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Water Supply and Sanitation Sectors
April 2008
Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme
Govt. of the Punjab, 79-Bridge Colony, Lahore
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For the preparation of this report, even a dedicated team of professionals had remote chance
of success unless it was provided guidance, encouragement and wherever needed due criticism was
also given. Additionally it was also important to have open communication and dialogue with the
client to deal with many issues that may arise during the writing of the report. The consultant
working on this report got this support from the PSU; therefore, I would like to thank Mr. Abdullah
Khan Sumbal, Programme Director, Punjab Devolved Social Services Program, P&D Department
Government of the Punjab for his commitment to the Programme and for vigorous interest in the
finalization of this report. I am also thankful to Mr. Sarfraz Ahmad, and Mr. Qurban Ali Shah, both
Assistant Directors in PDSSP for their valuable suggestions extended by them during the meetings in
the PDSSP office. I would like to acknowledge here that the section of the report covering service
delivery standards was prepared by Mr. Naveed Alauddin and Mr. Khalid Majeed of the Urban Unit,
P&D Punjab. I am thankful to them for their very valuable contribution.
I am also grateful to my friend Mr. M. Kaleem, Director, PHED (North) for his valuable
suggestions and assistance provided to me for completion of this report. Mr. Shaukat Ali, Additional
Secretary Technical HUD & PHED, Mr. Sajjad Haider Bukhary, Chief Engineer, North, PHED, Mr.
Abdus Sattar Khan Lillah, Director PHED, Mr. Zahid Hussain, Project Director, Punjab Community
Water Supply and Sanitation Project Lahore were all generous in sharing of ideas and gave me many
valuable suggestions that resulted in tremendous improvement in this report.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
ii
ACRONYMS
AC
ADB
Alternating Current
Asian Development Bank
ASTM
BOD
BSS
CBOs
CFU
COD
DFID
DWF
E-Coli
Escherichia Coliform
EPD
HUD&PHED
JTU
KI
LLR
Key Indicators
Low Level Reservation
MDGs
MICS
MPN
NEQS
NESPAK
NOC
NTU
P&D
PC Scale
PCC
PCRWR
PCWSSP
PDSSP
PHED
PIHS
PLGO 2001
PMDFC
PPM
PRWSSP
PSQCA
PSU
iii
RCC
SDS
TCU
TDS
TMA
USEPA
UV
WASA
WHO
WSS
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
iv
PREFACE
The need for clean drinking water and safe sanitation is a universal human need; however,
mere access to water supply and sanitation services is not enough unless the quality of such
services is also of acceptable standards and comes at an affordable price.
Efficient service delivery is one of the main concerns of all levels of governments in the
world. The Government of the Punjab realizing the need of improving service delivery has given
importance to introducing improvements in the service delivery in social sectors including water
supply and sanitation .The Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme (PDSSP), one of the
major development intervention of the Provincial Government that is being implemented with the
financial support of ADB and DFID, has undertaken a comprehensive study of water supply and
sanitation service delivery and design standards. The study is aimed at review of existing situation
of water supply and sanitation services both in the rural and urban centers of the province besides
indicating best practices and standards followed internationally and to make recommendations for
improvements in both technical as well as service delivery standards.
The water supply and sanitation standards mainly comprise of technical and service
delivery standards for water supply, wastewater (collection and disposal) and solid waste
management. The provision of these services to the people is the responsibility of TMAs /City
District Governments as envisaged under PLGO 2001. The Punjab Public Health Engineering
Department is acting as technical resource base for TMAs, in addition to performing its role of
execution of development schemes in the sector to enhance the coverage that would help the
government in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the sectors of WSS.
To accomplish the task a review of existing service delivery and design standards of water
supply and sanitation sector was carried out during the month of July, 2007. Discussions were held
with technical staff of PHED to see the gaps and impediments in adoption of minimum affordable,
acceptable and practicable service delivery and design standards for water supply and
sewerage/drainage. Similar discussions were also held with concerned staff of solid waste
management of City District Government Lahore for sanitation sector.
Information on water supply and sanitation practices followed in various countries has been
studied and incorporated in the report. Based on, over three decades long experience in this field,
recommendations have been made by the consultant. It is hoped that the report will, Insha Allah, be
helpful to the concerned departments in improving service delivery
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ II
ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................. III
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... VV
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ VIVI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................ 1
1.1 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1.2.1
Drinking Water.................................................................................................................................. 22
1.2.2
Sanitation........................................................................................................................................... 33
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.3.1
Drinking Water.................................................................................................................................. 66
1.3.2
1.3.3
Drainage ............................................................................................................................................ 88
1.3.4
1.3.5
CHAPTER-2
16
2.1.1
Global Picture.................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.2
18
18
2.3 EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
19
19
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4.1
Colour................................................................................................................................................ 23
2.4.2
2.4.3
Turbidity............................................................................................................................................ 24
2.4.4
pH...................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.5.
Hardness............................................................................................................................................ 25
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
vi
2.4.6
2.4.7
2.4.8
Fluoride ............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.4.9
Chloride............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.4.10
Copper............................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.11
Iron.................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.12
Sulphates........................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4.13
Arsenic.............................................................................................................................................. 30
2.4.14.
Chromium ........................................................................................................................................ 31
31
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.5
CHAPTER-3
3.1 BACKGROUND
42
3.1.1
3.1.2
42
44
3.3.1.
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4.
Terminal Pressure.............................................................................................................................. 49
3.3.5.
3.3.6.
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.3.9
Fire Hydrants..................................................................................................................................... 52
3.3.10
3.3.11
3.3.12
Overhead Reservoirs........................................................................................................................ 54
3.3.13
Pumping Machinery......................................................................................................................... 55
3.3.14
Chlorination ..................................................................................................................................... 57
3.3.15
3.3.16
3.3.17
3.3.18
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
vii
62
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
Design Flows..................................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.4
3.4.5
Spacing of Manholes......................................................................................................................... 66
3.4.6
3.4.7
3.4.8
3.4.9
Outfall Works.................................................................................................................................... 68
3.4.10
3.4.11
3.4.12
Pipe Reinforcement.......................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.13
3.4.14
3.4.15
75
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.6.6
3.6.7
3.6.8
3.6.9
3.6.10
3.6.11
3.6.12
3.6.13
89
3.7.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 89
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5
3.7.6
3.7.7
3.7.8
viii
CHAPTER-4
4.1
95
4.2
95
4.3
Key indicators
95
4.4
95
4.5
96
95
98
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
102
4.7.1
Standard-1: Individual, Family Protection and Chemical Control Safety ....................................... 102
4.7.2
4.7.3
105
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.8.4
107
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
109
4.10.1
4.10.2
4.10.3
4.10.4
4.10.5
4.10.6
117
4.11.1
4.11.2
Evaluation....................................................................................................................................... 117
ANNEX-1
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document reviews the existing service delivery and technical standards in the water
supply and sanitation sector with a view to identify gaps and suggest ways and means to plug these
gaps; while developing new technical standards in view of the higher service delivery standards
being expected both in urban and rural communities in accordance with the international best
practices.
The impediments in the implementation of the existing standards by the Government of
Punjab have also been kept in mind while formulating the new service delivery and technical
standards. Additionally, the recommendations have been made to overcome these impediments.
Furthermore, it has also been kept in mind that the proposed standards are financially viable to be
implemented by the Punjab Government i.e. the cost implications for their implementation are within
the budget outlay for the sector.
Three consultative sessions were held with the following three stakeholders: Public Health
Engineering Department Punjab that is responsible for construction of water supply and sewerage
schemes primarily in the rural areas. In the PLGO 2001 Tehsil Municipal Administrations have been
delegated the municipal functions including water supply and sanitation in the province. In cities,
City District Governments through WASAs are working for providing these facilities. Therefore the
feedback from all the three stakeholders was incorporated in the report. Additionally, one
consultative and brain storming session was held with PHEDs panel of Senior Engineers. Second
such consultative session was held with Director Sewerage WASA Lahore. Similarly, detailed
discussion was held with Executive District Officer (Municipal Services) and District Officer, Solid
Waste Management of the City District Government of Lahore as the subject of Solid Waste
Management is the responsibility of this Department and not that of WASA.
This report covers background and development of technical standards of WSS sector.
Chapter-1 deals with situation analysis of service delivery and the remaining Chapters delineates the
technical standards for water supply, sewerage, drainage liquid and solid waste management, which
are subdivided into different sections. The final part of the report outlines the proposed service
delivery standards for the sub-sectors of WSS.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
CHAPTER-1
WATER SUPPLY AND
SITUATION ANALYSIS
1.1
SANITATION
SECTORS
availability to all people regardless of income or social status is one of the most pressing challenges
facing the world community today. Every year, some 3.4 million people, mostly children, die from
diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Over half of hospital beds
in the world are filled with people suffering from water borne diseases. Many countries of the region
including Pakistan are already facing water stress. Yet, investments to provide people with safe
drinking water and sanitation facilitations have fallen seriously behind demand. The UN Millennium
summit in 2000 agreed to a set of development targets known as Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).
The goal 7 of the MDGs (ensure environmental sustainability ) includes to half by 2015 the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water, The World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) held at Johannesburg in 2002 added an additional target of
halving by 2015 the proportion of people who lack access to basic sanitation.
1.2
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
As per PLGO 2001, the responsibility of provision of water supply and sanitation services
rests with TMAs and City District Governments. Prior to the promulgation of PLGO 2001, rural
water supply schemes on implementation/commissioning by PHED were handed over to beneficiary
communities through their representative water user Committees. Committees/CBOs for
maintenance and operation while urban water supply and sewerage schemes were required to be
maintained and operated by the concerned urban local council (except in case of 5 large cities
Rawalpindi, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad and Gujranwala where WASAs exist).
One of the most important indicators in the service delivery of a water supply system is the
average number of hours / day water is supplied to households during a month. The recommended
target for developing countries is 24 hours a day. The situation of drinking water supplied to
households per day as studied by PMDFC in 13 TMAs of Punjab (Ahmed Pur Sial, Attock, Bhalwal,
Chakwal, Chiniot, Daska, Duniapur, Jhelum, Kasur, Liaqatpur, Lodhran, Mailsi and T.T Singh),
during 2006-07, revealed that water was provided on an average of up to 4 hours/day.. In case of
WASA at Rawalpindi the figure is not very high at 5 hours/day whereas at Multan and Faisalabad
the same figure is at 8 hours/day and for Lahore at the highest of 16 hours/day2. It is also noteworthy
that main source of drinking water for Lahore is ground water abstraction through tube wells by
WASA. These tube wells are operated for an average duration of 16 hours to provide water at an
average rate of 80 gpcd. This is the highest figure among the eight Mega cities of Asia including
Karachi, Dhaka, Calcutta, Manila, Bangkok, Jakarta, Seoul and Singapore3.
1.2.2 Sanitation
Access to sanitation at the household level can be measured through the availability and type
of sanitary toilet facilities inside the house. In urban areas of the Punjab, 96 percent of households
have installed flush latrines. In rural areas, less than one third (31 percent) of the households have the
same facilities, while the remaining two thirds have no toilet facilities within the premises of their
houses (PIHS-2002). Furthermore, the coverage of sanitary facilities is reported to be highest in
major cities (98%) and other urban areas (92%) and lowest in rural areas (43%) (MICS-2004).
Waste water disposal outside the houses is another important consideration in sanitation
particularly with regards to environmental degradation and likely water contamination. Less than
half (43%) of Punjabs population has proper waste water disposal facilities (sewerage system
connected with main line, or sewerage connected with open drains or septic tanks), ranging from
95% in major cities to 77% in other urban and 26 % in rural areas ( MICS-2004).
