TOILET

A toilet is a sanitation fixture used for the

disposal of human urine and feces. They are
often found in a small room referred to as
a toilet, bathroom or lavatory. A toilet can be
designed for people who prefer to sit (by
using a toilet pedestal) or for people who
prefer to squat and use a squat toilet. Flush
toilets, which are common in many parts of
the world (particularly in more affluent
countries or regions), may be connected to
a septic tank or - more commonly in urban
areas - via a sewer to a sewage treatment
plant.

Different Types of Toilet

Flush Toilets
A typical flush toilet is a vitreous, ceramic bowl containing
water plus plumbing made to be rapidly filled with more
water. The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a hollow
drain pipe shaped like an upside-down U connecting the
drain. One side of the U channel is arranged as a
hollow siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is
high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of
the upside-down U-shaped drain pipe limits the height of

the water in the bowl before it flows down the drain. The
water in the bowl acts as a barrier to sewer gas entering
and as a receptacle for waste. Sewer gas is vented
through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line.
When a toilet is flushed, the water should flow into a septic
tank or into a sewage system with a sewage treatment
plant. However, this is often not the case at a global level.
The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets
usually make up a significant portion of personal daily
water usage. However, modern low flush toilet designs
allow the use of much less water per flush. Dual flush
toilets allow the user to select between a flush for urine or
feces saving a significant amount of water over
conventional units. The flush handle on these toilets is
pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other.[4] In
some places users are encouraged not to flush after
urination. Flush toilets, if plumbed for it, may also
use greywater(water previously used for washing dishes,
laundry and bathing) for flushing rather than potable
water (drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize the
water in the tank which initiates flushing action with less
water usage. Heads (on ships) are typically flushed with
seawater.
A flush toilet can also be installed without a water cistern
and flushed manually with a few liters of water using a
small bucket. In this case, the toilet is called a pour flush
toilet.[5] This type of low-cost toilet is common in many
Asian countries.

Pit toilet
A pit toilet, or pit latrine, is a dry toilet system which
collects human excrement and urine in a pit or trench and
ranges from a simple slit trench dug in the ground to more
elaborate systems with seating or squatting pans and
ventilation systems. They are more often used
inemergency, rural and wilderness areas as well as in the
rural or peri-urban areas of much of the developing world.
The waste pit or trench, in some cases, will be large
enough that the reduction in mass of the contained waste
products by the ongoing process of decompositionallows
the pit to be used for many years before it fills up. When
the pit becomes too full, it may be emptied or the hole
covered with earth. Pit latrines have to be located away
from drinking water sources (wells, streams, etc.) to
minimize the possibility of disease spread
viagroundwater pollution. Army units typically use a form
of pit toilet when they are in the field and away from
functional sewerage systems. The use of correctly located
pit toilets were found to prevent much of the spread of
various diseases which used to kill many more soldiers
than the bullets and artillery used in pre-1940 warfare.

Vault toilet
A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container
buried in the ground beneath the seat to receive the
waste; a small building is usually built over the whole. All
waste is contained in the underground vault until it is
purposely removed by pumping. A vault toilet is

distinguished from a pit toilet in that in the latter the liquid

waste seeps down into the underlying soil, while the solid
waste remains and accumulates until the pit fills up.

Dry toilets
Dry toilets use no water or very little water for flushing.
Many different types of dry toilets exist. For example, from
simple to more complex: a bucket toilet, tree bog (a simple
system for converting excrement to direct fertiliser for
trees), pit latrine (mainly consisting of a hole in the
ground), composting toilet (which mixes excreta with
carbon rich materials for faster decomposition), urinediverting dry toilet (which keeps urine separate from
feces), incinerating toilet (which burns the excreta)
and freezing toilet(which freezes the excreta).
The pig toilet from the Indian state of Goa which consists
of a toilet linked to a pig enclosure by a chute is still in use
to a limited extent but the subsequent use of the pigs for
food carries a significant risk for human health.[6]

Urine diversion toilets

Urine diversion (UD) toilets have two compartments. One
for urine and one for the feces. A urine diversion toilet
flushes one or both compartments with water. A urinediverting dry toilet (UDDT) is a form of dry toilet. UDDTs
can be linked to systems which reuse excreta as
a fertilizer or biofuel. Astronauts use a UDDT to
recover potable water in the space station.[7]

Chemical toilets
Chemical toilets which do not require a connection to a
water supply are used in a variety of situations. Examples
includepassenger train toilets and airplane toilets and also
complicated space toilets for use in zero-gravity
spacecraft.

