Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Energy Systems
Electrical Power Utilization

Dr.-Ing. Mostafa Refaey

Notes

Instructor:

Dr. Mostafa Refaey

Assistant:
Eng. Tarek Negm

Eng. Ahmed Adel

Eng. Mohamed Abdel Razek

Grading
Written examination (75 marks)

Midterm examination (25 marks)

Lab and assignments (25 marks)

Syllabus

Illumination Systems
Illumination Design

Electrical
Power
Utilization

Transformers

Storage Batteries
Uninterruptible Power Supply
(UPS)
Fuel Cells

Unit 1
Illumination Systems

What is a light?

Light is a radiant energy propagated

in the form of electromagnetic waves
at the velocity of 3 108 /

What is a light?

To the optical engineer, light is simply a very small part of the

electromagnetic spectrum between ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from about

380 to about 780 nm.

What distinguishes this part of the electromagnetic spectrum from the

rest is that radiation in this region is absorbed by the photoreceptors of
the human visual system and thereby initiates the process of seeing.

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) defines

light as radiant energy that is capable of exciting the retina and
producing a visual sensation.

Spectral Response

Even within the narrow spectrum of visible light, the human eye is more
sensitive to some wavelengths than to others.

This sensitivity depends on whether the eye is adapted for bright light or
darkness because the human eye contains two types of photoreceptors.

Spectral Response

When the eye is adapted for bright light, called photopic vision
(luminance levels generally greater than about 3.0 cd/m2). At luminance
levels below approximately 0.001 cd/m2, this is called scotopic vision.

There is a gradual shift from a peak spectral sensitivity at 555 nm for

photopic vision to a peak spectral sensitivity at 507 nm for scotopic vision
as light levels are reduced.

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

1. Luminous Flux
It is a quantitative measure for the luminous energy emitted per second by a
light source. The units of is lumen (lm) (1 = 680 )

2. Luminous Intensity I (units: cd (candela) or lm/sr)

Luminous intensity is the amount of visible power per unit solid angle.

The magnitude of solid angle in Steradians (sr):

= 2

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

The luminous intensity of a given light source in a specified direction is a
measure of the source ability to project light in that direction.

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

3. Illuminance
It is a quantitative measure of incident light falling onto a given surface per
unit area of the surface, i.e. light flux density. The units of is lux (/)
or foot candles, fc (/ ).

1 = 10.76

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

4. Luminance or Brightness L (units: L (lambert) or /)

Luminance is a measurable quantity of brightness that the eye perceives

from a surface.

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

Lambertian surface (perfect diffuser):

when a rough or matte surface reflects the light at many different angles
in the form of a tangent sphere.

= cos

Luminance is constant irrespective of the direction of view

For lambertian surfaces you can convert between luminance and

illuminance with the following equation:

= /

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

5. Inverse Square Law of Illumination
Inverse square law relates illuminance and luminous intensity as follows:

= 2

is the distance from the light source.

Note: The inverse square law can only be used in cases where the light
source can be approximately considered a point source.

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

6. Cosine Law of Incidence (Lambert Cosine Law)
Illuminance falling on any surface depends on the cosine of the lights
angle of incidence . the angle of incidence is measured from a line normal
to the surface.

= cos

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

6. Cosine Law of Incidence (Lambert Cosine Law)

= cos

= 2 =

cos

= = cos
= sin

= 2 2

=

Horizontal plane

= 2 3

= 2 2 sin

Light Quantities and Basic Definitions

7. Mean Spherical Candle Power (MSCP)
Generally, the luminous intensity (or candle power) of a source is different in
different directions. The mean spherical candle-power is the average value
of taken over a spherical surface.

( )
=
4

Light Sources

Light Sources
1. Luminous Efficacy
The lamp efficacy is a quantitative measure to its ability to convert electrical
energy into luminous energy.

()
=
()

2. Color Rendition
A lamp does not reproduce each color true to nature, this is called
illuminant perceived color shift.

3. A color rendering index

A measure of the degree of shift of 14 reference colors (100% for
coincidence).

Light Sources
4. Color Temperature
Color temperature refers to the color of a blackbody radiator at a given
absolute temperature. The blackbody radiator changes color as its
temperature increases

Color Temperature

Color Appearance

2000

Yellow

3000

Warm White

3500

White

4200

Cool White

6500

(Cool) Day light

Light Sources
5. International Light Color
Light color of a lamp combines color temperature and color rendering index
as follows:
Lamp of color temperature of 6500K and CRI of 80% has a light color
designation of 865.

