2
-4"8#4' /,+12 ,$ 2,+"#3 +3#22? #$6 6%2-".% *"2 8#"$ #$.*4,-,3,>"+#3 2.16' 0%"$> ,/ .*%
[#0'3% .4"0%2 ,/ d3>%4"# *% 8#:%2 $, 8%$.",$ ,/ .*% 9#' "$ 9*"+* *#0".12 "2
6"//%4%$."#.%6 0' E4#+%7; L,9%@%4? ". "2 -,22"03% /4,8 *"2 %=.%$2"@% 94"."$> ,$ .*%
+,$+%-. ., 6%@%3,- #$ 1$6%42.#$6"$> ,/ *#0".12 #2 2*#-%6 0' 0,.* >%$6%4 #$6 E4#+%7;
<$6%%6? M%"$"$>%4 FQRR^J #4>1%2 .*#. "$ %,/96*+#& F"B+#,'+"# 5,146"%1 FQRRGJ
8,@%2 /4,8 *"2 %#43"%4 -,2".",$ "$ F+/'+#9'+"# F5,146"%1? GHZ^J? 9*%4% .*% >%$6%4%6
+*#4#+.%4 ,/ 2,+"#3 #+.",$2 "2 +,$."$>%$. ,$ +3#22 *#0".12? ., # @"%9 ,/ >%$6%4 6"@"2",$2
#2 #$ "$6%-%$6%$. /,4+% 2.41+.14"$> *#0".12; P"+,14%3 FGHHa? -; GRHJ *#2 #4>1%6 .*#.
.*%4% "2 # $%%6 ., %=-#$6 *#0".12 ., %=-3,4% *,9 >%$6%4 #$6 4#+"#3 6"//%4%$+%2 #4%
3"$:%6 ., +"4+182.#$+%2 .*#. +#$ ,++14 9".*"$ #$6 #+4,22 +13.14%2 #$6 2,+"#3 +3#22%2 ,4
%.*$"+ >4,1-2 9".*"$ 3#4>%4 $#.",$N2.#.%2; < 9,136 #66 .*#. %=-#$6"$> *#0".12 .,

hQ

3&0"#$ '4& 4,C+'6,* 6/& "7 4,C+'6/

^aY

"$+316% 4#+% #$6 >%$6%4 6"//%4%$+%2 "2 %C1#33' "8-,4.#$. "$ 4%3#.",$ ., 28#33%4 4%2%#4+*
+,$.%=.2 21+* #2 +3#224,,82? 2.#//4,,82 #$6 -3#'>4,1$62\
L#0".12 "2 # 9#' ,/ 3,,:"$> #. 6#.# 9*"+* 4%$6%42 .*% E.#:%$N/,4N>4#$.%67 -4,03%8#."+; <.
21>>%2.2 # 9*,3% 4#$>% ,/ C1%2.",$2 $,. $%+%22#4"3' #664%22%6 "$ %8-"4"+#3 4%2%#4+*j L,9
9%33 #6#-.%6 "2 .*% "$6"@"61#3 ., .*% +,$.%=. .*%' A$6 .*%82%3@%2 "$p L,9 6,%2 -%42,$#3
*"2.,4' 2*#-% .*%"4 4%-,$2%2 ., .*% +,$.%8-,4#4' 2%.."$>p M*#. 210e%+."@% @,+#.",$2 6,
.*%' 04"$> ., .*% -4%2%$. #$6 *,9 #4% .*%' 8#$"/%2.%6p d4% 2.41+.14#3 %//%+.2 @"2"03%
9".*"$ 28#33 2+#3% "$.%4#+.",$2p M*#. "2 .*% 8%#$"$> ,/ $,$N@%40#3 0%*#@",14 #2 9%33 #2
"$6"@"61#327 12% ,/ 3#$>1#>%p )*%2% C1%2.",$2 +3%#43' 4#"2% "221%2 ,/ >%$6%4 #$6 E4#+%7
#3,$>2"6% .*,2% ,/ 2,+"#3 +3#22; F&%#'? GHH_#? -; aIHJ

S, *#0".12 +#$ 0% 12%6 ., 1$+,@%4 *,9 +3#22? E4#+%7 #$6 >%$6%4 #4% %80,6"%6? -3#'%6
,1. $,. ,$3' "$ "$6"@"61#32 #+.",$2 #$6 #..".16%2? 01. #32, "$ # 9*,3% 4#$>% ,/ 0,6"3'
>%2.14%2 F&%#'? GHH_#? GHH_0? GHHYj P,$$,33'? GHHZJ; <. +#$ #32, -4,@"6% # +,44%+."@%
., E2,+",3,>"+#3 $#qr@% +3#"82 #0,1. .*% .4#$2/,48#.",$ ,/ 2,+"#3 F#$6 2%=1#3J "6%$."."%27
0' *">*3">*."$> .*% 4,,.%6$%22 ,/ +3#22? >%$6%4 #$6 %.*$"+ 6"@"2",$2 FK+X#'? GHHH? -;
GRIJ;
M*"3% 8,2. +4"."+"282 ,/ *#0".12 "$@,:% 2.41+.14#3"28 ,4 6%.%48"$"28 Fk%$:"$2?
GHHQ? d3%=#$6%4? GHH_J? 2,8% ,/ 5,146"%172 .%=.2 -4,@"6% 8,4% 2-#+% /,4 #>%$+' .*#$
,.*%42; d2 U,"2 K+X#' FQRRG? -; G^IJ #22%4.2? E.*%4% *#2 0%%$ #$ "$+4%#2"$> %8-*#2"2
"$ 5,146"%172 8,4% 4%+%$. 9,4: ,$ 8,8%$.2 ,/ 6"2#3">$8%$. #$6 .%$2",$ 0%.9%%$
*#0".12 #$6 A%36? 9*"+* 8#' >"@% 4"2% ., 2,+"#3 +*#$>%7; <$ -#4."+13#4? "$ K4& L&+:4' "7
'4& L"(*$ F5,146"%1? GHHH0J .*%4% "2 # >4%#. 6%#3 ,/ 2.4"@"$>? 4%2"2.#$+% #$6 #+.",$
#"8%6 #. +*#$>"$> +144%$. +"4+182.#$+%2 #2 8#$' ,/ .*% -,,4 #$6 6"2-,22%22%6?
"$.%4@"%9%6 0' 5,146"%1 #$6 *"2 +,33%#>1%2? 2%#4+* #4,1$6 /,4 9#'2 ,/ +*#$>"$> #$6
.4#$2/,48"$> .*%"4 3"@%2; c/.%$ .*% 8,@%8%$. ,/ *#0".12 #+4,22 # $%9? 1$/#8"3"#4 A%36
4%213.%6 "$\
d *#0".12 6"@"6%6 #>#"$2. ".2%3/? "$ +,$2.#$. $%>,."#.",$ 9".* ".2%3/ #$6 ".2 #80"@#3%$+%2?
#$6 .*%4%/,4% 6,,8%6 ., # :"$6 ,/ 61-3"+#.",$? ., # 6,103% -%4+%-.",$ ,/ .*% 2%3/? .,
21++%22"@% #33%>"#$+%2 #$6 813."-3% "6%$."."%2; F5,146"%1? GHHH0? -; _GGJ