Flying toilets
The unsanitary "flying toilets" are used in African informal
settlements where plastic shopping bags are used as a
container for excrement and are then simply discarded.
They are called flying toilets "because when you have
filled them, you throw them as far away as you can. This
practice, coupled with the solid waste problem of
discarded plastic bags, has led to the banning of the
manufacture and import of such bags in Uganda, Kenya,
and Tanzania.

Portable toilets
The portable toilet is used on construction sites and at
large outdoor gatherings where there are no other
facilities. They are typically self-contained units that are
made to be easily moved to different locations as needed.
Most portable toilets are unisex single units with privacy
ensured by a simple lock on the door. The units are
usually light weight and easily transported by a flatbed
truck and loaded and unloaded by a small forklift. Many
portable toilets are small molded plastic
or fiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a

receptacle to catch waste in a chemically treated

container. If used for an extended period of time they have
to be cleaned out and new chemicals put in the waste
receptacle. For servicing multiple portable toilets tanker
trucks (vacuum trucks), often called "Honey Trucks", are
equipped with lage vacuums to evacuate the waste and
replace the chemicals. Portable toilets can also be
equipped with urine diversion as in the case of
portable urine-diverting dry toilets.
A bucket toilet is a very simple type of portable toilet.

High-tech toilets
"High-tech" toilets include features such as: automaticflushing mechanisms that flush a toilet or urinal when
finished; water jets, or "bottom washers" like a bidet; blow
dryers; artificial flush sounds to mask noises; and urine
and stool analysis for medical monitoring. Matsushita's
"Smart Toilet" checks blood pressure, temperature, and
blood sugar. Some feature automatic lid operation, heated
seats, deodorizing fans or automated paper toilet-seatcover replacers. Interactive urinalshave been developed in
several countries, allowing users to play video games as
with the "Toylet", produced by Sega, that uses pressure
sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates it into onscreen action.[9]

Floating toilets
A floating toilet is essentially an toilet on a platform built
above or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going

into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To

reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to
shore, many use urine diversion. The floating toilet was
developed for residents without quick access to land or
connection to a sewer systems.[10][11]It is also used in areas
subjected to prolonged flooding.[12] The need for this type
of toilet is high in areas like Cambodia.[13]

Public toilets
A public toilet, frequently called a restroom, is accessible
to the general public. It may be within a building that, while
privately owned, allows public access. Access to a public
toilet may require a fee, (pay toilet), or may be limited to
business's customers.
Depending on culture, there may be varying degrees of
separation between men and women and different levels
of privacy. Typically, the entire room, or a stall or cubicle
containing a toilet is lockable. Urinals, if present in a men's
toilet, are typically mounted on wall with or without a
divider between them. In the most basic form, a public
toilet may be not much more than an open latrine. Another
form is a street urinal known as a pissoir after the French
term (see Urinal).
In more luxurious variations there may be an attendant,
towels, showers, etc. A fairly common feature in more
modern toilets is an area to change baby diapers.

A charge levied in the UK during the mid-20th century was

one British penny, hence the generally adopted term
"spend a penny" meaning to use the toilet.[14]

Squat toilets
A squat toilet (also called squatting toilet" or "Turkish
toilet") is a toilet of any technology type (i.e. pit latrine,
urine-diverting dry toilet, flush toilet etc.) which is used in a
squatting position rather than sitting. This means that
the defecation postureused is to place one foot on each
side of the toilet drain or hole and to squat over it.
Squatting toilets are most commonly found in Asia, Africa,
and the Middle East but can also occasionally be found in
some European, Mediterranean, and South American
countries. They are common in most Muslim countries and
can quite easily be used in conjunction with anal
cleansing with water in accordance with Islamic toilet
etiquette. However, there is a general trend in many
countries to move from squatting toilets to sitting toilets
(particularly in urban areas) as the latter are often
regarded as more modern.[citation needed]