80% CRI

65

6500K

Light Sources
There are three groups of color rendering according to IES standards.
Group

Range of color
rendering index

Practical applications

1A

90

1B

90 > 80

80 > 60

Supermarkets
Schools (general class & gymnasium)
Industry (average visual tasks, stores &
precision assemblies)

60 > 40

Industry (semi-automatic production)

Shops (packing & dispatch store rooms)

Exhibition rooms
Works of color coordination
Shop show windows
Administration rooms
Drawing offices
Textile, chemical and painting industries
Schools (music and lecture rooms)

Light Sources
Light sources used in artificial lighting can be divided into two main
categories:
1. Incandescent Lamps
2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Light Sources
Incandescent Lamps

Incandescent lamp technology uses electric current to heat a coiled

tungsten filament to incandesce (glow).

Tungsten is used as a filament as it has the following characteristics:

1. High melting point

2. Low evaporation
3. High strength and ductility
4. Favorable radiation characteristics
The glass bulb contains a mixture of
nitrogen and a small amount of other inert
gases such as argon. This mixture retards
evaporation of the filament.

Characteristics of Incandescent Lamps

Voltage Fluctuations

Characteristics of Incandescent Lamps

Switching Cycle:

Frequent switching is not normally detrimental to lamp life.

When the filament becomes critically thin through age, the mechanical
strain caused by rapid temperature change as a result of switching will
be sufficient to cause it breakdown.

Lamp Efficacy, Life and Color Rendering :

- : low
-

4 24 lm/W
Average lifetime: 1000 hours for a typical burning period of 8 hour/day.
Excellent color rendering = %

Lumen Depreciation:

A continual reduction in lumen output occurs with time due to:

Evaporation

Absorption of light by deposited tungsten on the lamp inside surface.

Types of Incandescent Lamps

Incandescent Lamps
Tungsten-Halogen cycle lamps:
-

The lumen depreciation of standard incandescent lamps is overcome.

This type of lamps contains a halogen (e.g. iodine and bromine) and inert
fill gas inside a quartz bulb.

At high temperatures, the evaporated tungsten combines with a halogen

molecule. Instead of being deposited on the bulb wall, the combined
tungsten-halogen molecule is returned to the hot filament, freeing the
halogen molecule to pick up another evaporated tungsten molecule.

Incandescent Lamps

Incandescent Lamps
Advantages tungsten-halogen lamp over normal incandescent
lamps:
-

Longer lifetime (2000 3500 hours).

No light depreciation with aging.

The bulb wall remains cleaner, because the evaporated tungsten is
constantly re-deposited on the filament by the halogen cycle. This
allows the lamp to maintain lumen output throughout its life.

The higher operating temperature of the filament improves luminous

efficacy.

The lamp produces a whiter or cooler light, which has a higher

correlated color temperature (CCT) than standard incandescent lamps.

Compactness.

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Types of Gaseous
Discharge Lamps

Fluorescent

High-Pressure
Mercury Vapor

High-Intensity Discharge

Metal Halide

Low-Pressure
Sodium

High-Pressure
Sodium

Fluorescent Discharge Lamps

Light is produced by the phenomenon of fluorescence.
1. The phenomenon is initiated by passing an electric current through a
gas (low-pressure mercury vapor), which emits luminous energy
(ultraviolet radiation) when ionized by the current.

2. A phosphorous coating material on the inside wall of the bulb

absorbs the excited UV radiation.
3. The Phosphor reradiates the absorbed energy as white colored
luminous energy.

Fluorescent Discharge Lamps

Starting of a Fluorescent Discharge Lamp

A: Fluorescent tube

B: Power (+220 volts)

C: Starter

D: Switch (bi-metallic thermostat)

E: Capacitor (radio interference suppressor)

F: Filaments

G: Ballast

Fluorescent Discharge Lamps

1. A 220 V is used to ionize gas enclosed in the starter glass tube.
2. The heat of the discharge causes the bimetal to expand and to close the
starter contact. (Lamp circuit is ON)
3. ON operation allows the discharge current to preheat the lamp
electrodes causing an ionization of the argon or argon-neon.
4. The pre-ionization decreases the resistance of the lamp.
5. The bimetallic strip cools and the contacts open. (Lamp circuit is OFF)

to be applied to lamp

electrodes and to strike the arc allowing current to flow and mercury to
vaporize.

6. OFF operation results in high induced voltage

Choke Ballast
-

An auxiliary device known as a ballast supplies a starting voltage

(voltage kick) to the lamps electrodes to enhance electron emission.

Limit arcing current.

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Color Characteristics:

White-colored Type

Lamp Efficacy

Color Rendering

Higher
efficacy

Weak in red,
resulting in poor
color rendition
characteristics

Cool-White (CW)

Warm-White (WW)
White (W)
Daylight (D)

Cool-White Deluxe (CWX)

Warm-White Deluxe (WWX)

Reasonable
efficacy

Best color rendition

to objects and
people

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Capacitor For Power Factor Correction:
-

Conventional ballast for fluorescent lamps are inductive, therefore its

power factor is low (0.3 to 0.5).

