MODULE 3 Lecture 1

Dr. Rohit Manchanda

BSBE IIT B
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING : An Overview

IMAGE SOURCE [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

HEALTHCARE

TECHNOLOGY

MEDICAL RESEARCH

ACADEMIC LAB

BME as a discipline lies at the INTERFACE between healthcare, technology & medical research

ASPECTS THEORETICS | DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTION | MAINTENANCE

BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERS

APPLY ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND OTHER

ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
to
UNDERSTAND, MODIFY AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

 Biomechanics

Tissue Engg

Rehabilitation

Biomaterials

MATERIALS

CIVIL

CHEMICAL

MECHANICAL
PHYSIOLOGY
PHY
MEDICAL / BIO

BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING
technology

Instrumentation
Sensors & Devices
Imaging
Signal Processing
Statistics

CHEM

ELECTRICAL

MATHS

COMPUTER
SCIENCE

Systems
modeling
Brain
computations
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BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

drives TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

in modern day MEDICINE
driven by our improving knowledge
of PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY : From an Engineering Perspective

CELLULAR LEVEL
WET LAB EXPERIMENTS

SYSTEMS, ORGAN LEVEL

MODELING + COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENTS
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A FEW EXAMPLES OF
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY

DEVICES
MATERIALS
IMAGING

SIGNALS

SURFACE LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL

STETHOSCOPE : listening to body sounds

Invented in 1816 by the

French physician
Dr. Rene Laennec

IMAGE SOURCE [7] [8] [9]

has since become indispensable in

diagnosing disorders of the heart
and lung (chest cavity)
used with a sphygmomanometer
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to measure Blood Pressure (BP)

BIOMECHANICS & REHABILITATION

3000 year old toe prosthetic

Egyptian Mummy

Neuroprosthetics : Paralyzed Woman

controlling a Robotic Arm with her
thoughts
Oscar Pistorius
IMAGE SOURCE [10] [11] [12]

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Blade Runner

BIOMATERIALS & ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

ARTIFICIAL SKIN
ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVE

ARTIFICIAL HIP JOINT

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IMPLANTABLE PACEMAKER

INTRAOCULAR LENS

DENTAL IMPLANTS
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MEDICAL IMAGING : DIAGNOSIS

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Imaging Modalities
X-Ray | CT | MRI | PET | SPECT

CT SCANNER

MRI SCAN

Physicist Roentgen
discovers X-Rays in 1895

imaging revolutionalised how

we diagnosed diseases
non invasively
NOBEL 2003

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PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS : SURFACE BIOPOTENTIALS

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Critical Tools in modern day diagnostic medicine recorded from body surface
EX: EEG (Brain) | ECG (Heart) | EMG (Muscle)

EEG recording
(scalp electrodes)

ECG recording
(chest electrodes)

EMG recording
(needle electrodes)
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PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS : SURFACE BIOPOTENTIALS

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Critical Tools in modern day diagnostic medicine recorded from body surface
Provide valuable information about the FUNCTIONING of internal tissues and organs
Help DIAGNOSE DISORDERS in critical organs (Heart, Brain, Muscles, Gut, Eye etc.)
Physiological recordings are ELECTRICAL in nature ( voltage vs time )

sample EEG recording (V)

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sample ECG recording (mV)

SURFACE BIOPOTENTIALS : Cellular Basis

EEG| ECG | EMG summed electrical activity of body tissues
These body tissues are electrically active or excitable
Ex: Nervous Tissue | Cardiac Tissue | Skeletal Muscles | Smooth Muscles
Electrically excitable tissues are composed of EXCITABLE CELLS
Ex: Neurons | Cardiac Muscle Cells | Skeletal Muscle Cells | Smooth Muscle Cells
Excitable Cells produce an active electrical signal known as the Action Potential (AP)
Ex: Neuronal AP |

Cardiac AP

| Muscle Cell AP |

Smooth Muscle AP

=
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Smooth Muscle

smcAP

EGG

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Mu AP

Cardiac AP

EMG
ECG

APs recorded from smooth muscle fibers in

intestine [26][27]

Motor unit Muscle APs and EMG

recorded from skeletal muscle [28][29]

Cardiac APs and ECG recorded from cardiac

muscle [30][31]

=
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 Often, diagnosis using EEG, ECG, EMG : INCONCLUSIVE

Better understanding at cellular level needed

Importance of CELLULAR BIOPOTENTIALS

IN THIS COURSE : We will deal with the electrical aspects of BME at the cellular level
(A) CELLULAR BIOPOTENTIALS in NEURONS

i.