Draft Data Book of Punjab WASAs 2007, (Benchmarking for Performance Improvement in Punjab WASAs)
Environmental Profile of Lahore, by Engr. M.P. Aftab, Vice President NESPAK (2005) published by Pakistan
Engineering Congress, June, 2005.
3
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
DISPOSAL IN LAHORE
MICS, 2003-04
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
b)
Open Wells
The open wells were long used as a source for drinking water. Even today we find a lot of
villages in the province that have one or two open wells that provide safe drinking water to the
villagers .
c)
Pacca Wells
The Dug Wells, as the Kaccha Wells were generally known, were prone to collapse over time
and the supply of water would thus get suspended till the obstruction was removed. The alternative
used for averting this problem in wells was use of stone masonry and then brick masonry. With the
passage of time and with the increase in prosperity amongst the people, it allowed them to construct
pacca wells with bricks to the desired depth of water. In some of places in Punjab this practice is still
in vogue.
d)
Hand Pumps
In the 18th century, with the help of Boring Machines, boring was carried out in the ground
and using filter and pipe water was pumped out by what were called hand pumps.
e)
Tube wells
The water extracted from deep aquifers is free from pollution. Therefore, with the help of
boring rigs, deep tube wells are being installed almost everywhere in Punjab. Normally, the water
pumped out from deep ground water aquifers, when tested chemically and bacteriologically is found
fit for drinking purposes by humans.
f)
water pumped out is stored in ground tanks slightly raised from ground surface. One or preferably
more than one water taps are installed with the ground tank for using the water.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
g)
pipe and placing these at suitable places preferably scattered all over the community for even benefit
to all the community.
h)
considerable quantity of water is wasted and nobody takes responsibility for the repair of the
damaged taps.
i)
doorsteps, and a connection is made with the house of the end-user. The user can provide further
connections for water utilization in kitchen, bathroom and courtyard according to requirements.
j)
In this system water extracted from tube well or other source is first pumped into overhead reservoir,
and then through the main pipe it is distributed to the doorstep.
The following ways have been used from time to time to dispose of waste
water:a)
b)
pits no longer remained a viable option. Therefore, disposal to drains was initiated i.e. throwaway of
used water.
c)
or more ponds depending upon the slope and the topography of the area.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
d)
these drains were a potential source of diseases, so they were covered. Now it is difficult to clean
covered drains.
e)
Clay Pipes
The problem of open drains was initially solved by placing clay pipes, but these were
not strong enough to withstand the load of the traffic passing over them with normal earth
cover.
ii.
Lahore.
iii.
Cement/Concrete Pipes
To increase the strength of pipes concrete was used for their preparation.
iv.
are most economical and are being used in sewers throughout the world including Pakistan.
1.3.3 Drainage
Drainage is considered to be an important area of sanitation. In our local context drainage
means house drains and street drains used for the disposal of wastewater out of the house and further
out of the community. Its other major usage is for disposal of storm water from the roofs, courtyards
and streets, during and after rains. Various types of drainage used are briefly described as under:a)
rural areas where there are no sewers, drains are constructed to take this water away from the
community.
b)
sewers are normally designed as combined sewers in our country for cost and other consideration. In
urban areas where the sewers do not have the capacity to accommodate the whole of the rainwater,
storm water drains are also provided separately.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
therefore it is not possible to design the sewers with full provision to carry rain water and
sewer. A part of the storm water, which is normally 50% of the dry weather flow, is taken
into account for the design of Combine Sewer. The rest of the water is disposed of through
storm water drains.
Septic Tanks
These are used in semi-urban areas or in isolated buildings where complete treatment is not
feasible. The septic tank combines two processes: sedimentation takes place in the upper portion of
the tank and accumulated sludge undergoes anaerobic decomposition. The effluent coming out from
a septic tank is further treated before disposal.
b)
Oxidation Ponds
In shallow ponds with a depth of 4-5 feet, the sun rays penetrate into the water and with the
help of surface wind which is a source of oxygen, biodegrade the organic matter and the bacteria,
releasing oxygen.
c)
so that it is converted into effluent that meets the quality standards notified for the final disposal of
waste water or its reuse for some useful purpose.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
i.
Anaerobic Ponds
Wastewater enters in one pond and leaves that pond in diagonally opposite direction, in order
to increase the path of the settling particles to enter the second pond. An arrangement is made
for inlet of water without disturbance to the water already in the pond. This first pond is
called an anaerobic pond. Basically, it is a wastewater pond, which does not have dissolved
oxygen and anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the wastewater.
ii.
Facultative Ponds
These ponds are of two types: primary facultative ponds receive raw wastewater, and
secondary facultative ponds receive the settled wastewater from the first stage (usually the
effluent from anaerobic ponds). Facultative ponds are designed for BOD5 removal on the
basis of a low organic surface load to permit the development of an active algal population.
iii.
Maturation Ponds
These ponds receive the effluent from a facultative pond and its size and number depend on
the required bacteriological quality of the final effluent. Maturation ponds are shallow (1.01.5 m) and show less vertical stratification, and their entire volume is well oxygenated
throughout the day.
iv.
Oxidation Ditches
This method of treatment of wastewater is suitable for giving complete treatment to sewage
coming from a small community. The main units are long, narrow channels having length
from 150 to 1000 m with width of 2 to 5 m and depth of 2 to 4 m. Air is given to the
wastewater with the help of rotators. After a period of about 12 to 15 hours the rotators are
stopped and supernatant effluent is taken away for further processing. The main advantage of
this system is that its cost is almost less than one third of the conventional system and space
required for it is also less than one tenth of that required for the Oxidation Ponds.
d)
Trickling filters
A trickling filter is a bed of crushed stones, gravel or slag of large size; to which settled
sewage is applied on the surface. The applied sewage trickles down forming a thin zoological film
over the surface of the filtering media. Both suspended and dissolved solids come in contact with this
film. In aerobic conditions it results in the reduction of BOD,. ammonia and organic nitrogen etc. . In
warm climate the efficiency of this process is greater and hence the removal of BOD is higher. The
BOD removal to the extent of 75 to 90 per cent is achieved in this process.
e)
Activated Sludge Process:In this method the sludge, by aeration and agitation becomes flocculent and accumulates a
bulk of aerobic bacteria. When this activated sludge is added to the sewage and mixture is agitated in
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
10
the presence of oxygen for a considerable time and the liquor is allowed to settle, the clear liquid is
effluent. This is a secondary or biological treatment process and may be used in place of trickling
filters.
The advantage of activated sludge process is that its initial cost is less than trickling filters.
Smaller area of land is required. The effluent is clear and free from odor. It gives freedom from fly
nuisance. Its results are very good. It gives very high efficiency. There is over 90 per cent removal of
BOD and total solids. The disadvantages are that its operational cost is very high; and the process is
very sensitive and requires the presence of a skilled attendant.
f)
Disinfection of Wastewater
Final treatment focuses on removal of disease-causing organisms from wastewater. Treated
wastewater can be disinfected by adding chlorine or by using ultraviolet light. Treatment systems
often add a chlorine-neutralizing chemical to the treated wastewater before stream discharge.
The purpose of disinfection is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the
water to be discharged back into the environment. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the
quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the
disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will
be treated less successfully since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light
or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate
against effective disinfection.
Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals and as no
chemicals are used, the treated water's taste is more natural and pure as compared to other methods.
UV radiation causes damage to the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens,
making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for
frequent lamp maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly treated effluent to ensure that
the target microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation. Advanced treatment is necessary
in some treatment systems to remove nutrients from wastewater. Chemicals are sometimes added
during the treatment process to help settle out or strip out phosphorus or nitrogen. Some examples of
nutrient removal systems include coagulant addition for phosphorus removal and air stripping for
ammonia removal.
Wastewater treatment processes require careful management to ensure the protection of the
water body that receives the discharge. Trained and certified treatment plant operators measure and
monitor the incoming sewage, the treatment process and the final effluent.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
11
Municipal Waste
Municipal solid waste consists of all the material that people in a region no longer want
because they are broken, spoiled, or have no further use. It includes waste from household,
commercial areas and institutions etc.
b)
Industrial Waste
It is the waste from industries. This waste may be of different types depending upon the kind
of industry and this waste may also have different chemicals in it.
c)
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous wastes are those that can cause harm to human beings or the environment. The
definition of hazardous wastes varies from one country to another. One of the most widely used
definitions is as follows: the waste that cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or
an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or pose a substantial present
or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported,
disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Incineration can be used to destroy a variety of wastes. A hazardous waste incinerator can be
used to burn organic wastes but it is unable to destroy inorganic wastes up to 99.99 per cent. The
relatively high cost of incineration compared with landfill and concerns for the safety of the
surrounding areas in case of accidents have kept incineration from becoming a major method of
treatment or disposal.
After treatment any remaining hazardous wastes are typically disposed of on land by burying
into the land.
The hazardous waste can be classified into two broad categories:
i.
Hospital Waste
It is waste from medical complexes, dispensaries, and hospitals and it typically
consists of material from operation theaters, used syringes, blood and blood soaked clothes
etc. This waste contains pathogenic bacteria and it should not be mixed with other household
waste.
ii.
Nuclear Waste
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
12
It is the most dangerous waste coming out from nuclear reactors and medical
institutions dealing in nuclear medicine. This waste is to be disposed of very carefully
otherwise it can be very harmful for living things.
1.3.5.1 Composition of Solid waste
In Pakistan the average quantity of solid waste produced per capita per day is 0.5, while in
big Indian cities like Calcutta it may be 0.75kg/capita/day. The average composition of solid waste
produced in Pakistan by weight is reported as:
Fine dust
28 %
Cinder
26 %
Ash
15 %
4%
Putrescible matter
14 %
3%
Rag
2%
Bone
1%
Miscellaneous matter
7%
The separation of solid waste at the source facilitates the disposal but increases the cost of
collection because special equipment and workers are necessary to collect each type of material. The
period after which the solid waste is collected from the house is called frequency. The frequency of
collection of solid waste mainly depends on the quantity of the solid waste and time of the year.
Efficient and satisfactory collection may be undertaken by planning the collection system and routes,
training labour and maintaining equipment. The frequency of collection is decided carefully to avoid
nuisance from odor and fly breeding. In posh areas and business centers the solid waste should be
collected daily except holiday. Any irregularity in collection service contributes to the nuisance and
hazard, which result in poor sanitary conditions. The collection in the cities should be done during
the regular working day. In business centers, collection at night is most convenient.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
13
Sanitary Landfill
For sanitary land filling, a trench is excavated; the solid waste is filled up to a depth of 2-3
meters, and then compacted by bulldozers. The microorganisms naturally present slowly decompose
the organic matter into carbon dioxide and water. In addition to that methane gas is lost to the
atmosphere. The sanitary land filling is a simple, effective and cheap method of solid waste disposal.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
14
The land area required for a landfill is normally 2.55.0 hector per year for a population of
100,000 persons. The method is very suitable for rural communities, hotels and camps etc.
b)
Composting
Composting is very similar to the sanitary land filling. The decomposable organic matter is
composted to produce a stable material, which may be used as manure for growing crops. The
composted material is dark and stable humus with some fertilizer value. There are two main
methods of composting i.e. open window composting and mechanical composting. The first process
takes 6-10 weeks while the second method takes 3-6 days.
c)
Incineration
This is the most scientific method of disposal of combustible solid waste. In this process
bacteria are destroyed and the non-combustible ashes, metals, etc, are created, which may cause
some minor sanitation problems. The incinerators may produce heat due to combustion, which may
be sold.
In the incinerator the chimney exhausts the gases into the atmosphere. The height of the
chimney should be such that adequate diffusion with air takes place, and the fly ash problem is also
minimized. For best results, smoke should be to a minimum and the ash should be removed at
regular intervals.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
15
CHAPTER-2
DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
This chapter contains review of existing technical standards for water supply sector followed
in Punjab with modifications proposed to meet the current and future requirements. The review and
proposed refinements are based on detailed scrutiny of the service delivery and technical standards
followed by national and international agencies, and the group discussions held with the technical
personnel of provincial government line departments and recommendations made during such
consultative sessions.