The power factor correction (. . > 0.9) is achieved by installing a shunt

capacitor of adequate capacitance value.
Lamp Power (W)

Capacitance F (250 V)
parallel compensation

1 x 18

4.5

2 x 18

4.5

3 x 18

1 x 36

4.5

2 x 36

3 x 36

14

1 x 58

2 x 58

14

Fluorescent Discharge Lamps

Standard Lamp Designation:

40 12 /

Fluorescent
lamp

Power
(Watt)

Tubular bulb
shape

Max. tube
diameter in
eights-inch

White-Colored
type

Fluorescent Discharge Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp Characteristics:
-

Efficacy: 40 to 100 lm/W

Color rendition: low or high depending on phosphorous coating.

FL T12 / WW

= 53%

FL T12 / CW

= 62%

Average lifetime: long.

Purchase Cost: low

Operating Cost: low

High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

Starting:
-

When the lamp is energized an arc is struck between the main and
starting electrodes.

As mercury ionizes, the resistance inside the arc tube decreases.

When the arc resistance inside the tube becomes less than the external
resistance, the arc jumps between the main electrodes.

The mercury continues to ionize with increase in its pressure, increasing

the output light.

High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

Starting:
-

When the lamp is energized an arc is struck between the main and
starting electrodes.

As mercury ionizes, the resistance inside the arc tube decreases.

When the arc resistance inside the tube becomes less than the external
resistance, the arc jumps between the main electrodes.

Mercury continues to ionize with increase in its pressure till stabilizes.

Types:
-

Ballasted Deluxe White DX. Power: 50, 80, 125, 250, 400, 700, 1000 W

Ballasted Warm White Deluxe WWX.

Self-ballasted mercury tungsten blended: Tungsten filament is in series

with the arc tube, which acts as incandescent light source and as a
current limiting device (Ballast). This type of lamp combines high
luminous flux and good color rendering

Power: 250 and 400 W

High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps

Metal Halide Lamps

-

This type of lamps has the same operating principle as the mercury
lamps.

In addition to mercury, argon and neon, the arc tube contains halide
salts (iodides). These additives add missing colors to the typical
mercury lamp, that is, red, orange and yellow.

By improving color without the need for phosphor coating, the lamp size
is decreased compared to HP mercury vapor lamps.

Metal Halide Lamps

Characteristics

HP Mercury Vapor Lamp

Metal Halide Lamps

Efficacy (lm/W)

Low (40 to 60)

High (70 to 100)

CRI (%)

Low (15 to 52 (for WWX))

High (70 to 92)

Lifetime (hour)

Very high (20,000)

Low (up to 7000 )

Restarting time

It requires 4-8 minutes for

complete re-ignition

It requires 15 minutes for

complete re-ignition

Applications

Outdoor illumination for Indoor high-bay industrial &

residential areas.
commercial illuminations that
Indoor high-bay industrial
requires high color rendition.
& commercial illuminations Floodlighting of buildings.
Sign boards.
Sports lighting.
Low wattage compact lamps
are used for shops, shop show
windows, offices, hotels, and
decorative outdoor.

Sodium Lamps
Low Pressure (0.001 mm Hg)
-

This type of lamps has the same operating principle as the low pressure
mercury lamps (fluorescent lamps), with one exception.

The arc of the low pressure mercury lamp produces invisible UV

radiation which needs phosphor coating to convert it to visible light.

But for the low pressure sodium lamp, it produces directly a

monochromatic yellow color.

Although this type of lamps has a very low color rendition, it has the
highest lamp efficacy of all lamp types.

High Pressure (60 mm Hg)

-

Color rendition is improvement, but lamp efficacy is decreased.

HP Sodium Lamps

LP Sodium Lamps

35W, 55W, 90W, 135W and 180W

Light Source Comparison

Source comparison based on equal lumens (30,000 lm)
Lamp

Quantity

Characteristics per lamp

Total output
Lumens (lm)

Power
Lamp Efficacy
consumed (W)
(lm/W)

Lifetime
(hours)

Incandescent

17

29,580

100

17.4

750

TungstenHalogen

30,000

400

18.8

2000

Fluorescent

10

31,500

40

78.9

20,000

Mercury

26,000

250

52

24,000

Metal halide

34,000

400

85

15,000

LPS

33,000

180

183.3

18,000

HPS

30,000

250

120

15,000

Luminaires
A luminaire is the lighting equipment that houses the light source, electrical
components and light control method.

Luminaires

Polar Curves
Practically light sources do not give uniform candlepower CP distribution in
the space surrounding them.
If the actual luminous intensities of a source in various directions are plotted
to scale along lines radiating from the center of the source at corresponding
angles, the polar curve of CP distribution is obtained.

Polar Curves