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

ii.

ACTION POTENTIAL

iii.

CABLE POTENTIALS

iv.

SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS

(B) NEURAL NETWORK RETINA (VISUAL SYSTEM)

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DETOUR: ORGANISATIONAL MATTERS

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LECTURE SCHEDULE
BATCH

VENUE

D2

LA 102

D4

LA 102

TIMINGS
TUE : 3.30 pm 5 pm
FRI : 11 am - 12:30 pm
WED : 11 am - 12:30 pm
FRI : 3.30 pm - 5 pm

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SUGGESTED TEXTBOOKS

Caveat: Books do not contain material for this module

as presented in class
Rely primarily on lecture slides
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EVALUATION
Module 3 will be tested as part of the end sem exam
End sem exam will have two parts: (1) Quantitative Biology (2) Biomedical Engineering
Exam Pattern : Numericals, MCQs and Short Answer Questions
Tutorials will be part of the syllabus

QUERIES
All queries to be posted on Moodle. Responses will also be posted on Moodle.

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END OF DETOUR

Lets Get Back on Track

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MODULE CONTENTS
I : Cellular Biopotentials L1- L3

a. Resting Membrane Potential | Action Potential | Synaptic Potential

b.

RMP :

baseline signal ( typical value -40mV to 90 mV)

AP

active propagating signal large distance communication

SP

short distance communication

Cable Theory : behaviour of electrical signals in spatially extended cells

II : Visual System L4 - L6

Retina | Visual Cortex | Retinal Devices and Implants

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WHAT ARE EXCITABLE CELLS?

Ex : NEURONS | MUSCLE CELLS

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All cells have

potential (RMP)

resting

membrane

RMP is typically around -70 mV i.e.

interior of the cell is negative compared
to exterior

Upon stimulation excitable cells are

those which experience a sharp transient
change in membrane potential Action
Potential (AP)
Stimulation delivered
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ACTION POTENTIALS are Everywhere

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Hippocampus

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HISTORY : NERVE EXCITABILITY

A.L. Hodgkin and A.F. Huxley

Provided fundamental
nerve cell excitability

insights

into

Explained the basis of generation and

conduction
of excitable signals in
neurons
Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963
Worked on the Squid Giant Axon

Squid

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NEURON : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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A) Dendrites
Receiving stations of neuron
Don't generate action potentials

B) Cell body
Site at which information received is integrated

C) Axon
Generate and relay action potential

D) Terminal
Relays information to next neuron in the pathway
Synaptic transmission
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NEURON MORPHOLOGY : real life examples

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Squid Giant Axon

(A) Cerebellar Purkinje cell; (B) spinal cord motor neuron;

(C) neostriatal spiny neuron; (D) locust interneuron ;

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NEURONAL CELL MEMBRANE

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Membrane potential changes are

brought about by ion movement
across cell membrane

Ion Channel :
Protein Subunits

IONS

Membrane :Lipid Bilayer & Proteins

Proteins form Ion Channels

Ion Channels are pores

Ion Channels Open and Close in
response to stimuli

Open
Ion Channel

Lipid
Bilayer

Closed
Ion Channel

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MEMBRANE as an Electrical Circuit

IMAGE SOURCE [40][41]

Ion Channel :
Protein Subunits

IONS

Cm

Open
Ion Channel

Lipid
Bilayer

Rm

Closed
Ion Channel

?
?
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ION CHANNELS : Important Points

Protein molecules present in the cell membrane

Transmembrane structures i.e. openings on both sides of the membrane

Allow ion exchange between the ICF and ECF across the cell membrane
They are ion specific ( K+ only, Na+ only, Cl- only etc. ) or non ion specific (leaky channels)
Ion Channel

Cell
membrane

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Ion
Selectivity
Filter

Gate Open / Close

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ION CHANNELS : Important Points

Can be voltage gated i.e. open and close in response to change in membrane voltage
Can be ligand gated i.e. open and close when certain chemicals bind to them
alpha sub unit
domain I domain II

domain III

domain IV
beta sub unit Ion channels have different protein
domains. Each domain has a
specific function like :

voltage
sensing
IMAGE SOURCE [43]

inactivation
gate

a. voltage sensing
b. ion selection (selectivity)
c. ligand binding etc.