WATER CLOSET (WC)

A water closet is a room that contains a flush toilet, usually
accompanied by a washbowl or sink, and the term may
also be used to refer specifically to a flush toilet. Speakers
of British English may refer to such a room as a W.C.,
referencing the initials for this term. The development of
the flush toilet revolutionized human sanitation and

contributed a number of interesting developments to

plumbing and architecture as structures began to be built
to accommodate such toilets.

TYPES
According to the user sitting position we can classify toilets into two
types:
1. European or Western Waters closet also known as WC/EWC
(Toilet designed to sit).
2. Squatting pan (Toilet is designed to squat).

1WC Health:

types-of-toilets-wc-health

WC health is a unique design by guralvit, a turkey sanitaryware

manufacturing company. The WC is designed by combining Water
closet comfort and Squatting pan health benefit. This design won
red dot design award-2012.This WC health is a type of water closet
but you have to squat in this toilet.

European or Western Water Closet:

This WC or EWC are designed to sit in toilet. This kind of toilets

comes with seat & cover. When flushing Cover need to be closed. A
Western Style toilet will be attached with a flush tank for flushing
after usage. Flush Tank may be plastic or ceramic one. Small
amount of water will be trapped inside the toilet itself by water seal,
normally this water seal height will be 50MM.

Types of Water Closets:

The Standard Water closet can be classified according to the Trap
design (Types of water closet):
1. S Trap types of Water Closet (EWC).
2. P Trap types of Water Closet (EWC)
Choosing between S or P trap water closet:
Trap design is important when installing a toilet. Normally S tarp will
be used in ground floor installations as piping can be done below
ground level. Normally P trap will be installed in top floors because
installation of pipe line under the toilet will be difficult.
This water closet can be classified according to the Mounting system
(Type of water closet):
1. Floor mounts types of toilets.
2. Wall Mount Types of toilets.
Normally floor mount toilet will come in both P and S Trap, but
Wall mount model Toilet will come with P Trap.

Another way to classify the water closet is the visibility of trap way:
1. Concealed trap way type of toilet.
2. Visible Trap way types of toilets.
In concealed type of toilets the trap will not be visible it will be
covered by the design itself. The cost of concealed trap toilet will be
higher cost then the visible Trap way toilet.

According to the bowl design toilets can be

classified around 4 types:
1.Round bowl toilet.
2.Square bowl toilet.
3.Elongated Bowl toilet.
4.Rectangular bowl toilet

3Two piece Toilet:

Other types of toilets are two piece toilets. Normal EWC toilet is
extended to fit a ceramic tank in toilet itself. The name came from
the design. Because a piece toilet and a ceramic tank and it are

coupled using bolts, so it is called as two piece toilet. Two piece

toilets are also called as coupled closet because of design.
Same like the Normal water closet two piece WC also will be
available in S & P trap and also floor mount as well as wall mount.
The cost of coupled closet or two piece toilets is in between cost of
normal water closet and cost of one piece toilet.

4One piece toilet:

This type of toilets does not need a separate flush tank. Flush tank
is attached with the body of EWC itself. The tank and body both are
produced by ceramic material and fused together. So the problem of
leakage is minimized. This toilet also called as single piece toilet as
bowl and tank is one product.One piece toilet normally comes in
only floor mount type model. AS the weight of toilet will be more so
normally single piece toilet will not be made in wall hung
methods.One piece toilet will be available in S and P Trap model.
One piece toilet will be only designed as closed rim only. The water
pressure required to flush out the waste will be created by the
closed rim model.

Problem of leakage is very less in one piece toilet. Cost of one piece
toilet will be higher than the two piece toilet.