2.1
Ground
Water
30%
Rivers &
Lakes
0.30%
Others
0.70%
3% Fresh
Water on Earth
groundwater. Practically
speaking all the usable
Ice Caps
69%
comprises
about
97% Oceans
contaminants. However, as it moves on the Earth surface it dissolves other elements both useful and
harmful. Therefore, the available drinking water may also contain physical, chemical bacteriological
or radiological contaminants with harmful effects on human health.
Quality of drinking water plays a pivotal role in the selection, design and implementation of
water supply schemes both for urban and rural areas.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
16
drinking purposes testing, not only, for colour, taste, odour, quantity of total dissolved solids but also
tests for bacterial contamination and pollution are to be carried out.
In the Punjab, more than 90 % of drinking water is obtained from groundwater based sources
such as tube wells, open wells, hand pumps, infiltration galleries, etc. Contrary to general perception,
deep ground water is not necessarily always free of bacterial contaminants and hence the
concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in parts per million (PPM) is considered an
important factor for determination if the water is fit for drinking. Under WHO guidelines water with
dissolved solids less than 500 PPM is considered safe for human consumption. However, these limits
are relaxed to include up to 1000 PPM and even 1500 PPM depending upon the local field
conditions, the type of solutes (cations and anions) in the water and the resistance developed by the
local inhabitants. For example, presence of Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) in water creates no
problem as they are relatively human friendly as compared to Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg)
which generally have a laxative effect, and their presence in water is not desirable.
The major cations in water are Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium whereas the
major anions present in water are Bi-Carbonate, Carbonate, Sulfate and Chloride. These major
cations and anions are found in about 99% of water around us and provide basic characteristics to
water making it suitable or otherwise for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. On the other
hand, the remaining around 1 % solutes and contaminants (human friendly and even with medicinal
effect when within permissible limits) also play a very important role in determining the suitability
or otherwise of water for drinking purposes.
Likely effects of various contaminants on the quality of water and human health are given in
Table 2.1:
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
17
Table 2.1
Effect of Various Contaminants on Water Quality and Human Health
Effect under Normal and Excessive Concentration on Health
Substance
When present within
When in Excess
Permissible Limits
Calcium
Magnesium
Medicinal
Chloride
No significant effect
Sulphate
Noticeable taste
Laxative effect
Nitrate Nitrite
No effect
Fluoride
Arsenic
No significant effect
Lead
No significant effect
Chromium
No significant effect
Iron
No noticeable effect
Cadmium
No significant effect
Cyanide
No significant effect
Coli forms
No significant effect
2.2
analyzed water samples taken from 163 drinking water sources in 11 cities of Punjab i.e.
Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Kasur, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha,
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
18
Sheikhupura and Sialkot. Of these samples, 90% were sourced from tube wells alone. The study
revealed that:
B
Most of the water quality parameters were beyond permissible limits; and
Highest percentage of unsafe water sources was observed in Kasur, Lahore, Multan,
Sargodha and Sheikhupura, where none of the source was found safe either due to
bacteriological or chemical contamination.
The quality of drinking water and its monitoring is therefore of prime concern to the end
users and the people responsible for managing delivery of drinking water to the public. The three
WASAs i.e. at Lahore, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad and the three PHED testing laboratories, one at
the provincial headquarters Lahore, and remaining two regional laboratories at Rawalpindi and
Multan have mostly been engaged in analyzing water samples for developing drinking water sources
for public water supplies in rural and urban areas, and regular monitoring of water quality was hardly
ever done. In the year 2006-07, the Provincial Government of the Punjab started setting up water
testing laboratories at each district to enhance water testing and monitoring capabilities.
2.3
Characteristics
Unit
Acceptable
Allowable
a. Physical Requirements
1
Turbidity
NTU
25
Colour
TCU
50
pH
7.0-8.5
6.5 - 9.2
Unobjectionable
b. Chemical Requirements
1
mg/l
1000
1500
Chloride
mg/l
200
600
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
19
Maximum Concentration
No.
Characteristics
Unit
Acceptable
Allowable
Sulfate
mg/l
200
400
Nitrate (NO3)
mg/l
10
mg/l
20
500
Nitrite (NO2)
mg/l
Nil
Nil
Total Ammonia
mg/l
0.1
0.5
Hydrogen Sulfide
mg/l
Unobjectionable odour
Fluoride
mg/l
1.5
10
Iron
mg/l
0.3
1.0
11
Zinc
mg/l
15
12
Manganese
mg/l
0.5
13
Copper
mg/l
1.5
14
Calcium
mg/l
75
200
15
Magnesium
mg/l
50
150
16
mg/l
0.5
Arsenic
mg/l
0.01
Cadmium
mg/l
0.003
Chromium
mg/l
0.05
Cyanide
mg/l
0.07
Lead
mg/l
0.01
Selenium
mg/l
0.01
Escherichia Coli
0 / 250 ml
Total Coliform
0 / 250 ml
Enterococci
0 / 250 ml
Pseudomonas acsuginose
0 / 250 ml
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
20
The Punjab PHED Design Criteria notified by the provincial government in the year 1998,
contains some 18 water quality parameters. they are indicated in Table No.2.3 and most of them
relate to aesthetic quality and are nearly equivalent to the WHO drinking water standards (1971).
Table - 2.3
PHED WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 1998
Sr. No.
Substance or Characteristics
1.
Colour
Highest Desirable
Level
5 Units*
2.
Odour
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
3.
Taste
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
4.
Turbidity
5 units**
5 units**
5.
Total Solids
500 mg/l
1500 mg/l
6.
pH range
7.0 to 8.5
6.5 to 9.2
7.
Anionic detergents
0.2 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
8.
Mineral oil
0.01 mg/l
0.30 mg/l
9.
0.05 mg/l
1.50 mg/l
10.
0.1 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
11.
30 mg/l
150 mg/l
12.
Manganese (Mn)
0.05 mg/l
0.50 mg/l
13.
Sulphate (SO4)
200 mg/l
400 mg/l
14.
Zinc (Zn)
5.0 mg/l
15 mg/l
15.
Phenolic Compounds
0.001 mg/l
0.002 mg/l
16.
Total Hardness
17.
75 mg/l
200 mg/l
18.
200 mg/l
600 mg/l
**
Maximum
Permissible Level
50 Units*
The above drinking water standards notified in the province are silent on the limits for
bacteriological contaminants, limits of toxic substances and the water quality monitoring aspects.
The most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water is microbial
contamination and its control must always be of paramount importance because microbial
contamination of major urban supplies has the potential to cause large out breaks of waterborne
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
21
diseases. The PHED claims to follow WHO standards as far as bacteriological contamination is
concerned. These bacteriological standards for drinking water are mentioned below:
Bacteriological Standards for Drinking Water
No sample should contain more than 10 coliform organisms per 100 ml in the
remaining 5% samples.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
22
2.4
knowledge of health risks that are associated with varying concentration of the contaminating
substance in drinking water. A review of some important water quality parameters is given below:
2.4.1 Colour
The colour of drinking water is usually due to the presence of coloured organic matter
associated with the humus fraction of soil. Colour is strongly influenced by the presence of iron and
other metals, either as natural impurities or as
COLOUR
Standards
USEPA
<15 TCU
India
5 TCU (Acceptable)
25 TCU (Marginal)
PSQCA
PHED
23
drinking water should be investigated and appropriate health authorities need to be consulted,
particularly if there is a sudden or substantial change. Any unusual taste or odour might be an
indication of the presence of potentially harmful substances.
The taste and odour of drinking water should not be offensive to the consumer. However,
there is an enormous variation in the level and quality of taste and odour that are regarded as
acceptable. As per PHED criteria of 1998, the standard of colour is that it must be unobjectionable.
This is in line with WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards 1971. No health-based guideline value
for taste and odour is recommended in WHO Guidelines, 2004.
2.4.3 Turbidity
TURBIDITY
Standards
USEPA
5 NTU
India
10 NTU (Marginal)
from
can
the
effects
stimulate
PSQCA
NTU
(Max.
Acceptable)
of
bacterial
PHED
5 JTU
2.4.4 pH
Although pH usually has no direct impact on consumers, it is one of the most important
operational water quality parameters. Careful attention to pH control is necessary at all stages of
water treatment to ensure satisfactory water clarification and disinfection. For effective disinfection
with chlorine, the pH should preferably be less than 8. The pH of the water entering the distribution
system must be controlled to minimize the corrosion of water mains and pipes in household water
systems. Failure to do so can result in the contamination of drinking water and can have adverse
effects on its tastes, odour, and appearance.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
24
The optimum pH required of water will vary in different supplies according to the
composition of the water and the nature of the construction materials used in the distribution system,
but it is often in the range 6.5 8.5. Extreme values of pH can result from accidental spills, and
treatment breakdown. Highest desirable and maximum permissible values of pH i.e. 7.0 to 8.5 and
6.5 to 9.2 respectively are the existing standards of pH published in PHED Design Criteria, 1998.
The ISO has also published the same values. These standards are same as the WHOs Drinking Water
Quality Standards 1984.
2.4.5. Hardness
Traditionally, hardness is a measure of
HARDNESS
predominantly
due
to
calcium
and
Standards
USEPA
nd
Japan
India
PSQCA :
20 mg/l - 50 mg/l
PHED
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
25
Standards
They
are
generally
not
USEPA
1000 mg/l
Japan
<1000 mg/l
China
500 mg/l
India
PSQCA
PHED
published in 1984. The WHO had not defined any guideline value for TDS in its drinking water
Guidelines, 2004. It has been observed that increase in TDS beyond 1500 mg/l gives rise to taste
objectionable to the consumers. However, in exceptional situations the standards may be relaxed in
areas of acute water shortage having no alternate dependable water source meeting minimum water
quality standards provided there are no potential health risks involved and the end users are also
willing to accept the relaxed level of service delivery.
Nitrates Nitrites
Standards
as
mg/l,
for
(NO3)
(NO2)
USEPA
10 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
Japan
<5 mg/l
Canada
45 mg/l
3.20 mg/l
India
45 mg/l
PSQCA
10 mg/l
PHED
Not defined
Nitrate-Nitrogen
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
26
levels of nitrites..
It is well know that nitrates ingested in the human body are absorbed in the upper
gastrointestinal tract and converted into nitrites by the intestinal bacteria. This is relatively more
likely to happen in infants. The Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin (red blood cells containing ferrous)
and produces methaemoglobin (blood containing ferric ions), which has very low affinity for
oxygen. This condition of human body is called Cyanosis in which the colour of infant babies
becomes blue. This is known as Infantile Methaemoglobinaemia, and can also cause death if the
condition persists for a long period. For nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (NO2) guideline values of 50 mg/l
and 3 mg/l have respectively been given by WHO in 2004; however PHED has not defined any
standard for concentration of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water.