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VOLTAGE GATED ION CHANNELS

GRADIENT FOR ION MOVEMENT

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Vm = - 70 mV | Cell at RMP Channel Closed

Vm = - 50 mV | Cell Depolarized
Channel Opens

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LIGAND (CHEMICAL) GATED ION CHANNELS

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Neurotransmitter
(chemical) is required
to open the channel

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ION CHANNELS
When Gated Ion Channels are open :
IONS move down ELECTROCHEMICAL
GRADIENTS
Takes into account :
a. charge differences
b. concentration differences
An electrical current is created

Vm changes across the membrane

IMAGE SOURCE [46]

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Membrane Voltage : RECORDING SETUP

Intracellular
Recording Electrode (EA)

Amplifier
Reference Electrode (EB)

ICF

ECF

Display
Oscilloscope

Vm = VICF VECF
= Vi Vo

ICF

: Intracellular Fluid

ECF : Extracellular Fluid

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REFERENCES: Image Source

[1] https://tobuz.com/tag/hospital/
[2]www.clipartkid.com
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[6]https://thetomatos.com/free-clipart-8602/
[7]http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/mdc-horseman2.html
[8]https://snob.ru/profile/29935/blog/112002
[9]http://www.osceskills.com/resources/Equipment-for-measuring-blood-pressure.jpg
[10]http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-471203/Worlds-prosthetic-limb-3-000-year-old-Egyptian-mummy.html
[11]https://franzcalvo.wordpress.com/2013/05/15/high-performance-neuroprosthetic-control-by-an-individual-with-tetraplegia/
[12]http://bismarcktribune.com/sports/olympics/oscar-blade-runner-pistorius-shows-his-heart-and-fulfills-his/article_db46804c-8570-520b-995c-a3bb493f097e.htmlhttp://machinedesign.com/sitefiles/machinedesign.com/files/uploads/2015/02/bilateral.jpg
[13]http://www.kidsdiscover.com/quick-reads/took-two-people-invent-artificial-skin/
[14]http://www.medbroadcast.com/Procedure/GetProcedure/Hip-Replacement
[15]http://scienceyoucanlove.tumblr.com/post/81662096329/an-artificial-heart-valve-is-a-device-implanted-in
[16]http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/healthcare-professionals/products/cardiac-rhythm/pacemakers.html
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[20]https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1108roentgen-stumbles-x-ray/
[21]http://feelgrafix.com/987696-c-t.html
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[24]https://www.pinterest.com/pin/185703184608889365/
[25]http://openeeg.sourceforge.net/doc/modeeg/images/eeg_example.gif
[26]http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/cardio/images/ECG_interval.gif
[27] Smooth Muscle Cell, Online Image, Available: www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-specialization-explained-with-examples.html
[28]Cardiac Muscle, Online Image, Available: www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2020/2020_Exam_Reviews/Exam_1/CH18_Histology_of_the_Heart.htm
[29]Cardiac Action Potential, Online Image, Available: http://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/images/11-6.jpg
[30]Bean, B. P. (2007). The action potential in mammalian central neurons. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(6), 451-465.
[31] Smooth Muscle Cell, Online Image, Available: www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-specialization-explained-with-examples.html
[32]https://www.premedhq.com/skeletal-muscle-action-potential
[38]http://www.genesis-sim.org/cnslecs/cns2a.html
[39]http://oerpub.github.io/epubjs-demo-book/resources/1208_Other_Types_of_Neurons.jpg
[43] http://d1vxjz7tv4clwa.cloudfront.net/content/royopenbio/5/1/140192/F2.large.jpg
[44]https://o.quizlet.com/-Fxxxv8w-65aIMkZzDg1ow_m.png
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[45]http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/battery_circuit1.jpg
[46]http://electricalstimulation.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/0/4/8804938/511081636.png

THANK YOU

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