5Squatting Pan:

This is the classic type of toilet. Day by day this classic toilet is
replaced by modern water closet which gives more comfort and also
gives more health complaint. It is proven that squatting pan toilets
are much healthier than European water closet.The squatting pan
called in many name as Indian pan, Orissa pan and also Asian pan
toilet.Squatting pan normally used in Asian countries. These types of
toilets are comparatively cheaper than the water closet type
toilets.Squatting pan will not be directly connected to the drainage
pipe line because the bad order will come in toilets. So squatting
pan will be connected to the drain pipe by using an S trap or P
trap. This trap will avoid escape of bad order from drain line by a
water seal. Water seal of the squatting pan will be maintained by the
trap. But in water closets the design itself will maintain a water level
to seal the bad order escape from the drain pipe line.
Types of squatting Pan Toilets:
1. Standard squatting pan.
2. Sleek model squatting Pan.

3. Squatting Pan without foot rest.

4. Squatting pan separate foot rest.

6Anglo- Indian Type Toilet

Anglo Indian Type toilet is a combination of squatting pan Indian

and western water closet style toilets. You can squat or sit in this
toilet as you like. These types of toilets are brought when people
get confusion about the type of toilet they want to go with the
squatting or western one. This toilet is also called as combination
toilet and universal toilet.Anglo Indian pans are available in S and
P trap as well. This type of toilet only available in Floor mount
model. This toilet also will come with an plastic seat cover.
You need to attach a plastic tank or a concealed tank for this model
of toilets for flushing.

7Kids toilet:

Kids Toilet is specially designed toilet for kinds. The size of the toilet
is smaller so it can be used for especially under the age of 12. Now
a days seat covers are coming such a way that even children can sit
on normal Water closet.
Types of Kids Toilet:
Squatting pan.
Water closet.

8Elderly toilet:
These types of toilets are designed such a way that elder people can
easily sit and stand by increased height of the toilet. the pedestal
height of the toilet is higher than the normal water closet.

9Smart Toilet An Intelligent type of toilet:

These Toilets are latest in this line. What is smart toilet? A specially
designed ceramic toilet is attached with the electronic seat cover. All
functionally of the smart toilet are depends upon the seat cover.
It comes with a remote to set functions and parameters. Some of
the features of this smart toilet are listed below,

 Plays pre-set lyrics automatically when someone

approaches.
Automatic seat cover opening by sensors which sense
human approaches near to the toilet. It can even disgust
between men and women.
It can also automatically open & close and UV cleaning
facility.
You can set temperature and pressure of the water and
position of the water jet.
User functionality can be saved.
Inbuilt War air drier and temperature can be set as per user
input.
Dual flush option, eco flush or full flush.

10Squatty-Potty Toilet:

In general it is not a type of toilet, merely a method of using toilet.

Health problem arises when using a European water closet so a
ceramic stand will be kept where the leg is placed in water closet.

So the angle of sitting will be nearly equal to squatting. So the

health problems are reduced.

Conclusion:
Even though only two types of toilets (Modern and classic) are
there, it is further classified according to its functionality, Usability
and designs

WASH BASIN
1. (Furniture) Also called: washbowl a basin or bowl
for washing the face and hands
2. (Furniture) Also: wash-hand basin a bathroom fix
ture with taps, used for washing the face
and hands
washbasin - a bathroom sink that is permanently in
stalled and
connected to a water supply and drainpipe; where
you can wash yourhands and face; "he ran some w
ater in the basin and splashed it on hisface"
a bowl that is attached to the wall in a bathroom or
near a toilet and has pipes to supply and
carry away water, in which you wash your hands,
face, etc.S
A sink (also sinker, washbowl, hand basin and wash
basin) is a bowl-shapedplumbing fixture used for

washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes.

Sinks have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold
water and may include a spray feature to be used
for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to
remove used water; this drain may itself include a
strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflowprevention device. Sinks may also have an
integrated soap dispenser.
When a sink becomes stopped-up or clogged, a
person will often resort to use a chemical drain
cleaner or a plunger, though most professional
plumbers will remove the clog with a drain
auger (often called a "plumber's snake").
Sinks are made of many different materials. These
include:

Ceramic

Concrete

Copper

Enamel over steel or cast iron

Glass

Granite

Marble

Nickel

Plastic

Soapstone

Stainless steel

Resin washbasin[2]

Stone

Terrazzo

Wood

Polyester

Jacuzzi
Jacuzzi (Italian pronunciation: [jakuttsi]) is an Italian multinational corporation that
produces whirlpool bathtubs and hot tub spas. Its first product was a bath with
massaging jets.