M% 0%>"$ ., >%. # 2%$2% $,. ,$3' ,/ .*% 8'4"#6 #6#-.#.",$2? 4%2-,$2%2? 4%#+.",$2 #$6
4%2"2.#$+%2 ., E.*% 9#' .*% 9,436 "27? 01. #32, ,/ "$6"@"61#32 2.41>>3"$> ., 8#:% .*%
9,436 # 6"//%4%$. -3#+%; )*%4% "2 3"..3% %@"6%$+% ,/ 6%.%48"$"28 *%4%; <. "2 $,. # 3#+: ,/
#+.",$ .*#. "2 -4,03%8#."+? 01. 4#.*%4 .*% /,+12 ,$ -4%N4%g%+."@% 6"8%$2",$2 ,/ #+.",$;
d2 d$64%9 S#'%4 FQRR^J +,$@"$+"$>3' #4>1%2? 5,146"%1 ,@%4-3#'2 .*% 1$+,$2+",12
"8-132%2 #$6 #2-%+.2 ,/ *#0".12? $%>3%+."$> 81$6#$% %@%4'6#' 4%g%="@".'j 9*#. S#'%4
.%482 E,14 "$$%4 +,$@%42#.",$27 F2%% #32, d4+*%4? QRRaJ; <$ 6,"$> 2, *% 6%$"%2 ,4
8#4>"$#3"B%2 .*% 3"/% ,/ .*% 8"$6 "$ ,.*%42; <$ # 2"8"3#4 @%"$? 54%$6# D#4$%33 FQRRRJ
#22%4.2 .*#. "$ 5,146"%172 /,4813#.",$ ,/ *#0".12? "$6"@"61#327 #6e12.8%$.2 ., .*%
%=.%4$#3 9,436 #4% #33 #--#4%$.3' 1$+,$2+",12? ,4 3%22 .*#$ +,$2+",12; X"+: P4,223%'
FGHHH? -; I_ZJ 8#:%2 # "6%$."+#3 +4"."+"28 .*#. *#0".12 #2 # +,$+%-. 3%@%32 ,1. .*%
6"2."$+.",$ 0%.9%%$ 4%g%+.",$ #$6 .*% -4%N4%g%+."@%? #$6 .*#. E". $%%62 ., 4%+1-%4#.%
.*% 4%g%+."@% #$6 +4%#."@% #2-%+.2 ,/ -4#+."+%7;
<8-3"+". "$ .*% +,$+%-. "2 .*#. *#0".12 ,-%4#.%2 #. #$ 1$+,$2+",12 3%@%3 1$3%22
"$6"@"61#32 +,$/4,$. %@%$.2 .*#. +#12% 2%3/NC1%2.",$"$>? 9*%4%1-,$ *#0".12 0%>"$2 .,

ha

ha

^aZ F= G&,0
,-%4#.% #. .*% 3%@%3 ,/ +,$2+",12$%22 #$6 .*% -%42,$ 6%@%3,-2 $%9 /#+%.2 ,/ .*% 2%3/;
S1+* 6"2e1$+.14%2 0%.9%%$ *#0".12 #$6 A%36 ,++14 /,4 5,146"%1 9*%$ "$6"@"61#32
9".* # 9%33N6%@%3,-%6 *#0".12 A$6 .*%82%3@%2 "$ 6"//%4%$. A%362 ,4 6"//%4%$. -#4.2 ,/
.*% 2#8% 2,+"#3 A%36; L,9%@%4? #2 S#'%4 #4>1%2? #$6 < .*"$: +,44%+.3'? 6"2e1$+.14% #$6
.*% 4%213."$> 2.4"@"$>? 4%2"2.#$+% #$6`,4 $%9 #9#4%$%22 F9*#. 5,146"%1 sGHHQ t .%482
2,+",#$#3'2"2J +#$ ,++14 614"$> .*% /,48#.",$ ,/ *#0".12? #$6 "$6%%6 +#$ 0%
+,$2.".1."@% ,/ .*% *#0".12; d3.*,1>* .*% %8-*#2"2 ,$ E-4,.%$2",$f.*% /%%3 /,4 .*%
>#8%7 4#.*%4 .*#$ +#3+13#.",$ #$6 2.4#.%>"B"$> "2 #$ "8-,4.#$. +,1$.%4 ., 4#.",$#3"28?
5,146"%1 2%%82 ., 3%#- 2.4#">*. /4,8 # 4#.",$#3"2. "$.%4-4%.#.",$ ., #$ #$."N4#.",$#3"2.
,$%; c$% :%' +,$2%C1%$+%? #++,46"$> ., S#'%4? "2 .*#. 5,146"%172 /,+12 ,$ .*%
1$+,$2+",12 #$6 .*% -4%4%g%="@% 6,%2 $,. #33,9 /,4 #$' %.*"+#3 6"8%$2",$2 ,/ .*%
*#0".12; X"+: P4,223%' FQRRR? -; GaZJ 8#:%2 # 4%3#.%6 -,"$. 9*%$ *% #4>1%2 .*#.
*#0".12 $%%62 ., "$+316% E6"#3,>1%2 9".* ,$%2%3/7; S#'%472 FQRR^J "8-,4.#$. 9,4:
4%+1-%4#."$> %.*"+#3 6"2-,2".",$2 ,4 E8,4#3 2%$."8%$.27 /,4 *#0".12 %$*#$+%2 .*%
-,22"0"3"."%2 /,4 #$6 ,/ *#0".12? #$6 #33,92 12 $,. ,$3' # 4"+*%4 1$6%42.#$6"$> ,/ .*%
2.4"@"$>2? 2.41>>3%2 #$6 6"2%$+*#$.8%$.2 ,/ .*,2% 0146%$%6 0' K4& L&+:4' "7 '4& L"(*$
F5,146"%1? GHHH0J; <. #32, -4,@"6%2 .*% -,.%$."#3 /,4 # 04,#6%4 +,$+%-.1#3"B#.",$ ,/
*#0".12 .*#. 8#:%2 2-#+% /,4 E+#4%2? +,$+%4$2 #$6 +,88".8%$.27? #$6 9%#@%2 .,>%.*%4
+,$2+",12 6%3"0%4#.",$ 9".* 1$+,$2+",12 6"2-,2".",$2 2, .*#. 9% +#$ #..%8-. .,
>4#--3% #$#3'."+#33' 9".* #2-%+.2 ,/ "6%$.".' 21+* #2 ,14 -%42,$#3 #$6 -,3"."+#3
+,88".8%$.2 .*#. +144%$. +,$+%-.1#3"B#.",$2 ,/ *#0".12 8#4>"$#3"B%; L,9%@%4? 3#.%4
9,4:? #$6 %2-%+"#33' 8','& @"C+*+'0 F5,146"%1? GHHZ0J? "$+316%2 # 4%+,>$".",$ ,/
+,>$"."@% #2-%+.2 ,/ *#0".12 .*#. %#43"%4 9,4: 21+* #2 F+/'+#9'+"# F5,146"%1? GHZ^J
$%>3%+.2;