2.4.8 Fluoride
FLUORIDES
Standards
USEPA
<4.0 mg/l
Singapore
<2.0 mg/l
Japan
<1.50 mg/l
India
is
environmental
contamination
with
PHED
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
27
2.4.9 Chloride
CHLORIDE
Standards
USEPA
: 250 mg/l
China
: 250 mg/l
Japan
: <350 mg/l
India
PSQCA
PHED
2.4.10 Copper
The presence of copper in water supply may
COPPER
Standards
USEPA
: 1.0 mg/l
China
: 1.0 mg/l
Japan
: <0.05 mg/l
India
PSQCA
PHED
2.4.11 Iron
The anaerobic ground water may contain ferrous iron in concentrations of up to several
milligrams per liter without discoloration or turbidity in the water. On exposure to the atmosphere,
however, the ferrous iron oxidizes to ferric iron, giving an objectionable reddish-brown colour to the
water. Iron also promotes the growth of iron bacterial, which derive their energy from the
oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron and in the process deposit a slimy coating on the piping.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
28
IRON
Standards
: 0.3 mg/l
China
: 0.3 mg/l
Philippines
: 1.0 mg/l
India
PSQCA
PHED
SULPHATES
2.4.12 Sulphate
The presence of sulphate in drinking
Standards
USEPA
: 250 mg/l
China
: 250 mg/l
thresholds have been found in range from 200500 mg/l for sodium sulphate and in the range
of 250-900 mg/l for calcium sulphate. It is
Japan
: 250 mg/l
India
PSQCA
PHED
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
29
2.4.13 Arsenic
Arsenic is a naturally occurring inorganic element, found in soils and ground water. It is introduced
into
underground
drinking
water
sources
ARSENIC (AS)
arsenic
contamination
to
drinking
water
China
0.05 mg/l
India
0.05 mg/l
Japan
<0.02 mg/l
USEPA
0.06 mg/l
PSQCA
0.05 mg/l
PHED
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
30
2.4.14. Chromium
Chromium is very toxic. It makes compounds of potassium di-chromate (K2 Cr2 O7) and
chromic acid after solving in water. Chromium is
used
as
oxidizing
reagents
for
CHROMIUM (Cr)
dyeing,
Standards
USEPA
0.10 mg/l
Phillpines
0.05 mg/l
Singapore
0.05 mg/l
India
0.05 mg/l
WHO
0.05 mg/l
PSQCA
0.05 mg/l
PHED
then
drinking
water
will
become
standard of 0.05 mg/l. The drinking water quality standards in vogue in the province do not include
chromium which may be added with 0.05 mg/l concentration in drinking water as acceptable level.
2.5
WHO
published
international
GUIDELINE VALUES
however,
shifted
its
focus
from
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
31
Table - 2.4
Water Quality Standards of WHO
(Concentration mg/l)
i)
Aluminium
WHO
Guidelines
2004
0.2
ii)
Arsenic
0.01 (p)
0.01
0.05
0.2
iii)
Cadmium
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.01
iv)
Chloride
n.d.
250
600
v)
Chlorine
5.0
5.0
vi)
Chromium
0.05 (p)
0.05
0.05
vii)
Copper
2.0
2.0 (p)
1.0
1.50
viii)
Cyanide
0.07
0.07
0.1
0.05
ix)
Fluoride
1.5
1.50
1.50
0.6-0.8
x)
Iron
n.d.
0.30
1.0
xi)
Lead
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.1
xii)
Manganese
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.5
xiii)
Mercury
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
xiv)
Nickel
0.02
0.02
xv)
Nitrate (NO3)
50
10
10
45
xvi)
Nitrite (NO2)
3.0
3.0 (p)
1.0
xvii)
pH
n.d
6.5-8.50
6.5-9.2
xviii)
Sulphate
n.d
400
400
xix)
TDS
n.d
1000
1500
xx)
Total Hardness
n.d
500
500
xxi)
Turbidity
n.d.
5 JTU
xxii)
Uranium
0.015 (p)
xxiii)
Zinc
n.d.
5.0
15
Sr.
No.
Parameters
(p) Provisional,
WHO
Guidelines
1993
-
WHO
Guidelines
1984
0.2
WHO
Standards
1971
-
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
32
Guideline Value
2.5
10
15
Turbidity
(NTU)
Colour (TCU)
0.2
1.0
16
Anionic
Detergents
Arsenic
25
0.05
0.05
Unobjectionable
17
Cadmium
0.01
0.01
pH
7-8.5
6.5-9.2
18
Chromium
0.05
0.05
TDS
500
1500
19
Cyanide
0.05
0.05
Fluoride
1.0
1.5
20
Manganese
0.05
0.5
Nitrate
45
45
21
Copper
0.05
1.5
Calcium
75
200
22
Zinc
5.0
15
Magnesium
30
150
23
Lead
0.1
0.1
10
Iron
0.1
1.0
24
Selenium
0.01
0.001
11
Hardness
200
600
25
Mercury
0.001
0.2
12
Chloride
200
1000
26
0.2
13
Sulphate
200
400
27
Polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbons
Gross
Alpha
3 (pCi/l)
30
30 (pCi/l)
Activity
14
Phenolic
Components
0.001
0.002
28
Gross
Beta
Activity curie/l
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
33
The figures indicated under the column Acceptable are the limits up to which the
water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
Figures in excess to those mentioned under acceptable render water not acceptable
but still may be tolerated in absence of alternative and better source but up to the
limits indicated under column Marginal above which the supply will have to be
rejected.
For water entering the distribution system coliform count in any sample of 100 ml
should be zero.
b.
Water in the distribution system shall satisfy all the three criteria indicated below:
Coliform organisms no more than 10 per 100 ml should be present in any sample.
c.
E. Coli count should be zero in any sample of 100 ml and coliform organisms should
not be more than 3 per 100 ml.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
34
mg/l
Inorganic
Mg/l
Inorganic
mg/l
0.07
Antimony
0.006
Copper
1.0
Molybdenum
Arsenic
0.01
Cyanide
0.2
Zinc
Barium
Fluoride
Nitrate(N)
10.0
Beryllium
0.004
Lead
0.015
Nitrite(N)
1.0
Cadmium
0.005
Manganese
0.05
Selenium
0.05
Chromium
0.10
Mercury
0.002
Aluminum
0.05-0.2
Table - 2.7
Other Parameters
Parameter
mg/l
Parameter
mg/l
Parameter
mg/l
Color
15 TCU
1,2 dichloropropane
Zero
pH
6.5-8.5
Atrazine
0.003
o-Dichlorobenzene
0.6
Sulphate
250
Toluene
p-Dichlorobenzene
0.075
Iron
0.3
Xylenes (total)
10
Endrin
0.002
Sodium
200
Ethyl-Benzene
0.7
Ethylbenzene
0.7
Sulphate
250
Styrene
0.1
Methoxychlor
0.04
TDS
1000
Chlorobenzene
0.1
Vinyl chloride
0.002
Corrosivity
Non-Corrosive
Benzene
Zero
Chloride
250
Oxamyl
0.2
Glyphosate
0.7
Table - 2.8
Disinfectants
Parameter
mg/l
Parameter
Chloramines
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine
Chlorine
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
mg/l
0.8
1
35
2.5.4
Substances
Chemical Quality
Unit
Indonesia
Singapore
Malaysia
Thailand
Philippines
Arsenic
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Barium
mg/l
Borate
mg/l
0.03
30
Cadmium
mg/l
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.01
Chromium
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Chloride
mg/l
250
250
Chlorine
mg/l
Copper
mg/l
0.5
0.1
COD
mg/l
Cyanide
mg/l
0.05
0.01
0.01
Fluoride
mg/l
Hardness (CaCo3)
mg/l
170
100
Iodine
mg/l
0.3
Iron
mg/l
0.1
0.05
Lead
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Manganese
mg/l
0.05
0.002
0.1
Mercury
mg/l
0.001
0.001
0.001
Mineral Oil
mg/l
n.d.
n.d.
Nitrate
mg/l
n.d.
45
45
45
Nitrite
mg/l
n.d.
0.005
0.005
0.01
Organic Matter
mg/l
0.003
Selenium
mg/l
0.01
0.01
0.01
Silver
mg/l
0.05
Surfactant
mg/l
n.d.
n.d.
Sulfide
mg/l
ND
0.05
0.05
Sulphate
mg/l
200
250
Phenolic
mg/l
n.d.
n.d
0.001
0.001
Ra 226 activity
mg/l
30
mg/l
TDS
500
500
Zinc
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
36
Microbiological Quality
Total Plate Count/ml
Coliform (MPN/100
ml)
CFU/ml
MPN/100
Max 1 x
Max 1 x
104
105
<2.20
0/250 ML
Max 10
<2.20
<2.20
negative
1/100 ml
ml
Escherichia Coli
MPN/100
ml
Salmonella/100 ml
CFU/100
ml
Staphylococcus
CFU/250
Aureus/250 ml
ml
Pseudomonas
CFU/250
Aerugiosa 250 ml
Faecal Streptococci/20
ml
MPN/20 ml
ml
Source: PCRWR
Table - 2.10
Water Quality Standards of Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea & Taiwan
Substances
Chemical Quality
Unit
Japan
China
H.Kong
Korea
Taiwan
1-Arsenic
mg/l
<0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
2-Ammonium
mg/l
<0.5
1.5
0.5
3-Barium
mg/l
0.7
4-Borate
mg/l
0.3
5-Cadmium
mg/l
<0.05
0.01
0.003
0.01
0.01
6-Chromium
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
7-Chloride
mg/l
<350
250
250
150
250
8-Chlorine
mg/l
9-Copper
mg/l
<0.05
0.01
10-COD
mg/l
0.8
11-Cyanide
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
0.07
ND
12-Fluoride
mg/l
<1.5
0.8
1.5
13-Hardness (CaCo3)
mg/l
100-500
250
300
250
14-Iodine
mg/l
0.3
15-Iron
mg/l
<0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.05
16-Lead
mg/l
<0.1
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.001
17-Manganese
mg/l
<0.1
0.05
0.5
0.3
0.001
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
37
Substances
18-Mercury
mg/l
Unit
Japan
-
China
0.001
H.Kong
0.001
Korea
ND
Taiwan
-
19-Nitrate
mg/l
<5.0
10
50
10
10
20-Nitrite
mg/l
n.d.
ND
21-Organic Matter
mg/l
0.1
0.01
22-Selenium
mg/l
<0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
23-Silver
mg/l
0.05
0.05
24-Sulphate
mg/l
<250
250
250
200
250
25-Phenolic
mg/l
<0.001
0.005
mg/l
1.0 Bq/l
27-TDS
mg/l
<1000
500
1000
500
28-Zinc
mg/l
<5
100
<100
Microbiological Quality
Total Plate Count/ml
CFU/ml
Coliform
(MPN/100 ml)
Escherichia Coli
MPN/100 ml
<15.10
<2.2
MPN/100 ml
0/100 ml
Source: PCRWR
Table 2.11
Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Australia, Argentina, Mexico, Canada
Substances
Unit
Saudi
Arabia
Australia Argentina
Mexico
Canada
Chemical Quality
1-Arsenic
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.025
2-Ammonium
mg/l
0.2
0.5
3-Barium
mg/l
0.7
4-Borate
mg/l
30
5-Cadmium
mg/l
0.01
0.005
0.01
0.005
0.005
6-Chromium
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
7-Chloride
mg/l
250
350
250
8-Chlorine
mg/l
0.01
0.5
0.1
9-Copper
mg/l
10-COD
mg/l
11-Cyanide
mg/l
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.2
12-Fluoride
mg/l
1.5
13-Iron
mg/l
0.3
0.3
14-Lead
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.01
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
38
Substances
Unit
15-Manganese
mg/l
Saudi
Arabia
0.05
16-Mercury
mg/l
17-Nitrate
Australia Argentina
Mexico
Canada
0.1
0.05
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
mg/l
45
45
10
45
18-Nitrite
mg/l
0.01
0.1
3.2
19-Selenium
mg/l
0.01
0.05
0.01
20-Silver
mg/l
0.05
0.05
21-Surfactant
mg/l
0.5
22-Sulfide
mg/l
0.05
23-Sulphate
mg/l
250
500
250
24-Phenolic
mg/l
0.001
0.001
mg/l
mg/l
27-TDS
mg/l
1500
500
28-Zinc
mg/l
CFU/ml
<1
500
100
100
Max.10
<2
Negative
Negative
Microbiological Quality
Total Plate Count/ml
Coliform
(MPN/100 MPN/100
ml)
ml
MPN/100
Escherichia Coli
ml
Pseudomonas
CFU/250
Aerugiosa 250 ml
ml
Source: PCRWR
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
39
Substance or Characteristics
Highest Desirable
Level
Maximum
Permissible Level
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
Colour
5 TCU
50 TCU
Turbidity
5 NTU
25 NTU
pH
7.0 to 8.5
6.5 to 9.2
500 mg/l
1500 mg/l
Anionic detergents
0.2 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
Mineral oil
0.01 mg/l
0.30 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
1.50 mg/l
0.1 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
10
30 mg/l
150 mg/l
11
Manganese (Mn)
0.05 mg/l
0.50 mg/l
12
Sulphate (SO4)
200 mg/l
400 mg/l
13
Zinc (Zn)
5.0 mg/l
15 mg/l
14
Phenolic Compounds
0.001 mg/l
0.002 mg/l
15
Total Hardness
16
75 mg/l
200 mg/l
17
Chloride
200 mg/l
600 mg/l
18
Arsenic
0.05 mg/l
19
Cadmium
0.01 mg/l
20
Fluoride
1.0 mg/l
1.50 mg/l
21
Chromium
0.05 mg/l
22
Nitrate (NO3)
45 mg/l
23
Nitrite (NO2)
3.0 mg/l
24
Lead
0.05 mg/l
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
40
In all water intended for drinking purpose E-Coli count must be zero in any 100 ml;
no water sample should contain more than 10 Coliforms organisms in 100 ml of any
two consecutive samples or; and
in case of large water supplies, in 95% of samples examined throughout the year,
Coliform organisms should be absent in 100 ml of sample.