A hot tub is a large tub or small pool full of heated water used for
hydrotherapy, relaxation or pleasure. Some have powerful jets for massage
purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes also known as spas or by the trade
name Jacuzzi.

Geyser
a spring that discharges steam and hot water
a piece of equipment in a kitchen or bathroom that
heats water, usually by gas
a large container in which water is stored and heated,
usually by electricity, in order to provide hot water in a
building

 a device for heating water in a bathroom or

kitchen.
an apparatus for heating water rapidly with a
gas flame (as for a bath)

Types of water heating appliances

Storage water heaters (tank-type)
In household and commercial usage, most North
American and Southern Asian water heaters are the
tank type, also called storage water heaters, these
consist of a cylindrical vessel or container that keeps
water continuously hot and ready to use. Typical sizes
for household use range from 75 to 400 liters (20 to
100 US gallons). These may use electricity, natural
gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy
sources. Natural gas heaters are most popular in the
US and most European countries, since the gas is
often conveniently piped throughout cities and towns
and currently is the cheapest to use. In the United
States, typical natural gas water heaters for
households without unusual needs are 40 or 50 US
gallons with a burner rated at 34,000 to 40,000
BTU/hour.[2] Some models offer "High Efficiency and
Ultra Low NOx" emissions.

 Tankless heaters
Tankless water heatersalso
called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash, ondemand, or instant-on water heatersare gaining in
popularity.[citation needed] These high-power water heaters
instantly heat water as it flows through the device, and
do not retain any water internally except for what is in
the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are
preferred in these units because of their high thermal
conductivity and ease of fabrication.
Tankless heaters may be installed throughout a
household at more than one point-of-use (POU), far
from a central water heater, or larger centralized models
may still be used to provide all the hot water
requirements for an entire house. The main advantages
of tankless water heaters are a plentiful continuous flow
of hot water (as compared to a limited flow of

continuously heated hot water from conventional tank

water heaters), and potential energy savings under
some conditions.

Electric shower heads

As the name implies, an electric heating element is

incorporated into such shower heads to instantly heat the
water as it flows through. These self-heating shower
heads are specialized point-of-use (POU) tankless water
heaters, and are widely used in some countries.
Invented in Brazil in the 1930s and used frequently since
the 1940s, the electric shower is a home appliance often
seen in South American countries due to the higher costs
of gas distribution. Earlier models were made of chromed
copper or brass, which were expensive, but since 1970,
units made of injected plastics are popular due to low
prices similar to that of a hair dryer. Electric showers have
a simple electric system, working like a coffee maker, but
with a larger water flow. A flow switch turns on the device
when water flows through it. Once the water is stopped,
the device turns off automatically. An ordinary electric
shower often has three heat settings: low (2.5 kW), high
(5.5 kW) or cold (0 W) to use when a central heater
system is available or in hot seasons.
The power consumption of electric showers in the
maximum heating setting is about 5.5 kW for 120 V and
7.5 kW for 220 V. The lower costs with electric showers
compared to the higher costs with boilers is due to the
time of use: an electric shower uses energy only while the
water flows, while a boiler works many times a day to keep
a quantity of standing water hot for use throughout the day

and night. Moreover, the transfer of electric energy to the

water in an electric shower head is very efficient,
approaching 100%. Therefore, electric showers may save
energy compared to gas or electric central heaters. A 20minute bath by an electric shower can cost about
US$0.10, but the same bath using water from a gas heater
can cost three times as much. This difference can be
larger where the electricity is cheaper than the gas supply,
or in tropical countries where the maximum power
consumption is required only during the cold seasons.

Tap (valve)

A tap (also spigot or faucet: see usage variations) is

a valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas.

Types

Liquid

Plastic taps are widely used in India.