:&(-#1% &% & ,)#0+4+'+/-*&' #++' &.4 -#% 1%) -. )41*&#-+.&' 6)%)&6*0
d++,46"$> ., &"+*#46 L#4:%4? 5,146"%1 E9,4:2 "$ # 2-"4#3 0%.9%%$ .*%,4'? %8-"4"+#3
9,4: #$6 0#+: ., 4%/,4813#."$> .*%,4' #>#"$ 01. #. # 6"//%4%$. 3%@%37 FL#4:%4 &' ,*=?
GHHR? -; aJ; )*"2 4%213.2 "$ -4,03%82 ,/ "$6%.%48"$#+' #$6 +*#$>"$> $,.",$2 ,/
*#0".12? #3.*,1>* 5,146"%1 *"82%3/ 2%%2 .*"2 #2 # -,2"."@% #..4"01.% #$6 6%2+4"0%2 *"2
+,$+%-.2 #2 E,-%$ +,$+%-.2 6%2">$%6 ., >1"6% %8-"4"+#3 9,4:7 F5,146"%1? GHHR0? -;
GRYJ; <$ #$ "$.%4@"%9 9".* 5%#.% [4#"2? 5,146"%1 21>>%2.2 .*#. .*% +*"%/ 2.4%$>.* ,/
+,$+%-.2 21+* #2 *#0".12 3"%2 "$ .*%"4 %8-"4"+#3 4%3%@#$+%\
<6%#2 3":% .*,2% ,/ *#0".12? -4#+."+%? #$6 2, ,$? 9%4% "$.%$6%6? #8,$> ,.*%4 .*"$>2? .,
-,"$. ,1. .*#. .*%4% "2 # -4#+."+#3 :$,93%6>% .*#. *#2 ".2 ,9$ 3,>"+? 9*"+* +#$$,. 0%
4%61+%6 ., .*#. ,/ .*%,4%."+#3 :$,93%6>%j .*#. "$ # 2%$2%? #>%$.2 :$,9 .*% 2,+"#3 9,436
0%..%4 .*#$ .*% .*%,4%."+"#$2; F5,146"%1? GHHG? -; Q_QJ

)*%4% "2 #$ "$6%.%48"$#+' #0,1. .*% +,$+%-. .*#. A.2 "$ 9%33 9".* .*% +,8-3%=
8%22"$%22 ,/ .*% 4%#3 9,436; 51. .*%4% "2 #32, # 6#$>%4 "$ *#0".12 0%+,8"$> 9*#.%@%4
.*% 6#.# 4%@%#3; <$ -#4."+13#4? #2-%+.2 ,/ *#0".12 .*#. #4% 4%3#.%6 ., .*% 9#' ". "2
"$.%4$#3"B%6 0%+,8% .%$1,12 9*%$ .*%' #4% #--3"%6 ., E2,+"#3 +3#22 #>>4%>#.",$2 9".*"$
+,8-3%= 2,+"%."%2 #$6 #+4,22 6"//%4%$. +13.14%27 FP"+,14%3? GHHa? -; _J; < 9,136

hG

ha

3&0"#$ '4& 4,C+'6,* 6/& "7 4,C+'6/

^aH

21>>%2. .*#. ". "2 .*%2% +,$+%-.1#3 >#-2? .*% #2-%+.2 ,/ *#0".12 .*#. 4%8#"$ 4%3#."@%3'
1$A33%6? #$6 9*#. k%$:"$2 *#2 6%2+4"0%6 #2 E.*% ,$.,3,>"+#3 8'2.%4"%2 ,/ .*% *#0".127
FGHHQ? -; GaRJ? .*#. 2"813.#$%,123' +,$.#"$ ".2 1."3".' #$6 ".2 -"./#332;
T@%$ &,' X#2* FGHHHJ 9*, 94,.% #$ #4."+3% 6%/%$6"$> .*% 12% ,/ 5,146"%172
+,$+%-.2 "$ #$ %#43"%4 "221% ,/ .*% 3(+'+/4 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"# C1%2.",$%6
9*%.*%4 < +,136 +3#"8 .*#. *#0".12 "2 # 8%.*,6; o%.? .*"2 "2 %=#+.3' *,9 5,146"%1
6%2+4"0%2 *"2 +,$+%-.2\
)*% 8#"$ .*"$> "2 .*#. .*%' #4% $,. ., 0% +,$+%-.1#3"2%6 2, 81+* #2 "6%#2? ,$ .*#. 3%@%3?
01. #2 # 8%.*,6; )*% +,4% ,/ 8' 9,4: 3"%2 "$ .*% 8%.*,6 #$6 # 9#' ,/ .*"$:"$>; ), 0%
8,4% -4%+"2%? 8' 8%.*,6 "2 # 8#$$%4 ,/ #2:"$> C1%2.",$2 4#.*%4 .*#$ e12. "6%#2; )*"2? <
.*"$: "2 # +4"."+#3 -,"$.; F5,146"%1? GHZ_? C1,.%6 "$ K#*#4? GHHRJ

P3%#43'? 5,146"%1 "2 12"$> .*% .%48 E8%.*,67 "$ # @%4' %3#2."+ 2%$2% 01. 9*#. *% "2
2.4%22"$> "2 .*#. A42. #$6 /,4%8,2. *#0".12 "2 # +,$+%-.1#3 .,,3 ., 0% 12%6 "$ %8-"4"+#3
4%2%#4+* 4#.*%4 .*#$ #$ "6%# ., 0% 6%0#.%6 "$ .%=.2; d32,? .*% 6"/A+13."%2? "$+,$2"2.N
%$+"%2? 4"2:2 ,/ 6%.%48"$"28? #$6 #2-%+.2 ,/ +"4+13#4".' "$*%4%$. "$ *#0".12 +#$ 0%
@"%9%6 #2 /#4 3%22 -4,03%8#."+ "/ *#0".12 "2 @"%9%6 8,4% g1"63' #2 0,.* 8%.*,6 #$6
.*%,4'j # 9#' ,/ 1$6%42.#$6"$> .*% 9,436; 5,146"%1 *"82%3/ 2%%2 *"2 +,$+%-.2 #2 "$ #
+,$."$1#3 -4,+%22 ,/ 0%"$> 4%9,4:%6; M4"."$> ,/ *"2 +,$+%-.1#3 /4#8%9,4: *%
+,88%$.2\
< 03#8% 8,2. ,/ 8' 4%#6%42 /,4 *#@"$> +,$2"6%4%6 #2 .*%,4%."+#3 .4%#."2%2? 8%#$. 2,3%3' .,
0% 4%#6 ,4 +,88%$.%6 1-,$? 9,4:2 .*#.? 3":% >'8$#2."+2 *#$60,,:2? 9%4% "$.%$6%6 /,4
%=%4+"2%? ,4 %@%$ 0%..%4? /,4 -1.."$> "$., -4#+."+% i ,$% +#$$,. >4#2- .*% 8,2. -4,/,1$6
3,>"+ ,/ .*% 2,+"#3 9,436 1$3%22 ,$% 0%+,8%2 "88%42%6 "$ .*% 2-%+"A+".' ,/ #$ %8-"4"+#3
4%#3".'; F5,146"%1? GHHa? -; QYGJ