with regard to samples to be collected from the distribution system, whether the water
has been subjected to treatment or not, the following maximum interval between
successive sampling and minimum number of samples to be examined in each month
are proposed in line with international standards:
Table 2.13
Maximum interval and Minimum Number of Samples
Population Served
Up to 20,000
One month
20,001 50,000
Two weeks
50,001 100,000
Four Days
One
sample
per
population per month
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
10,000
41
CHAPTER-3
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
3.1
BACKGROUND
The Punjab Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) was established in 1961 under
West Pakistan with headquarter at Lahore. At that time the Department was administrated by a Chief
Engineer with other offices at different places in the then West Pakistan.
To begin with the PHED was a part of B&R Department of the Government and Sir InamUllah Khan, the then Chief Engineer/Secretary to Government of West Pakistan, issued certain
Technical Memos for different components of Public Health Engineering to serve as standards for
various activities that the Department was to undertake.
3.2
changes in the Design Criteria are being proposed; however some amendments in the Design Criteria
will be proposed keeping in view the technological advances in the sub-sectors of water supply,
sanitation and drainage etc.. Furthermore, certain additional changes are also being proposed in
consultation with the stakeholders.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
42
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
43
SECTION 3.3
REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY TECHNICAL STANDARDS
The existing technical standards concerning planning and design of water supply schemes,
both in urban and rural areas of the province, are reviewed against the following parameters and
where necessary, some changes and modifications are proposed for their refinement.
As per PHED Design Criteria 1998 the The same mathematical formula should be used
population projection are to be determined for
according to the following expression:-
population
projection
for
particular
Pn
= Po (1+r)
Where:
The existing standard for design period Experience reveals that majority of drinking water
of tubewells and treatment work in case tubewells installed in the province, about 15 to 20 years
of urban and rural water supply back, are still in satisfactory working condition. For
schemes is 10 years. The capacities of optimal utilization of resources it is advisable to adopt for
tube wells are to be based on maximum a design period of 15 years as far as tubewells are
day demands.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
44
Source:
WHO, 1974, Slow Sand Filtration.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
45
by
PHED
at
Rawalpindi
and
Plant
for
Faisalabad
city
was
and
maintenance.
Although
efficiency
The existing standard for the design period of Although, it has been experienced that majority of
pump houses on tube wells for water supply tubewell pumping chambers constructed in 1960s,
schemes is 25 years.
Pumping Machinery
Pumping Machinery
The existing standard for design period of There appears no need to modify the existing
pumping machinery to be provided on water standard of 10 years design life for pumping
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
46
replacement of the
Distribution System
The existing standard for the Design Period of The existing 20 years standard for the design
Distribution system and rising mains is 20 period of distribution system is quite in accordance
years. The capacities of distribution system with international norms. It is added that the water
are to be based on peak hour demand while supply distribution network capacities should be
tube wells and rising mains are to be based on based on peak hour demands.
maximum day demands.
Rising Mains
Rising Mains
The existing design period for rising main is 20 Rising mains are designed for a period of 20 years.
years.
The existing standard for the determination of Following modifications are proposed in the
domestic water consumption is based on the existing standard to determine domestic water
following population slabs.
consumption.
Population up to 100,000
The existing water consumption rates for
communities living in plain areas of the Province
with population below 100,000 persons should be
modified as follows. However, in hilly areas and
those areas of the Province where sources of
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
47
Design
Population
Up to 5000
Per capita
consumption per day
(Inclusive of
unaccounted for
water)
10 gallon
Up to 5000
10 gallons
5,000-10,000
15 gallon
5,001-10,000
15 gallons
10,000-25,000
20 gallon
10,001-20,000
20 gallons
10,000-25,000
30
20,001-50,000
30 gallons
50,001-100,000
40 gallons
gallon
(with
sewerage facilities)
25,000-1 lac
Above 1 lac
40
gallon
Design
Population
(with
sewerage facilities)
50
gallon
(with
sewerage facilities)
and
other
cities
with
population
Design
Population
(Thousands)
Per capita
consumption
per day
(Inclusive of
unaccounted
for water)
100,000-200,000 50 gallons
200,000-300,000 55 gallons
300,000-400,000 60 gallons
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
48
85 gallons
existing
design
standard
for
the
Maximum day demand is to be taken as The existing design standard for computing
a)
of
engineering
and
no
b)
b)
For
urban
residential
areas
the a)
is 30 feet as minimum.
b)
For
rural
residential
areas,
the b)
The
existing
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
standard
of
terminal
49
is
reasonably
adequate.
a)
b)
Rising mains
feet/second
a)
1.5-7 feet/second
b)
Rising mains
0.3to1.5 m/second
is
actual calculated for hilly areas. However appropriate; however for hilly areas a
velocity shall be the controlling factor.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
50
a)
revenue.
b)
persons.
persons.
c)
c)
concerned village.
concerned village.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
51
(50 mm).
b)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
52
straight
reaches
to
facilitate
b)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
53
is needed.
hilly
gallons.
provide
areas
where
and
appropriately
maintain
requisite
of
communities
having
Minimum
capacity
of
overhead
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
54
a)
b)
c)
flows.
hour flows.
c)
Rural
8-12 hours
Urban
16 hours
i)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
55
of
the
scheme
remain
ii)
(d)
Working
Treatment Works
hours
for
pumping
for
tube
well
pumping
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
56
16 hours
For population
8-12 hours
For population
8-12 hours
3.3.14 Chlorination
Existing Design Parameters
adequate
and
is
in
line
with
gas
is
not
available,
simple
disinfection
is
recommended.
For
in
the
field,
the
concerned
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
57
Ground
water
storage
tank
to excessive head.
which
makes
the
capacity
of
advisable.
An
intermediate
will be provided.
of
total
average
daily
demand.
capacity
of
average
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
58
tanks
should
be
ii.
Rate of filtration
ii)
Rate of filtration
30 gallons per Sq.ft. of sand area per
sand area
rate
of
filtration
gradually
iii.
Filter sand
iii)
iv.
Filter sand
Depth =30-36 inches
iv.
From top of Gravel to 1 feet = 0.300.35 mm From top of Gravel to 1 feet =0.300.35 mm
1 to 2 feet
= 0.25-0.30 mm
1 to 2 feet
= 0.25 0.30 mm
= 0.18 0.22 mm
Minimum
Minimum
= (d60/d10)
= 3-4 feet
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
= (d60/d10)
=3-4 feet
59
Velocity of water in under drainage system Velocity of water in under drainage system
should not be more than 0.75 ft/seconds.
to filtration.
v.
iv.
Depth
Size Range
Depth
3 to 1 inches
6 inches
3 to 1 inches
6 inches
1 to 3/8 inches
2 inches
1 to 3/8 inches
3 inches
2 inches
3 inches
Total:-
12 inches
Total:
Filter Gravel:-
10 inches
filters.
24-30 inches.
2430 inches.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
60
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
61
SECTION 3.4
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE:The technical standards for sewerage system include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
hygienically.
economically
and
hygienically
ii)
The
designed
sewers
as
will
be
generally
partially
combined
financial
capability
of
the
sponsoring agency.
iii)
Bypass
arrangements
at
disposal
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
62
i)
financial
position
of
the
ii)
Machinery
= 10 years
ii)
Machinery
=15 years
station
should
be
acquired
to
the
sewerage
system
but
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
63
a)
b)
85%
b)
350gpd/inch dia/mile
Sewer below
80%
80%-85%
In-filtration Rate
Sewerage above
Infiltration Rate
Sewerage above
Sub-soil water level
Sewer below
c)
c)
Peak Factor
Population in thousand
350gpd/inch dia/mile
Peak Factor
700gpd/inch dia/mile
Peak factor*
Population in thousand
Peak Factor
Up to 50
4.50
Up to 5
4.50
5-10
4.00
5-10
4.00
10-15
4.00
10-25
3.50
25-50
3.50
25-50
3.00
50-80
2.50
50-100
2.50
80-100
2.00
2.00
100-200
2.00
Above 200
2.00
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
64
d)
e)
weather flow.
e)
Allowance
should
to
be
actual assessment on treated industrial provided for industrial waste as per actual
waste as per National Environmental assessment of the treated industrial waste
Quality Standards (NEQS) is allowed.
f)
i)
ii)
Nil
f)
i)
ii)
Nil
The storm water allowance for urban areas in Proper arrangements for connecting storm
north and south zone will be subject to the water drainage appurtenances and sewerage
condition that proper arrangement for connecting system are to be adequately provided.
storm water drainage appurtenances and
sewerage system are adequately provided.
g)
b+d+e+f
h)
g)
h)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
65
= 2.00 feet/second
Desirable minimum
=2.50 feet/second
In difficult situations
= 2.0 ft/second
=7 feet/second
= 7 ft/second
a)
shall be as under:
Sewer Size
Spacing
Sewer Size
Spacing
9 -12 inches
100150 feet
inches
50 feet
1524 inches
12
inches
100 feet
2742 inches
300 feet
15
inches
150 feet
4260 inches
400 feet
18
inches
200 feet
Above 60 inches
500 feet
2124 inches
250 feet
27-42 inches
300 feet
4860 inches
400 feet
Above 60 inches
500 feet
b)
c)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
66
d)
d)
Depth
(Feet)
Manhole
(Feet)
2 x 2
9-21
Up to
4
47
2430
820
5 dia
3342
820
6 dia
912
4 dia
Remarks
Masonry
1:3
Cement
mortar
Up to 8 ft
depth 9
inches
Masonry
From
8 ft to 15 ft
depth
4554
820
7 dia
13- to 9
13- to 9
inches
inches
60
820
8 dia
Masonry.
60
820
8 dia
Masonry.
From
From
66
820
8 dia
15 ft to 20
66
820
8 dia
15 ft to 20
ft,
ft,
72
820
9
dia
Depth,
18
72
820
9 dia
Depth, 18
to 13-
to 13-
inches
inches
For manholes under sub-soil water, core- e)
For manholes under sub soil water,
wall and floor will be designed as per
core-wall and floor will be designed
actual depth of water.
as per actual depth of water
4554
e)
820
7 dia
encountered.
f)
to surface.
nominal diameter.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
67
Co-efficient n
New lines
0.013
New lines
0.013
Old lines
0.015
Old lines
0.015
a)
that
combination
for
minimum
b)
c)
peak
flow.