Water for baths, sinks and basins can be provided by
separate hot and cold taps; this arrangement is common
in older installations, particularly in public
washrooms/lavatories and utility rooms/laundries. In
kitchens and bathrooms mixer taps are commonly used.
In this case, hot and cold water from the two valves is
mixed before reaching the outlet, allowing the water to
emerge at any temperature between that of the hot and
cold water supplies. Mixer taps were invented by Thomas
Campbell of Saint John, New Brunswick and patented in
1880.[3]

A North American style mixing valveuses a center handle

to control both water flow and temperature (increased by
clockwise rotation). Below it is a lever controlling a
diverter, sending flow to the bathtub when positioned to
the left, the shower to the right.
For baths and showers, mixer taps frequently incorporate
some sort of pressure balancing feature so that the
hot/cold mixture ratio will not be affected by transient
changes in the pressure of one or the other of the
supplies. This helps avoid scalding or uncomfortable
chilling as other water loads occur (such as the flushing of
a toilet). Rather than two separate valves, mixer taps
frequently use a single, more complex, valve controlled by
a single handle (single handle mixer). The handle moves
up and down to control the amount of water flow and from
side to side to control the temperature of the water.
Especially for baths and showers, the latest designs do
this using a built-inthermostat. These are known
as thermostatic mixing valves, or TMVs, and can be
mechanical or electronic. There are also faucets with color
LEDs to show the temperature of the water.
If separate taps are fitted, it may not be immediately clear
which tap is hot and which is cold. The hot tap generally
has a red indicator while the cold tap generally has a blue
or green indicator. In the United States, the taps are
frequently also labeled with an "H" or "C". Note that in
countries with Romance languages, the letters "C" for hot
and "F" for cold are used (from French "chaud"/Italian
"caldo"/Spanish "caliente" (hot) and French "froid"/Italian

"freddo"/Spanish "frio" (cold)). This can create confusion

when English speakers visit these countries or vice versa.
Mixer taps may have a red-blue stripe or arrows indicating
which side will give hot and which cold.
In most countries, there is a standard arrangement of
hot/cold taps. For example, in the United States and many
other countries, the hot tap is on the left by building
code requirements. Many installations exist where this
standard has been ignored (called "crossed connections"
by plumbers). Mis-assembly of some single-valve mixer
taps will exchange hot and cold even if the fixture has
been plumbed correctly.

Old metal taps were often part of decoration as this one in

Fuine castle backyard, Slovenia.
Most handles on homes are connected to the valve shaft
and fastened down with a screw. Although on most
commercial and industrial applications they are fitted with
a removable key called a "loose key", "water key", or
"sillcock key", which has a square peg and a square ended
key to turn off and on the water; the "loose key" can be
removed to prevent vandals from turning on the water.
[citation needed]
In older buildings before the "loose key" was
invented it was common for some landlords or caretakers

to take off the handle of a residential tap, which had teeth

that would meet up with the gears on the valve shaft. This
Teeth and cog system is still used on most modern
faucets. Although most of the time a "loose key" is on
industrial and commercial applications, they may also be
found at homes by the seashore to prevent passers-by
from washing the sand off their feet.[citation needed]
Taps are normally connected to the water supply by
means of a "swivel tap connector", which is attached to the
end of the water pipe using a soldered or compression
fitting, and has a large nut to screw onto the threaded "tail"
of the tap, which hangs down underneath the bath, basin
or sink. A fibre washer (which expands when wet, aiding
the seal) is used between the connector and the tap tail.
Tap tails are normally 1/2" in diameter for sinks and 3/4"
for baths, although continental Europe sometimes uses a
3/8" (still imperial) size. The same connection method is
used for a ballcock.
The term tap is widely used to describe the valve used to
dispense draft beer from a keg, whether gravity feed or
pressurized.

Gas taps

A gas tap is a specific form of ball valve used in

residential, commercial, and laboratory applications for
coarse control of the release offuel gases (such as natural
gas, coal gas, and syngas). Like all ball valves its handle
will parallel the gas line when open and be perpendicular
when closed, making for easy visual identification of its
status.