L#0".12 -4,@"6%2 # 8%.*,6 /,4 2"813.#$%,123' #$#3'2"$> E.*% %=-%4"%$+% ,/ 2,+"#3

#>%$.2 #$6 i .*% ,0e%+."@% 2.41+.14%2 9*"+* 8#:% .*"2 %=-%4"%$+% -,22"03%7
F5,146"%1? GHZZ? -; YZQJ; V2"$> *#0".12 #2 # +,$+%-.1#3 .,,3 %$214%2 .*#. .*%
4%2%#4+* /,+12 "2 #39#'2 04,#6%4 .*#$ .*% 2-%+"A+ /,+12 1$6%4 2.16'; M*"3% ". "2
"8-,4.#$. ., @"%9 "$6"@"61#32 #2 #+."@%3' %$>#>%6 "$ +4%#."$> .*%"4 2,+"#3 9,4362?
5,146"%172 8%.*,6 %8-*#2"B%2 .*% 9#' "$ 9*"+* E.*% 2.41+.14% ,/ .*,2% 9,4362 "2
#34%#6' -4%6%A$%6 0' 04,#6%4 4#+"#3? >%$6%4 #$6 +3#22 4%3#.",$27 F5,146"%1 b
M#C1#$.? GHHQ? -; G^^J; L#0".12? .*%$? "2 # 8%#$2 ,/ @"%9"$> 2.41+.14% #2 ,++144"$>
9".*"$ 28#33N2+#3% "$.%4#+.",$2 #$6 #+."@".' 9".*"$ 3#4>%N2+#3% 2%.."$>2;
L#0".127 61#3".' #2 0,.* +,33%+."@% #$6 "$6"@"61#3"B%6 ,//%42 .*%,4%."+#3 -,.%$."#3?
01. #32,? #2 P"4+,14%3 -,"$.2 ,1.? +,$+%-.1#3 6"/A+13."%2; 5,146"%1 ,/.%$ 4%/%42 ., +3#22
*#0".12? #$6 # $180%4 ,/ 4%2%#4+*%42 *#@% #32, 9,4:%6 9".* .*% +,$+%-. ,/ +3#22
*#0".12 F5,146"%1 b O#22%4,$? GHYHj k#8%2? GHH_j 54"6>%? QRRGj L#4.8#$$? QRRQj
S#9+*1:? QRRaJ; )*% 3#4>%2. #$6 8,2. +,8-4%*%$2"@% 4%2%#4+* 2.16' ,/ +3#22 *#0".12
"2 5,146"%172 ,9$ 2.16' ,/ F+/'+#9'+"# "$ D4%$+* 2,+"%.' FGHZ^J; d3.*,1>* .*% 2.16'
64#92 ,$ 0,.* C1#$.".#."@% #$6 C1#3".#."@% 6#.#? 0%+#12% *#0".12 +#$$,. 0% 6"4%+.3'
,02%4@%6 "$ %8-"4"+#3 4%2%#4+* #$6 *#2 ., 0% #--4%*%$6%6 "$.%4-4%."@%3'? 81+* ,/
F+/'+#9'+"# "2 6%@,.%6 ., # C1#3".#."@% 2.16' ,/ .*% 8'4"#6 -4%/%4%$+%2 #$6 -4#+."+%2
.*#. +312.%4 "$ %#+* 2%+.,4 ,/ 2,+"#3 2-#+% F";%; 9".*"$ %#+* +3#22 #$6 +3#22 /4#+.",$J "$

hG

h^

^^R F= G&,0
,46%4 ., "6%$."/' .*% 2-%+"A+ *#0".12 .*#. 1$6%43"%2 .*%8 FM%"$"$>%4? QRR^J; )*%4% "2
#32, # /14.*%4 2.4#$6 ,/ 4%2%#4+* .*#. 9,4:2 9".* "$2.".1.",$#3 $,.",$2 ,/ *#0".12
FK+!,$,1>*? GHHYj &%#'? GHHZj K+X#8#4# L,4@#. b U"2"$> d$.,$",? GHHHj &%#' &'
,*=? QRRGj 5#40%4? QRRQJ;
K,2. %8-"4"+#3 4%2%#4+* #..%8-.2 ., 9,4: 9".* *#0".127 61#3".' #2 0,.* +,33%+."@%
#$6 "$6"@"61#3"B%6? #$6 2,8% %=+%33%$. 4%2%#4+* *#2 0%%$ +,$61+.%6 .*#. 8,@%2 /4,8
.*% "$6"@"61#3 ., .*% +3#22 +,33%+."@% #$6 0#+: #>#"$ FP*#43%29,4.*? QRRRjG X#2*?
QRRQJ; L,9%@%4? # >4%#. 6%#3 ,/ %61+#.",$#3 4%2%#4+* 4%/%4%$+%2 *#0".12 "$2.%#6 ,/
9,4:"$> 9".* .*% +,$+%-. #2 5,146"%1 #6@,+#.%2; L#0".12 "2 #2218%6 ,4 #--4,-4"#.%6
4#.*%4 .*#$ E-1. "$., -4#+."+%7 "$ 4%2%#4+* #++,1$.2? #$6 ". #--%#42 .*#. ". "2 E.*%
>4#@".#2 ,/ *#0".127 .*#. "2 6%2"4%6 4#.*%4 .*#$ ".2 ,-%4#.",$#3"B#.",$; d3.*,1>* .*%4%
#4% 8#$' %=#8-3%2 .*#. < +,136 64#9 ,$? 2,8% ,/ 8' ,9$ 9,4: "2 3%22 -4,61+."@% "$ ".2
1."3"B#.",$ ,/ *#0".12 .*#$ ,.*%4 4%2%#4+* < *#@% 1$6%4.#:%$; <$ ES*#1$72 2.,4'7? < #4>1%
.*#.\
S*#1$72 .#3% "2 #$ %=#8-3% ,/ +,$.4#6"+.",$ #$6 .%$2",$ 0%.9%%$ .*% 2,+"#3 ,46%4 #$6
-2'+*,3,>"+#3 -4,+%22%2 4#.*%4 .*#. .*% E*,8,3,>'? 4%61$6#$+' #$6 4%"$/,4+%8%$.
0%.9%%$ .*% .9, 2'2.%827 .*#. 5,146"%1 FGHHH\ _GQJ #22%4.2 "2 $,48#."@%; <$ +,$.4#2. .,
.*% $,48? S*#1$72 %=-%4"%$+% >%$%4#.%2 # *#0".12 6"@"6%6 #>#"$2. ".2%3/j #$ %=-%4"%$+%
5,146"%1 FGHHH\ _GGJ 6%2+4"0%2 #2 E6,,8%6 ., 61-3"+#.",$? ., # 6,103% -%4+%-.",$ ,/
2%3/7; L% "2 -,2".",$%6 "$ #$ 1$.%$#03% 2-#+% ,$ .*% 0,1$6#4"%2 ,/ .9, "44%+,$+"3#03% 9#'2
,/ 0%"$> #$6 *#2 ., -4,61+% #$ %$,48,12 0,6' ,/ -2'+*"+? "$.%33%+.1#3 #$6 "$.%4#+."@%
9,4: "$ ,46%4 ., 8#"$.#"$ *"2 +,$.4#6"+.,4' 9#'2 ,/ 0%"$>? *"2 61#3 -%4+%-.",$ ,/ 2%3/;
F&%#'? QRRQ? -; QQaJ