Detention Time.
design flow.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
68
i)
5 minutes
ii)
5 minutes
iii) 50,000---100,000
4 minutes
2 minutes
iv) 100,000200,000
3 minutes
v) Above 500,000
2 minutes
v)
2 minutes
Above 200,000
5 minutes
b)
- Sand
- Crush stone
-1 size
b)
- Sand
- Crush stone
-1 size
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
69
amended by PHED)
is calculated as follows:-
Q = CIA
Q = CIA
Where:-
Where:-
Q = Discharge in cusecs
Q =Discharge in cusecs
I = Rainfall intensity
Type of Surface
Type of Surface
efficient
Water tight roof surface
0.70 0.95
0.85-0.90
Asphaltic
cement
0.70 0.95
0.85-0.90
streets
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
70
0.80-0.95
0.75-0.85
cemented joints
cemented joints
walks
with
0.70-0.80
un-
0.75-0.85
0.70-0.80
cemented joints
cemented joints
0.40-0.50
Inferior
pavement
block
with
0.40-0.50
un-
cemented joints
Gravel
driveways
and
0.15-0.30
walks
walks
0.15-0.30
2% slope
0.05-0.10
2% slope
0.05-0.10
2-7% slope
0.10-0.15
2-7% slope
0.10-0.15
> 7% slope
0.15-0.20
> 7% slope
0.15-0.20
2% soil
0.13-0.17
2% soil
0.13-0.17
2-7% slope
0.18-0.22
2-7% slope
0.18-0.22
> 7% slope
0.25-0.35
> 7% slope
0.25-0.35
Business
Downtown area
Neighborhood area
Business
Downtown area
0.70-0.95
Neighborhood area
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
0.70-0.95
71
Residential (Urban)
Residential (Urban)
0.50-0.70
0.50-0.70
Multi-units, detached
0.30-0.50
Multi-units, detached
0.30-0.50
Multi-units, attached
0.40-0.60
Multi-units, attached
0.40-0.60
Residential (Suburban)
0.60-0.75
Residential
0.60-0.75
(Suburban)
Apartment areas
0.25-0.40
Apartment areas
Industrial
Industrial
Light
0.50-0.70
Light
0.50-0.70
Heavy
0.50-0.80
Heavy
0.50-0.80
Parks, cemeteries
0.60-0.90
Parks, Cemeteries
0.60-0.90
Playgrounds
0.10-0.25
Playgrounds
0.10-0.25
Railroad yards
0.20-0.35
Railroad yards
0.20-0.35
Unimproved areas
0.25-0.40
0.20-0.40
Unimproved areas
0.20-0.40
Rainfall Intensity
cities.
72
Capacity
Capacity
i)
ii)
average.
ultimate average.
ii)
Type of Pumps
Type of pumps
The pumps would be located in dry well adjacent The selection of sewage pumping units should be
to collecting sumps with at least 10 minutes made
retention
centrifugal
of
keeping
in
the
following
horizontal aspects/recommendations:-
capacity
in
case
pumps
or
submersible
pumps
horizontal
pumps
in
the
not be available.
of
Use
be
powered
by
AC
electric
connections.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
73
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
74
SECTION 3.5
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE:The technical standards for drainage works include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
be preferred.
outfall point
possible
as possible.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
75
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
Provide
pit
collecting pits.
far as possible
as for as possible.
for a village
Sanction estimate.
drawn
screen
and
before
incorporated
sullage
in
the
ii.
iii.
iv.
centre.
center.
pavement.
brick pavements.
iv.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
76
SECTION 3.6
STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS
As for as wastewater treatment is concerned, there is no existing treatment plant in Punjab
except a treatment plant at Faisalabad and an oxidation pond at Bahawalnagar. All other wastewater
treatment plants are in Karachi (Trickling Filters), Peshawar (Stabilization Ponds) and Islamabad
(Activated sludge). Almost all of them are abandoned or working at very low capacity with very low
efficiency.
However there are no standards or any design criteria for the design of water treatment plants.
Most of them were constructed as either pilot projects or by the foreign consultants as per their own
design criteria. This is the first time that some kind of design criteria is being given for the design of
different treatment plants for wastewater.
2* Breadth of Pond
L=2*B
Depth of Pond
D = 1-2 Meter
Free Board
Detention Period
20-30 Days
Organic loading
300 kg/hectare/day
BOD Removal
up to 90 %
Coliform Removal
99%
Sludge Accumulation
Meter
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
77
biological treatment should follow an anaerobic pond. The design criteria for each of the above three
ponds are given below:
3.6.2.1 Standard/Design Criteria for Anaerobic Ponds
From the available literature, all existing procedures adopt one of the following three criteria
as basis:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
Loading
280-4500 kg BOD5/ha/d
Depth of pond
2.5-5 m
BOD removal
50-80 %
Volumetric Loading
Volumetric loading is expressed in term of grams BOD5 per cubic meter per day.
(c)
Loading
300 g BOD5/m3/d
Depth of pond
2.5-5 m
BOD removal
50%
5 Days
BOD removal
80 %
The BOD5 removal efficiency also depends on the ambient air temperature.
Coliform Removal = Negligible
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
78
A comparison is given below for theoretical BOD5 reduction with respect to time at a
particular temperature.
Table - 3.1
Theoretical BOD5 Reduction at 22 Degree Centigrade
Retention Time
(Days)
0.12
BOD5 Reduction
(%)
20%
0.40
30%
0.71
35%
1.30
40%
2.40
45%
4.70
50%
9.40
55%
It is clear from the above table that BOD5 increases at a regular interval of 5% with the
increase in time.
It has been observed that the actual BOD reduction is a function of retention time, which is clear
from the following table:
TABLE - 3.2
Actual BOD5 Reduction as a Function of Retention Time
Retention Time
(Days)
1
BOD5 Reduction
(%)
50%
2.40
60%
70%
The above table reveals that after five days the BOD is reduced up to 70%. From the above
two tables a comparison can be drawn for BOD reduction with the temperature and time separately.
The following table gives a combined comparison of BOD reduction with respect to the temperature
and retention time.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
79
TABLE - 3.3
Table Showing Relationship Between
Anaerobic Pond Temperature, Retention Time and BOD5 Reduction
TEMPERATURE
(DEGREE C)
10
RETENTION TIME
(DAYS)
5
BOD5 REDUCTION
(%)
0-10
10-15
4-5
30-40
15-20
2-3
40-50
20-25
1-2
40-60
25-30
1-2
60-80
1.5 m
80 %
Retention time
5 Days
Coliform Removal
99 %
Volume Evaporation
10 %
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
80
5 Days
1.01.5 m
1:1.5
2.4-3.6 m
Detention Time
4-10 Hours
BOD Removal
65-90 %
The aerated lagoons are used frequently for treating industrial wastes.
An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a holding and/or treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to
promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
81
1501000 m
1-5 m
Depth
1-1.5 m
70 cm
Length of
15 cm
cylindrical cage
75 RPM
Detention Time
12-15 Hours
4000-5000 mg/l
95 %
Removal of BOD
98 %
Power consumed
This method is used for treating small wastes from industries like pharmaceuticals, canning,
dairy, etc., located in densely populated areas.
In some areas, where more land is available, sewage is treated in large round or oval ditches with one or more
horizontal aerators typically called brush or disc aerators which drive the mixed liquor around the ditch and provide
aeration. These are oxidation ditches, often referred to by manufacturer's trade names such as Pasveer, Orbal, or
Carrousel. They have the advantage that they are relatively easy to maintain and are resilient to shock loads that often
occur in smaller communities (i.e. at breakfast time and in the evening).
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
82
There are two types of trickling filters. Design parameters for both of them are given below:
3.6.7.1 Standards/Design Criteria for Conventional or Standard Rate Filters
Depth of Filter Media
1.6-2.4 m
25-75 mm
Dosing Interval
Hydraulic Loading
3-10 minutes
20-44 M.l/ha/Day
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
83
Organic Loading
900-2200kgBOD5/ha-m of filter
media/Day
Type of Effluent
BOD Removal
80-90 %
A conventional or standard rate filter plant is very useful in medium towns and industrial
cities requiring full treatment of sewage.
3.6.7.2 Standards/Design Criteria for High Rate Filters
Depth of Filter Media
1.2-1.8 m
25-60 mm
Dosing Interval
Hydraulic Loading
Organic Loading
Type of Effluent
BOD Removal
70-80 %
A high rate filter plant is very useful for industrial cities requiring full treatment of sewage,
i.e. both Municipal and Industrial sewage.
84
eventually accumulates beyond what is returned is called Waste Activated Sludge (W.A.S.).
W.A.S is removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of biomass to food supplied
(sewage or wastewater) in balance. This is called the F: M ratio. W.A.S is stored away from
the main treatment process in storage tanks and is further treated by digestion, either under
anaerobic or aerobic conditions prior to disposal.
The diagrammatic presentation for the process is given below:-
3-4.5 m
Width of tank
5-6 m
Length of tank
10-20 m
Detention period
Quantity of air required
Volume of returned Activated Sludge
Power Requirement
4-8 Hours
4000-8000 cubic meter/million liters
of sewage
25-50 % of sewage flow
55-110 H.P/million of sewage flow
BOD Removal
80-95 %
Bacteria Removal
90-95 %
In big cities with large sized plants, the Activated Sludge plant is better.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
85
0.09 m/second
Detention Period
3-4 minutes
Depth of tank
1-1.5 m
Width of tank
1.5-2.0 m
3-5 minutes
3006000 cubic
liters of sewage
A = 0.00622*q/Vr Where as
meter/million
q
= Rate of flow of sewage in
m3/day
Vr = Minimum rising velocity of
greasy material to be removed in
m/minute = 0.25 m/ minute in most
cases
Passing of Chlorine Gas
Skimming tanks are not provided in hot climate for treatment plants. They may be provided
in particular industrial towns or at colder hill stations like Murree, where the greasy material may
congeal easily.
2250 liters
Free Board
0.3 m
Detention Period
12-36 Hours
2-3
1.2-1.8 m
A septic tank, the key component of a septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system common in
areas with no connection to main sewerage pipes provided by local governments. Septic systems are a type of On-Site
Sewage Facility (OSSF).
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
86
30 cm
30 liters/person/year
100-200 mg/l
2-4 Hours
up to 0.3 m/ minute
Surface Loading
up to 30,000 l/m2/Day
The Imhoff tank, named for German engineer Karl Imhoff (18761965), is a chamber suitable for the reception and
processing of sewage. It may be used for the clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation, along with
anaerobic digestion of the extracted sludge.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
87
Length of Tank
up to 30 m
3-5
Depth of Tank
3-3.5 m
Free Board
0.5 m
1:1
Width of Vent
60 cm
Removal of Solids
60-65 %
Removal of BOD
30-40 %
Imhoff tanks are useful only for small cities and institutions.
Detention Period
2-3 Hours
The Humus is collected and dried on sludge beds. If the filtered effluent is disposed of on
land, the humus tanks are not necessary.
A humus tank is also sometimes called secondary settlement tank or final settlement tank and is a tank in
which settable solids or humus is separated from the effluent after it has been through biological treatment or biological
reactor.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
88
SECTION 3.7
STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
3.7.1 Introduction
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely-used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - the waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
MostFavoredOption
LeastFavoredOption
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
89
Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the natural environment. With respect to waste management,
this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal
of the waste.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
90
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
91
The layer of earth on solid waste should not be more than 20 to 25 cm.
The height of the layer from the surrounding land should not be more than 6m.
For preventing the papers and other light debris screens should be provided.
In this method the solid waste is converted to harmless material by biological action.