L%4% *#0".12 "2 "$.4,61+%6 #2 # +,$+%-. 0%/,4% .*% "$.4,61+.",$ ,/ #$' ,/ .*% 6#.#;
5,146"%172 +*#33%$>% ., 12% .*% +,$+%-. #2 # 9#' ,/ "$.%44,>#."$> .*% 6#.# "2 ">$,4%6
#$6 *#0".12 0%+,8%2 #$ %=-3#$#.",$ ,/ .*% 6#.# 4#.*%4 .*#$ # 9#' ,/ 9,4:"$> 9".* ".;
<$ +,$.4#2.? "$ #$ %#43"%4 -#-%4 F&%#'? GHHYJ < 9,4: 9".* $,.",$2 ,/ *#0".12 #2 0,.*
%80,6"%6 #$6 #2 # +,8-3%= "$.%4-3#' 0%.9%%$ -#2. #$6 -4%2%$.; < 12% 6#.# /4,8 # +#2%
2.16' ,/ P*4"2."$%? # ,$+% 9,4:"$>N+3#22 9,8#$ 9*, $,9 "6%$."A%2 #2 8"663% +3#22? .,
2*,9 *,9 9,4:"$>N+3#22 *#0".12 +#$ 0% 2."33 %80,6"%6 "$ #80">1,123' 3,+#.%6
"$6"@"61#32 9".*"$ .*% A%36 ,/ %61+#.",$? >%$%4#."$> 1$+%4.#"$.'? #80"@#3%$+%? #$="%.'
#$6 # 2%$2% ,/ 6"2%$/4#$+*"2%8%$.; < #32, 64#9 ,$ 6#.# ,$ P*4"2."$%72 %61+#.",$#3
*"2.,4' ., 2*,9 *,9 *#0".12 +,$."$1%2 ., ,-%4#.% 3,$> #/.%4 .*% ,0e%+."@% +,$6".",$2 ,/
".2 %8%4>%$+% *#@% 0%%$ 6"23,6>%6 F5,146"%1? QRRG? -; GaJ;
T61+#.",$#3 4%2%#4+*%42 *#@% ,-%4#.",$#3"B%6 $,.",$2 ,/ *#0".12 "$ 4%3#.",$ ., 0,.*
C1#3".#."@% #$6 C1#$.".#."@% 6#.#; P*4"2 d.:"$2 FQRRRJ 9,4:2 9".* C1#3".#."@%
"$.%4@"%92? 1."3"B"$> .*% +,$+%-. ,/ *#0".12 "$ 4%3#.",$ ., .*% "$6"@"61#3 6"2-,2".",$2
,/ 414#3 #613. 3%#4$%42 #$6 #..%8-.2 ., 8,@% /4,8 "$6"@"61#3 6"2-,2".",$2 ., $,.",$2 ,/
# +,33%+."@% 414#3 *#0".12; <$ +,$.4#2.? S12#$ !18#"2 FQRRQJ 64#92 ,$ C1#$.".#."@%
6#.# "$ *%4 2.16' ,/ +13.14#3 +#-".#3 #$6 2+*,,3"$>; S*% ,-%4#.",$#3"B%2 *#0".12 #2
2.16%$.27 ,++1-#.",$#3 #2-"4#.",$2? #4>1"$> .*#. -%4+%-.",$2 #0,1. .*% ,--,4.1$".'
2.41+.14% #$6 9*#. "2 $%+%22#4' ., 21++%%6 #4% #33 -#4. ,/ *#0".12; L,9%@%4? #2 2*%
4%+,>$"B%2? 2.16%$.27 #0"3".' ., ,0.#"$ -4%2.">",12 e,02 "2 ,$3' ,$% 28#33 +,8-,$%$. ,/
*#0".12? #$6 *%4 2.16' "2 E4%#33' ,$3' # A42. #..%8-. ., ,-%4#.",$#3"2% .*% +,$+%-. ,/

3&0"#$ '4& 4,C+'6,* 6/& "7 4,C+'6/

^^G

*#0".12 #3,$>2"6% .*% +,$+%-. ,/ +13.14#3 +#-".#37 F!18#"2? QRRQ? -; IQJ; d 8,4%
*,3"2."+? "$.%$2"@% #--4,#+* ., 9,4:"$> 9".* *#0".12 "2 &,' X#2*72 3,$>".16"$#3 X%9
u%#3#$6 O4,>4%22 #. S+*,,3 O4,e%+.; !4#9"$> ,$ /,+12 >4,1- "$.%4@"%92 9".*
2%+,$6#4' 2+*,,3 2.16%$.2? X#2* FQRRQJ %=#8"$%2 .*% +,$2%C1%$+%2 /,4 9,4:"$>N+3#22
2.16%$.2 9*, 4%e%+. .*% +,$+%-. ,/ %61+#.",$ ,//%4%6 0' .*% 2+*,,3 #$6 #4% 1$#03% .,
+,$2.41+. # *#0".12 "$ #++,46#$+% 9".* ".; L% 9,4:2 +#4%/133' 9".* .*% 6#.# ., 6%3"$%#.%
E.*% %61+#.%6 *#0".127 #$6 *,9 .*% 9,4:"$> +3#22%2 0,.* %=+316% .*%82%3@%2 #$6 #4%
%=+316%6 /4,8 ".; S"8"3#43'? &#-,-,4. #$6 U,82:'ND%6%4 FQRRQJ +,$61+. # 8"+4,N
#$#3'2"2 ,/ E"$.%33">%$.2"#7 #2 #$ %.*$"+ *#0".12; M,4:"$> 9".* 3"/% *"2.,4"%2 .*%'
%=#8"$% "$ 6%.#"3 *,9 *#0".12 "2 "$+13+#.%6 #$6 .4#$2/,48%6 "$ .*% +,$.%=. ,/ &122"#$
k%9"2* 8">4#.",$ ., <24#%3; )*%"4 A$6"$>2 E@%4"/' .*% .4#$2-,2#3 C1#3".' ,/ *#0".12 #$6
".2 *%">*.%$%6 6'$#8"+ $#.14% "$ ."8%2 ,/ 2.41+.14#3 3#> ,4 41-.14% #$6 # 8"28#.+*
0%.9%%$ ,--,4.1$"."%2 #$6 6"2-,2".",$2 ., >4#2- .*%87 F&#-,-,4. b U,82:'ND%6%4?
QRRQ? -; Q^_J;
O4,0#03' .*% 8,2. +,8-4%*%$2"@% #..%8-. ., 12% *#0".12 "$ ,46%4 ., 8,@%
#$#3'."+#33' /4,8 .*% "$6"@"61#3 ., .*% +3#22 +,33%+."@% #$6 0#+: #>#"$ "2 S"8,$
P*#43%29,4.*72 FQRRRJ M N4&#"B&#"*":0 "7 L"(O+#: P*,// ;I)&(+&#9&; L% -4,@"6%2 12
9".* #$ #$#3'2"2 ,/ *#0".12 .*#. 64#92 -,9%4/133' ,/ 5,146"%172 ,9$ +,$+%-.1#3"B#N
.",$2? 01. 9*"+* #32, 9,4:2 ,4>#$"+#33' #$6 2%$2"."@%3' 9".* .*% 6#.#; )*% 4%213. "2 #$
#$#3'2"2 .*#. +,80"$%2 1$+,$2+",12 "8-132%2 9".* 81$6#$% %@%4'6#' 4%g%="@".'; S,?
/,4 P*#43%29,4.*? 9,4:"$>N+3#22 8#2+13"$% *#0".12 "2\
P*#4#+.%4"2%6 0' # 9#' ,/ 9#3:"$>? ,/ 8,@"$> "$ 2-#+%? ,/ >%2."+13#."$>? ,/ 29%#4"$>?
e,:"$>? 0#$.%4"$>? ,/ 3#1>*"$>? %#."$>? 64"$:"$> #$6 E0%"$> # 3#67? ,/ 0%"$> 2.4#">*. #2 #
6"%7? # E4#". 3#67? ,/ 0%"$> ,-%$ ., .#3: #0,1. .*% -4,03%82 ,/ 3"/% 01. 9*"+* 4%e%+.2
%=+%22"@% 2%$."8%$.#3".'; FP*#43%29,4.*? QRRR? --; QQHWQaRJ

d2 9%33 #2 *#0".12 +,8"$> "$., @"%9 #2 # 8"=.14% ,/ .*% %80,6"%6? .*% "$2."$+.1#3 #$6
.*% 1$.*,1>*.? 9% #32, >3"8-2% .*% E3"/% ,/ .*% 8"$67? .*% 4%g%+."@% #2 9%33 #2 .*% -4%N
4%g%+."@%;

;+.*'1%-+.
<$ .*"2 -#-%4 < *#@% #--4,#+*%6 5,146"%172 +,$+%-. ,/ *#0".12 /4,8 .*4%%
-%42-%+."@%2; D"42.? < *#@% ,1.3"$%6 ".2 +,$+%-.1#3 6%@%3,-8%$. #$6 .*%,4%."+#3 2.#.12;
S%+,$6? < *#@% %=#8"$%6 ".2 4%3%@#$+%? %8-*#2"B"$> 2.4%$>.*2 01. #32, # $180%4 ,/
3"8".#.",$2? -#4."+13#43' "$ 4%3#.",$ ., >%$6%4? 4#+% #$6 %@%4'6#' 4%g%="@".'; D"$#33'? <
*#@% %=-3,4%6 *#0".12 #2 # 8%.*,6,3,>"+#3 .,,3 #$6 ". "2 .*"2 #2-%+. ,/ .*% +,$+%-. .*#.
< 9#$. ., +,8% 0#+: ., 04"%g' "$ .*% +,$+312",$; d2 < *#@% #4>1%6 %32%9*%4%?
E-#4#6,="+#33' .*% +,$+%-.1#3 3,,2%$%22 ,/ *#0".12 #32, +,$2.".1.%2 # -,.%$."#3
2.4%$>.*; <. 8#:%2 -,22"03% #6#-.#.",$ 4#.*%4 .*#$ .*% 8,4% +,$2.4"+."$> 2.4#">*./,4N
9#46 #6,-.",$ ,/ .*% +,$+%-. 9".*"$ %8-"4"+#3 9,4:7 F&%#'? GHH_0? -; a_YJ; &,' X#2*
FQRRQ? -; ^IJ #22%4.2 .*#. E"/ .*% /133 @#31% ,/ 5,146"%172 B&'4"$ "2 ., 0% #+*"%@%6? ". 9"33
0% .*4,1>* .*% +3,2% "$@%2.">#.",$ ,/ 6%A$".% *#0".12? #2 2.#.%2 ,/ 8"$6 ,4 %//%+."@%

^^Q F= G&,0
6"2-,2".",$27; )*%4% "2 -3%$.' ,/ 2+,-%? #$6 < 9,136 #4>1% # 4%#3 $%%6? /,4 -1.."$>
*#0".12 "$., -4#+."+%; ), 4%".%4#.% 5,146"%172 9,462 # 2%+,$6 ."8%\
i ,$% +#$$,. >4#2- .*% 8,2. -4,/,1$6 3,>"+ ,/ .*% 2,+"#3 9,436 1$3%22 ,$% 0%+,8%2
"88%42%6 "$ .*% 2-%+"A+".' ,/ #$ %8-"4"+#3 4%#3".'; F5,146"%1? GHHa? -; QYGJ

<+#)
G;

d3.*,1>* P*#43%29,4.* 94".%2 %=.%$2"@%3' ,$ *#0".12 "$ 4%3#.",$ ., %61+#.",$? *"2 4%2%#4+* "2
-4"8#4"3' # 2,+",3,>"+#3 2.16' ,/ .*% 9,4:"$> +3#22;

=)5)6).*)%
d3%=#$6%4? k; FGHH_J Q+# $& /+&9*& /"9+,* '4&"(0 FU,$6,$? v%42,J;
d4+*%4? K; FQRRaJ 8'(69'6(&1 ,:&#90 ,#$ '4& +#'&(#,* 9"#.&(/,'+"# FP#804"6>%? P#804"6>% V$"@%42".'
O4%22J;
d.:"$2? P; FQRRRJ U"/%3,$> 3%#4$"$>f#..".16%2 ., -4#+."+% "$ .*% 414#3 +,$.%=.\ # 2.16' 12"$>
5,146"%172 -%42-%+."@% ,/ *#0".12? R#'&(#,'+"#,* 5"6(#,* "7 !+7&*"#: ;$69,'+"#1 GH? Q_aWQI_;
5#40%4? ); FQRRQJ Ed 2-%+"#3 61.' ,/ +#4%7\ %=-3,4"$> .*% $#44#.",$ #$6 %=-%4"%$+% ,/ .%#+*%4 +#4"$>?
3(+'+/4 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"#1 Qa? aZaWaHI;
5,146"%1? O; FGHIYJ S'2.%82 ,/ %61+#.",$ #$6 2'2.%82 ,/ .*,1>*.? 8"9+,* 89+&#9& R#7"(B,'+"#1 G^?
aaZWa_Z;
5,146"%1? O; FGHZaJ )*% A%36 ,/ +13.14#3 -4,61+.",$? ,4\ .*% %+,$,8"+ 9,436 4%@%42%6 N"&'+9/1 GQ?
aGGWa_I;
5,146"%1? O; FGHZ^J F+/'+#9'+"# FU,$6,$? &,1.3%6>% #$6 [%>#$ O#13J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHZ_#J )*% >%$%2"2 ,/ .*% +,$+%-.2 ,/ L#0".12 #$6 ,/ D"%36? 8"9+"9(+'+9+/B1 Q? GGWQ^;
5,146"%1? O; FGHZ_0J D4,8 413%2 ., 2.4#.%>"%2\ #$ "$.%4@"%9 9".* O"%44% 5,146"%1? P6*'6(,*
M#'4(")"*":01 G? GGRWGQR;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHR#J K4& *":+9 "7 )(,9'+9& FP#804"6>%\ O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHR0J R# "'4&( J"($/S &//,0/ '"J,($/ , (&T&I+.& /"9+"*":0 FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHR+J 8"9+"*":0 +# U6&/'+"# FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHaJ P,$+316"$> 4%8#4:2\ /,4 # 2,+",>%$%."+ 1$6%42.#$6"$> ,/ "$.%33%+.1#3 9,4:2?
"$\ P; P#3*,1$? T; U"-18# b K; O,2.,$% FT62J 3"6($+&6S 9(+'+9,* )&(/)&9'+.&/ FP#804"6>%?
O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHIJ K4& (6*&/ "7 ,(' FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHZ#J N(,9'+9,* (&,/"# FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHZ0J 8','& #"C+*+'0 FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHH#J S+#..%4%6 4%8#4:2? ;6(")&,# 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+,* K4&"(01 QFaJ? aa^Wa^R;
5,146"%1? O; FGHHH0J "$\ O; 5,146"%1? d; d++#46,? l; 5#3#B2? S; 5%#16? D; 5,$@"$? T; 5,146"%1? O;
5,14>,"2? S; 54,++,3"+*"? O; P*#8-#>$%? &; P*4"2."$? k;NO; D#>1%4? S; l#4+"#? &; U%$,"4? D;
c%1@4#46? K; O"#3,1=? U; O"$.,? !; O,6#3'6%2? d; S#'#6? P; S,13"% U,"+ b k; !; M#+C1#$.
FT62J L&+:4' "7 '4& J"(*$S /"9+,* /677&(+#: +# 9"#'&B)"(,(0 /"9+&'0 FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FQRRR#J N,/9,*+,# B&$+','+"#/ FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; FQRRR0J K#:"$> .*% %+,$,8"+ *#0".12\ d3>%4"#$ 9,4:%42 4%@"2".%6? ;'4#":(,)401 GFGJ?
GYW^G;
5,146"%1? O; FQRRGJ %,/96*+#& $"B+#,'+"# FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; b O#22%4,$? k;NP; FGHYHJ K4& +#4&(+'"(/S Q(&#94 /'6$&#'/ ,#$ '4&+( (&*,'+"# '" 96*'6(&
FP*"+#>,? V$"@%42".' ,/ P*"+#>, O4%22J;
5,146"%1? O; b M#+C1#$.? U; FGHHQJ M# +#.+','+"# '" (&T&I+.& /"9+"*":0 FP*"+#>,? V$"@%42".' ,/
P*"+#>, O4%22J;