3.7.6.2 Incineration
This system is useful for the solid waste which has comparatively less moisture
content and greater calorific value.
The heat such produced may be used for raising steam and running turbines to
produce electric power for pumping sewage or compressing air.
The ashes left after the incineration of the solid waste are 25% to 40% of the original
weight of garbage. These are easy to deal with for further disposal.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
92
3.7.6.3 Composting
This process is best suited to Punjab conditions. This process is recommended for
small and medium towns of Punjab.
i)
ii)
iii)
The site selected for composting should be away from the town.
This system is suitable for large cities, 2 to 3 sites may be selected to avoid transportation at
one site.
The standard size of the trench may be:
Length of the trench
5 -10 m
1.5-2.5 m
1m
Vacant
spaces
between
two
2-2.5 m
trenches
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
93
180
Length of trench
4.5 m
Width of trench
1.5 m
Depth of trench
0.75 m
Cover of trench
5-8 cm
65 Degree Centigrade
4-6 months
The manure prepared by composting must be sieved with 12 mm sieve to exclude broken
glass, small stones, brickbats etc. Necessary arrangements should be made for diverting the rainwater
from the trenches.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
94
CHAPTER-4
SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS
4.1
sewerage, drainage, solid waste management and vector control to the customers. Presently, there is
no standard to measure quality of services provided by the local governments. As a result, it is
difficult to gauge customer satisfaction and bring about improvements in service delivery.
Service delivery standards indicate the quality or objective of a service that a local
government aims to achieve and maintain, measured in terms of the corresponding indicators.
4.2
for monitoring and evaluating service delivery levels. In other words, the SDSs is an important
management tool for informed decision making by the local governments. The SDSs enable
customers to objectively appraise service delivery levels, and provide opportunity to staff of the local
government to make comparison with services provided by other LGs.
4.3
KEY INDICATORS
The SDSs are measured by defining Key Indicators (KIs) for various services. KIs are
quantifiable measurements, agreed to beforehand, that reflect the critical success factors of a local
government, established on the basis of performance data for measuring progress against intended
targets. The KIs and the data collected on them assist in motivating the service delivery staff toward
achieving intended targets. The KIs are designed to be SMART i.e.
4.4
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Results oriented
T - Time bound
Water and Sanitation Agencies, private water supply and sanitation companies, Community Based
Organizations, Non Governmental Organizations, and individual users at domestic and commercial
levels.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
95
4.5
Water Supply
Vector Control
Sewerage
Drainage
Standards:
These indicate the level at which the services would be operated and maintained by a local
government.
Key Indicators:
The key indicators numerically measure the standards for a service. They also provide a basis
of comparison of services amongst various local governments. This comparison can be used to
determine ranking of the local governments based on their performance.
In this document, the key indicators have been divided into the following three levels. This
division has been done to facilitate local governments to progressively improve their services from a
minimum to an excellent level thus instilling a sense of competition amongst them.
i)
Minimum:
This indicates the minimum level of the service which should be provided by the local
Progressive:
The local governments which are in a position to provide services above the minimum
Excellent:
This is the highest level of indicators for service delivery which can be attained by a
local government.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
96
Guidance Notes:
These notes provide necessary explanations about service delivery standards as well as
indicators.
Water Supply
Vector Control
Sewerage
Drainage
Solid Waste
Management
Standard 1: Access,
Quantity, Availability and
Affordability
Standard 1: Individual,
Family Protection and
Chemical Control Safety
Standard 1: Access
Standard 1: Access
Standard 2: Quality
Standard 2: Physical,
Environmental and
Chemical Protection
Measures
Standard 2: Treatment
and Disposal
Standard 2: Treatment
and Disposal
Standard 2:
Transportation
Standard 3: O&M
Standard 3: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 3: O&M
Standard 3: O&M
Standard 3: Treatment
and Disposal
Standard 4: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 4: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 4: Emergency
Response
Standard 4: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 5: Awareness
Campaign
Guidance Notes for
Standards
Standard 6: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 4: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
97
4.6
STANDARDS FOR WATER SUPPLY:Everyone has the right to clean and potable water. This right is recognized in international
legal instruments and provides for sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable
water for personal and domestic uses. Providing access to sufficient quantity of potable water at
affordable rates to meet basic needs of customers is of crucial importance for a local government.
4.6.1 Standard-1: Access, Quantity, Availability and Affordability:Safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal
and domestic hygiene will be made available to the customers at affordable rates. Stand posts will be
located sufficiently close to households to facilitate easy access to potable water.
Key Indicators
i.)
Access
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
30 minutes
15 minutes
500 meters
200 meter
15 days
7 day
Alternate daily
Daily
ii)
Quantity
Indicator
Quantity of water
from non-piped
source per person per
day
Quantity of water
from communal stand
post per person per
day
Average quantity of
water per person per
day at household
Minimum
15 liters
Progressive
20 litres
Excellent
25 litres
20 litres
25 litres
30 litres
20 litres
80 litres
160 litres
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
98
level
Delivery of potable
water to customers in
areas where the water
supply has been
interrupted
Time required to fill a
10 litre container
iii)
Within 12 hours
Within 8 hours
Within 4 hours
4 minutes
3 minutes
2 minutes
Availability
Indicator
Availability of water
per day
Height at which water
is available
Minimum
6 hours
Progressive
12 hours
Excellent
24 hours
Up to 1st floor
Up to 2nd Floor
Up to 3rd Floor
Each house will keep containers with covers to store sufficient quantity of water to
ensure availability of water round the clock.
iv)
Affordability:Indicator
Affordability for
consumers in terms of
monthly income
Excellent
2%
Progressive
3%
Minimum
5%
Guidance Notes
i)
Equitable Access
This means that every individual in a society must have equitable access to sufficient
Queuing time
Queuing time in case of stand post indicates the efficiency of the water providing
system. Long queues reflect inefficiencies of the system and the water providing agency
should take necessary steps for development of necessary infrastructure and augmentation of
water supply.
iii)
Quantity
The quantity of water to be supplied to an area depends on a) source of water, b)
location of the area and c) water demand. Maximum quantity can be provided in case of
piped water supply based on a tube well drilled in sweet water zone.
iv)
Availability
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
99
Affordability
Affordability relates to rates which are charged for using water. Recovery of cost of
4.6.2 Standard-2: Water Quality:Water is palatable, and of sufficient quality to be drunk and used for personal and domestic
hygiene without causing significant risk to health.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Appearance
Taste
Odour
Contamination
Minimum
Colour
acceptable to
consumers
Taste acceptable
to consumers
Odourless
Water free from
bacterial
contamination
Progressive
Colourless
Excellent
Colourless
Tasteless
Tasteless
Odourless
Water free from
bacterial
contamination
Odourless
Water free from
bacterial
contamination
Guidance Notes
i)
Quality
The quality of water needs to be in accordance with the WHO or PHED Water
Quality Standards. In areas where it is difficult to stick to the WHO Standards, the water
providing agency should ensure provision of water having quality acceptable to consumers.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
100
Minimum
Within 24 hours
Progressive
Within 12 hours
Excellent
Within 6 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 8 hours
Within 72 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 14 days
Within 7 days
Within 3 days
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Guidance Notes
i.
O&M:
This has a direct impact on delivery of water supply. An efficient O&M system
results in improved performance and greater customer satisfaction. Water providing agencies
should try to implement preventive maintenance schedules to follow a proactive approach to
O & M.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Timing of Customer
Services Centre
Referral time for
complaints
Redressal time for
complaints
Observance of
response time
(referral and
redressal)
Maximum time for
providing connection
in case of piped water
supply
Minimum
8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Progressive
8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Excellent
Round the clock
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 6 hours
60% of
complaints
75% of complaints
90% of
complaints
7 days
3 days
1 day
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
101
Change of faulty
meters and removal
of illegal connections
Processing time for
applications and
installation of new
connection
Processing time for
application and
installation of a new
fire hydrant
Processing time for
application and
relocation of fire
hydrant
Investigation and
resolution of water
ponding on private
property and water
pressure complaints.
Processing resolution
of complaints
regarding water
contamination
14 days
7 days
3 days
72 hours
48 hours
24 hours
Within 6 weeks
Within 4 weeks
Within 2 weeks
Within 6 weeks
Within 4 weeks
Within 2 weeks
Within 14 days
Within 7 days
Within 2 days
Within 14 days
Within 7 days
Within 2 days
Guidance Notes
An effective complaint redressal system results in improved service delivery and enhanced
customer satisfaction. Water providing agencies should try to maintain a database of complaints
received from various localities. This will help them in planning targeted capital investments.
4.7
be checked by adopting various preventive measures, which may include appropriate water supply,
excreta disposal, solid waste management and drainage. Other things which may contribute in
prevention of disease are adequate health services, use of suitable chemical and protection of food.
Key Indicator
Indicator
Awareness campaign
Presentation to
schools on
water, sanitation, and
environmental
education
Minimum
Annually
Quarterly
Progressive
Biannual
bimonthly
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Excellent
Quarterly
Monthly
102
Guidance Notes
i)
Awareness campaign:
The awareness campaign, amongst others, will include information about the
following:
Cleanliness of neighborhood.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Fly and mosquito
spray
Fumigation
Vector breeding sites
are inspected and
modified
Minimum
Quarterly
Progressive
Bimonthly
Excellent
Monthly
Biannually
Annually
Quarterly
Biannually
Bimonthly
Quarterly
Guidance Notes
i)
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
103
Key Indicators
Indicator
Timing of Customer
Services Centre
Referral time for
complaints
Redressal time for
complaints
Observance of
response time
(referral and
redressal)
Processing time for
applications and
spray and fumigation
Minimum
8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Progressive
8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Excellent
Round the clock
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 6 hours
60% of
complaints
75% of complaints
90% of
complaints
72 hours
48 hours
24 hours
Guidance Notes
i.
service delivery and enhanced customer satisfaction. Local governments should try to
maintain a database of complaints received from various localities. This will help them in
planning targeted capital investments.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
104
4.8
to satisfy customer needs supported by quick complaint redressal mechanism will be provided.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Access to sewerage
Minimum
100 houses
Progressive
50 houses
Excellent
25 houses
Guidance Notes
i.
Access:
The units which do not fall in any cluster will make arrangement for properly designed
Key Indicators
Indicator
Location of treatment
plant
Extent of treatment to
maintain dissolved
oxygen in water
bodies
Location of disposal
stations
Minimum
0.5 Km
Progressive
1 Km
Excellent
1.5 Km
11 mg per litre
8 mg per litre
6 mg per litre
0.5 Km
1 Km
1.5 Km
Guidance Notes
i.
105
Regular operation and maintenance to ensure uninterrupted flow of sewage will be carried
out.
Key Indicators
Indicator
De-silting of sewer lines
Attendance to Sewer overflows/
blockages/ smells/ damage
Attendance to sewer blockages
on private property
Replacement of broken or
missing manhole covers
Rehabilitation of sewer lines
(main)
Rehabilitation of sewer lines
(branch)
Replacement of worn out pumps
and motors
Minimum
After every
two years.
Within 48
hours
Within 24
hours
Within 72
hours
Within 3
weeks
Within 3
months
Within a week
Progressive
Annual
Excellent
Biannual
Within 24
hours
Within 12
hours
Within 48
hours
Within 2
weeks
Within 2
months
Within 2 days
Within 8
hours
Within 4
hours
Within 24
hours
Within 1
week
Within a
month
Within 12
hours
Guidance Notes
i.
O&M:
An efficient O&M system results in improved performance and greater customer
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
106
Key Indicators
Indicator
Timing of Customer Services
Centre
Capturing of all telephone
queries with regards to
engineering service faults
Minimum
8 a.m. to 4
p.m.
NIL
Progressive
8 a.m. to 8
p.m.