h_

h_

3&0"#$ '4& 4,C+'6,* 6/& "7 4,C+'6/

^^a

54"6>%? l; FQRRGJ 5,146"%1? 4#.",$#3 #+.",$ #$6 .*% ."8%N2-#+% 2.4#.%>' ,/ >%$.4"A+#.",$?
K(,#/,9'+"#/ "7 '4& R#/'+'6'& "7 3(+'+/4 V&":(,)4&(/1 QI? QR_WQQ^;
P*#43%29,4.*? S; FQRRRJ M )4&#"B&#"*":0 "7 J"(O+#: 9*,// &I)&(+&#9& FP#804"6>%? P#804"6>%
V$"@%42".' O4%22J;
P"+,14%3? d; v; FGHHaJ d2-%+.2 ,/ 2.41+.14#3 #$6 -4,+%221#3 .*%,4"%2 ,/ :$,93%6>%? "$\ P; P#3*,1$?
T; U"-18# b K; O,2.,$% FT62J 3"6($+&6S 9(+'+9,* )&(/)&9'+.&/ FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
P,$$,33'? O; FGHHZJ G,9+/B1 :&#$&( +$&#'+'+&/ ,#$ 0"6#: 94+*$(&# FU,$6,$? &,1.3%6>%J;
P4%229%33? ); FQRRQJ 5,146"%172 >%,>4#-*"%2\ "$ 8%8,4"18? ;#.+("#B&#' ,#$ N*,##+#: FS 8"9+&'0
,#$ 8),9&1 QR? aYHWaZQ;
P4,223%'? X; FGHHHJ D"2*? D"%36? L#0".12 #$6 K#6$%22\ .*% A42. 9#@% 8%$.#3 *%#3.* 12%42
8,@%8%$. "$ l4%#. 54".#"$? 3(+'+/4 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":01 _R? I^YWIYR;
P4,223%'? X; FQRRRJ K4& /"9+,* C"$0S 4,C+'1 +$&#'+'0 ,#$ $&/+(& FU,$6,$? S#>%J;
!" K#>>",? O; FGHYHJ &%@"%9 %22#' ,$ O"%44% 5,146"%1? MB&(+9,# 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":01 Z^? G^IRW
G^Y^;
!18#"2? S; FQRRQJ P13.14#3 +#-".#3? >%$6%4? #$6 2+*,,3 21++%22\ .*% 4,3% ,/ *#0".12? 8"9+"*":0 "7
;$69,'+"#1 Y_? ^^WIZ;
D#4$%33? 5; FQRRRJ l%.."$> ,1. ,/ .*% L#0".12\ #$ #3.%4$#."@% 8,6%3 ,/ 6'$#8"+#33' %80,6"%6 2,+"#3
#+.",$? 5"6(#,* "7 '4& G"0,* M#'4(")"*":+9,* R#/'+'6'&1 I? aHYW^GZ;
l4%$/%33? K; FQRRaJ 5,146"%1 "$ .*% +3#224,,8? "$\ K; c322%$ FT6;J P6*'6(& ,#$ *&,(#+#:S ,99&// ,#$
"))"('6#+'0 +# '4& 96((+96*6B FM%2.-,4.? l4%%$9,,6 O4%22J;
l4%$/%33? K; b k#8%2? !; FT62J FGHHZJ 3"6($+&6 ,#$ &$69,'+"#S ,9'/ "7 )(,9'+9,* '4&"(0 FU,$6,$?
D#38%4 O4%22J;
L#4:%4? &;? K#*#4? P; b M"3:%2? P; FGHHRJ M# +#'("$69'+"# '" '4& J"(O "7 N+&((& 3"6($+&6S '4& )(,9'+9&
"7 '4&"(0 FU,$6,$? K#+K"33#$J;
L#4.8#$$? K; FQRRRJ P3#22N2-%+"A+ *#0".12 #$6 .*% 2,+"#3 4%-4,61+.",$ ,/ .*% 012"$%22 %3".% "$
l%48#$' #$6 D4#$+%? 8"9+"*":+9,* G&.+&J1 ^Z? Q^GWQIG;
L%'? v; FQRRaJ <6%$."A+#.",$ b 8,4."A+#.",$ "$ 3#.% 8,6%4$".'\ X%9 U#0,14j #3-*# /%8"$"$"."%2 b
.*%"4 6"2`+,$.%$.2; [%'$,.% d664%22 #. .*% >DDW R#'&(#,'+"#,* P"#7&(&#9& "7 V&#$&( X
;$69,'+"#? V$"@%42".' ,/ S*%/A%36;
k#8%2? !; FGHH_J K#.14% 2.16%$.2*"- "$ *">*%4 %61+#.",$\ 0%',$6 # E2-%+"%27 #--4,#+*? 3(+'+/4
5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"#1 GI? ^_GW^II;
k%$:"$2? &; FGHHQJ N+&((& 3"6($+&6 FU,$6,$? &,1.3%6>%J;
[4#"2? 5; FGHHaJ l%$6%4 #$6 2'80,3"+ @",3%$+%\ /%8#3% ,--4%22",$ "$ .*% 3">*. ,/ O"%44% 5,146"%172
.*%,4' ,/ 2,+"#3 -4#+."+%? "$\ P; P#3*,1$? T; U"-18# b K; O,2.,$% FT62J 3"6($+&6S 9(+'+9,*
)&(/)&9'+.&/ FP#804"6>%\ O,3".' O4%22J;
U#2*? S; FGHHaJ O"%44% 5,146"%1\ +13.14#3 %+,$,8' #$6 2,+"#3 +*#$>%? "$\ P; P#3*,1$? T; U"-18#
b K; O,2.,$% FT62J 3"6($+&6S 9(+'+9,* )&(/)&9'+.&/ FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J? GHaWQGG;
U"B#46,? c; FQRRaJ K4& 9":#+'+.& "(+:+#/ "7 3"6($+&6Y/ 4,C+'6/S C(+#:+#: '":&'4&( 96*'6(& ,#$ 9":#+'+"#;
V$-103"2*%6 -#-%4? !%-#4.8%$. ,/ S,+",3,>'? V$"@%42".' ,/ d4"B,$#? VSd;
K#*#4? P; FGHHRJ O"%44% 5,146"%1\ .*% "$.%33%+.1#3 -4,e%+.? "$\ &; L#4:%4? P; K#*#4 b P; M"3:%2
FT62J M# +#'("$69'+"# '" '4& J"(O "7 N+&((& 3"6($+&6S '4& )(,9'+9& "7 '4&"(0 FU,$6,$? K#+K"33#$J;
K+P3%33#$6? [; FGHHRJ P138#."@% 6"2#6@#$.#>% #8,$> .*% *">*3' #80".",12? 8"9+"*":0 "7
;$69,'+"#1 Ia? GRQWGQG;
K+!,$,1>*? O; FGHHYJ P4""/+#: 9"**&:&/S 4"J /"9+,* 9*,// ,#$ /94""*/ /'(69'6(& "))"('6#+'0 FX%9 o,4:?
S.#.% V$"@%42".' ,/ X%9 o,4: O4%22J;
K+X#8#4# L,4@#.? T; b U"2"$> d$.,$",? d; FGHHHJ EL%'? .*,2% 2*,%2 #4% ,1. ,/ 1$"/,487\ d/4"+#$
d8%4"+#$ >"432 "$ #$ %3".% 2+*,,3 #$6 .*% "8-,4.#$+% ,/ *#0".12? M#'4(")"*":0 ,#$ ;$69,'+"#
Z6,('&(*01 aR;
K+X#'? U; FGHHHJ l%$6%4? L#0".12 #$6 .*% D"%36\ O"%44% 5,146"%1 #$6 .*% 3"8".2 ,/ 4%3%="@".'?
K4&"(01 P6*'6(& ,#$ 8"9+&'01 GI? H_WGGY;
K+X#'? U; FQRRRJ V&#$&( ,#$ ,:&#90 FP#804"6>%? O,3".' O4%22J;
K+X#'? U; FQRRGJ K%6".#.",$2 ,$ O#2+#3"#$ 8%6".#.",$2? ;9"#"B0 ,#$ 8"9+&'01 aR? GaHWG_^;

h^

h_

hI

^^^ F= G&,0
X#2*? &; FGHHHJ 5,146"%1? E*#0".127? #$6 %61+#.",$#3 4%2%#4+*\ "2 ". #33 9,4.* .*% +#$63%? 3(+'+/4
5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"#1 QR? GY_WGZY;
X#2*? &; FQRRQJ )*% %61+#.%6 *#0".12? -4,>4%22 #. 2+*,,3 #$6 4%#3 :$,93%6>%? R#'&(94,#:&1 aa? QYW
^Z;
&#-,-,4.? ); b U,82:'ND%6%4? T; FQRRQJ E<$.%33">%$.2"#7 #2 #$ %.*$"+ *#0".12\ .*% "$+13+#.",$ #$6
4%2.41+.14"$> ,/ "$.%33">%$.2"# #8,$> &122"#$ k%92? 3(+'+/4 5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"#1
Qa? QaaWQ^Z;
&%#'? !; FGHH_#J V2"$> *#0".12 ., 3,,: #. E4#+%7 #$6 +3#22 "$ -4"8#4' 2+*,,3 +3#224,,82? "$\ K;
l4"/A.*2 b 5; )4,'$# FT62J M#'+[(,9+/B1 96*'6(& ,#$ /"9+,* H6/'+9& +# &$69,'+"# FS.,:%N,$N)4%$.?
)4%$.*#8 5,,:2J? GG_WGaQ;
&%#'? !; FGHH_0J E)*%' %8-3,' +3%#$%42 ., 6, .*#.7\ *#0".12 "$ .*% -4"8#4' +3#224,,8? 3(+'+/4
5"6(#,* "7 8"9+"*":0 "7 ;$69,'+"#1 GI? a_aWaYG;
&%#'? !; FGHHYJ D%8"$"2. .*%,4'? *#0".12 #$6 2,+"#3 +3#22\ 6"241-."$> $,.",$2 ,/ +3#223%22$%22?
L"B&#Y/ 8'6$+&/ R#'&(#,'+"#,* Q"(6B1 QR? QQ_WQaa;
&%#'? !; FGHHZJ Ed39#'2 :$,9"$>7 #$6 E$%@%4 0%"$> 214%7\ "$2.".1.",$#3 #$6 /#8"3"#3 *#0".12%2 #$6
*">*%4 %61+#.",$ +*,"+%? 5"6(#,* "7 ;$69,'+"# N"*+901 Ga? _GHW_QH;
&%#'? !; FQRRQJ S*#1$72 2.,4'\ .4,103"$> 6"2+,142%2 ,/ 9*".% 9,4:"$> +3#22 8#2+13"$"."%2? V&#$&(
,#$ ;$69,'+"#1 G^? QQGWQa^;
&%#'? !;? 5#33? S; b !#@"6? K; FQRRGJ K#:"$> # 6"//%4%$+%p\ "$2.".1.",$#3 *#0".12%2 #$6 *">*%4
%61+#.",$ +*,"+%? 8"9+"*":+9,* G&/&,(94 \#*+#&1 _? VGQIWVG^Q;
S#9+*1:? O; FQRRaJ M$6*' *&,(#+#: ,#$ '&94#"*":0 +# J"(O+#:[9*,// *+7& FP#804"6>%? P#804"6>%
V$"@%42".' O4%22J;
S#'%4? d; FQRR^J K4& B"(,* /+:#+]9,#9& "7 9*,// F/,4.*+,8"$>J;
M#+C1#$.? U; FGHZHJ ),9#462 # 4%g%="@% 2,+",3,>'; d 9,4:2*,- 9".* O"%44% 5,146"%1? 8"9+"*":+9,*
K4&"(01 Y? QIWIa;
M%"$"$>%4? T; FQRR^J O"%44% 5,146"%1 ,$ 2,+"#3 +3#22 #$6 2'80,3"+ @",3%$+%? "$\ T; c3"$ M4">*.
FT6;J M*'&(#,'+.& 7"6#$,'+"#/ "7 9*,// ,#,*0/+/ F/,4.*+,8"$>J;

hY

hY

Author Query Sheet

Manuscript Information
Journal
Acronym
Volume and
issue

cBSE

Author name

Reay

25:4

Manuscript
No. (if
applicable)

AUTHOR: The following queries have arisen during the editing of your
manuscript. Please answer the queries by marking necessary corrections at
the appropriate positions on the PROOFS. Do not answer the queries on
the query sheet itself. Please also return a copy of the query sheet with
your corrected proofs.
QUERY NO.

QUERY DETAILS

Q1

Provide full details for reference list

Q2

Provide closing quotation mark for quote is page number known yet?

Q3

Confirm reference citation

Q4

Text states Hartmann as (2002) but refreence list as (2000) which year is correct?

Q5

Provide text citation

Q6

Provide page span

Q7

Provide any further known publication details