NIL
Excellent
Round the
clock
immediately
Within 24
hours
Within 48
hours
Within 12
hours
Within 24
hours
Within 2
hours
Within 6
hours
60% of
complaints
Within 6
weeks
75% of
complaints
Within 4
weeks
90% of
complaints
Within 2
weeks
4.9
through drains to the final disposal point. Additionally for waste water drains, allied infrastructure
such as lift stations, treatment plants and disposal stations are provided.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Access to waste and storm water 100 houses
drains*
Progressive
50 houses
Excellent
25 houses
*Appropriate arrangement for final disposal of waste water will be made by the dwellers of housing
units in consultation with the concerned Local Government.
Guidance Notes
i.
quick disposal of storm water and reduces ponding. This has an effect on vector control.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
107
ii.
system, facilitates quick conveyance of waste water to the nearby connecting sewers,
treatment facilities or disposal sites.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Location of treatment
plant
Extent of treatment to
maintain dissolved
oxygen in water bodies
Location of disposal
stations
Minimum
0.5 Km
Progressive
1 Km
Excellent
1.5 Km
11 mg per litre
8 mg per litre
6 mg per litre
0.5 Km
1 Km
1.5 Km
Guidance Notes
i.
therefore, they require treatment before disposal into water receiving bodies.
Minimum
1 year
Within 3 weeks
Progressive
Biannual
Within 2 weeks
Excellent
Quarterly
Within 1 week
Within 3 weeks
Within 2 weeks
Within 1 week
Within a week
Within 2 days
Within 12 hours
*The indicator is only for the routine maintenance. Incase of any blockage or any emergency, de-silting
will be carried out as and when required.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
108
Guidance Notes
i.
O&M:
An efficient O&M system results in improved performance of drainage system, and
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Timing of Customer
Services Centre
Referral time for
complaints
Redressal time for
complaints
Observance of
response time
(referral and
redressal)
8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 6 hours
60% of
complaints
75% of complaints
90% of
complaints
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Households
and healthcare
establishment
s to use
containers /
bags
Households,
commercial
and healthcare
establishment
s to use
containers /
bags
Households,
commercial,
healthcare and
educational
establishment
s use
containers /
bags
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
109
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
On alternate
days
(before 9 a.m)
Once a day
(before 9.a.m)
Once a day
(before 10
a.m)
Once a day
(before 7 a.m)
Twice a day
(before 9 a.m
& before 4
p.m)
Twice a day
(before 7 a.m
& before 4
p.m))
On alternate
days (before
12 p.m)
Twice a week
(between 10
a.m & 3 p.m)
On alternate
days (before
10 a.m)
On alternate
days (before
11 a.m)
On alternate
days (between
10 a.m & 3
p.m)
Once a day
(before 9 a.m)
Removal of
loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
heaps of
waste
(a) Brushing
with water
sprinkling
(b) Removal
of loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
waste
On alternate
days
(before 11
a.m)
(a) Within
walking
distance of
15-20 minutes
or within
radius of 500
meters)
(b)
Healthcare
establishment
having
sufficient
place will be
provided with
communal
Location/accessibility of
individual / commercial
establishments to communal
storage points
Removal of
loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
heaps of
waste
(a) Brushing
with water
sprinkling
(b) Removal
of loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
waste
Once a day
(before 10
a.m)
(a) Within
walking
distance of
10-15 minutes
or within
radius of 350
meters)
(b) Healthcare
establishment
having
sufficient
place will be
provided with
communal
storage
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Once a day
(before 10
a.m)
Once a day
(between 10
a.m & 3 p.m)
Twice a day
(before 9 a.m
& before 6
p.m)
Removal of
loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
heaps of
waste
(a) Brushing
of with water
sprinkling
(b) Removal
of loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
waste
Once a day
(before 9 a.m)
(a) Within
walking
distance of 510 minutes or
within radius
of 250 meters)
(b)
Educational
and healthcare
establishment
having
sufficient
place will be
provided with
110
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
storage
bins/points
bins/points
(c) For
healthcare
establishment
s having area
restrictions,
the indicator
at (a) will be
observed.
(c) For
healthcare
establishment
s having area
restrictions,
the indicator
at (a) will be
observed.
On payment provision of
container(s) to commercial
establishments for temporary
storage of construction / waste
material.
(a) Within 15
days of
submission of
the formal
request within
the premises
or as close as
possible to the
construction
site.
On alternate
days between
6.a.m to 12
p.m
Area around
each container
will be kept
clear of any
solid waste
and swept on
alternate days
before 1p.m
50 % of the
area
Less than 25
% of
collection
crew
60 % of the
times during
year
(a) Within 7
days of
submission of
formal request
to be placed
within the
premises or as
close as
possible to the
construction
site.
Once a day
between 6.a.m
to 12 p.m
communal
storage
bins/points
(c) For
educational
and healthcare
establishment
s having area
restrictions,
the indicator
at (a) will be
observed.
(a) Within 3
days of
submission of
formal request
within the
premises or as
close as
possible to the
construction
site.
Collection Coverage
Absenteeism
Observance of indicators
Area around
each container
will be kept
clear of any
solid waste
and swept on
daily basis
before 1p.m
60 % of the
area
Less than 20
% of
collection
crew
80 % of the
times during
year
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Once a day
between 2.a.m
to 8 a.m
Area around
each container
will be kept
clear of any
solid waste
and swept on
daily basis
before 9a.m
80 % of the
area.
Less than 15
% collection
crew
90 % of the
times during a
year
111
Guidance Notes
i.
At source storage:
The concept of at source storage of solid waste is promoted to avoid continuous
littering of streets and roads. A behavioral change campaign is generally needed to bring this
change at the community level.
ii.
environmental impact, reduces the requirement for daily sweeping. Moreover, door to door
collection eliminates double handling of waste thus saving useful resources.
iii.
facilitation.
iv.
Observance of indicators:
This helps the waste management agency in monitoring and evaluation of key
Therefore, operational routes will be carefully designed and monitored for cost
effectiveness.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
112
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Proper covering of
waste transportation
vehicles to avoid
littering of roads and
streets
Route
50 % of the open
vehicles during
80 % of the
times during a
year.
The
transportation
vehicles, as far
as possible, will
not pass through
congested areas
75 % of the open
vehicles during 80
% of the times
during a year.
100 % of the
open vehicles
during 90 % of
the times during
a year.
The
transportation
vehicles will not
pass through
congested areas
The transportation
vehicles, as far as
possible, will not
pass through
congested areas
Guidance Notes
i.
and streets by light blowing objects. This problem can be minimized by covering the trucks /
trippers with tarpaulin sheets or nets.
ii.
Route:
Transportation of waste through congested areas is avoided to reduce littering of roads
and streets, inconvenience to general public, and time and fuel savings.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Location of waste
treatment / disposal
facilities
Minimum
distance of 2
kilometer from
residential area.
Weekly
Minimum distance
of 3 kilometers
from residential
area.
On alternate days
Minimum
distance of 4
kilometer from
residential area.
Daily
Twice a week
On alternate days
Daily
Less than 5
kilometers
Less than 3
kilometers
Less than 2
kilometers
70 % of the
times during a
year.
80 % of the times
during a year.
90 % of the
times during a
year
Record keeping of
quantity of waste
received at treatment
/ disposal facilities
Cleanliness of access
roads
Length of access
road from the main
road to the treatment
/ disposal facility
Observance of the
indicators
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
113
Guidance Notes
i.
Treatment:
This would include facilities viz. composting, recycling plants and incinerators.
ii.
Disposal:
It includes landfill sites.
iii.
at appropriate distance from the residential areas. The location criteria help in countering
NIMBY Syndrome and reduce resistance amongst the people about establishment of
treatment / disposal facility.
iv.
ensure optimum delivery of solid waste at the designated site. This helps to monitor
operational staff as well as dumping alongside roads and open spaces. The data generated
helps planning extension of land fill sites.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Cleaning of roads
after rains / floods /
dust storms during
day time.
Cleaning of roads
after rains / floods /
dust storms during
night.
Removal of animal
waste / offals etc.
during Eid-Ul-Azha.
Observance of the
indicators
Within 8 hours
Within 4 hours
Within 2 hours
Before 12 Noon
Before 9 a.m
Before 7 a.m
Before 12
midnight
Before 9 p.m
Before 6 p.m
75 % of the
times during a
year.
85 % of the times
during a year.
90 % of the
times during a
year.
Guidance Notes
i.
Emergency Response:
Prompt response by a local government in case of emergencies greatly helps in image
114
ii.
Emergency Arrangements:
Local governments are required to ensure necessary arrangements to meet various
emergencies. This may include provision of additional transport facility for removal of
animal waste / offal during Eid ul Azha.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Awareness campaign
Annually
Biannual
Quarterly
Presentation to educational
institutions on solid waste
management
Quarterly
bimonthly
Monthly
Guidance Notes
i.
Awareness:
Creating awareness amongst the people helps in improving their understanding of
sustainable solid waste management. This, in the long run, facilitates the operation of local
government besides positively impacting health and environment.
ii.
Awareness campaign:
These may include leafleting, door stepping, corner meetings, TV commercials,
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Timings of Customer
Services Centers
Timings of customer
care centers during
special events like
Eid-Ul-Adha,
Muharram-Ul-Haram
etc.
Redressal of
complaints about
noise, dust, odor,
traffic, appearance
7 a.m. to 3 p.m.
7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
7 a.m. to 11 p.m.
7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
7 a.m. to 11.p.m.
Within 3 months
Within 2 months
Within one
month
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
115
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 6 hours
Within 4 hours
60 % of the
times during a
year.
75 % of the times
during a year.
90 % of the
times during a
year.
and increase in
vectors from waste
treatment and
disposal facility
Referral time of
complaints to the
concerned
department
Redressal time of
complaints
Observance of the
indicators
Guidance Notes
i.
service delivery and enhanced customer satisfaction. Local governments should try to
maintain a database of complaints received from various localities. This will help them in
planning targeted capital investments.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
116
4.11.1 Monitoring:
Monitoring involves collecting information regarding compliance to service delivery
standards and assessing required changes for improvements.
4.11.2 Evaluation:
It is the assessment of the overall impact of service delivery to determine the effectiveness of
the services.
M&E Framework for ensuring effective implementation of Standards and Key Indicators is
provided in the figure below.
The standards key indicators will be prepared in consultation with major stakeholders and
notified by HUD & PHED. This would ensure uniform application of standards throughout the
province. The local governments will adopt one of the three levels of indictors (minimum,
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
117
progressive and excellent) in accordance with available resources, socio-economic level of the area
and customer needs.
The local governments will make necessary arrangements for bringing their service levels in
accordance with the adopted standards and indicators. The standards and indictors will be given wide
publicity for awareness of the consumers. At the same time the local governments will also put in
place an effective monitoring and evaluation framework to ensure that services follow standards and
indicators. The monitoring and evaluation framework will also include feedback from the customers,
which will be obtained through customer surveys.
During the implementation if the local governments find that changes are required to be made
in the indicators to suit their local requirements, they will inform the HUD & PHED accordingly.
The HUD & PHED will make necessary changes in the indicators after obtaining feedback of other
stakeholders.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
118
ANNEX-1
LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED / WHO
CONTRIBUTED TO THE REPORT
HUD & PHE DEPARTMENT:1.
Secretary, HUD&PHED
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Director (A & W)
8.
9.
10.
11.
Executive Engineer
12.
Executive Engineer
13.
Executive Engineer
14.
15.
16.
17.
Consultant, PHED
Project Director
19.
20.
Governance Specialist
21.
WSS Specialist
24.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
119
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
PHED, Design Criteria for Water Supply Sewerage & Drainage Schemes (1998) Lahore
(Pakistan).
5.
6.
WHOs Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd Edition (2004) World Health
Organization.
7.
8.
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
120