Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Skin

-continuous sheet of adherent cells

-vascular
rests upon a basement membrane
can be single (simple) or multiple (stratified)
covers naturally occurring surface of the body, forms a boundary controlling the influx
between internal and exterior of the body
Functions:
Selective barrier
Absorption- GI (simple columnar)
Secretion (exocrine)
Protection (stratified or nonstrafied/keratined or non keratinized epithelium
Classifications
Number of cell layers
Simple/stratified
Shape of cells
Squamous- spindle shaped cross section, polyhedral/polygonal
Cuboidal- length is equal to the width, square
Columnar- length is definitely greater than the length of the cell
Presence or absence of specializations of the free surface
-microvilli, cilia, stereocillia, keratin
If cilia is present, ciliated (columnar epithelium)
pseudocillia
keratinized stratified simple endothelium
Simple squamous- often found in areas where diffusion or filtration takes place
lines thoracic, abdominal, pericardia activities- mesothelium
lines blood vessels- endothelium
Simple cuboidal- ducts

Simple columnar- GI tract, secretion

-aligned
Mesothelium-simple squamous
blood vessel- simple squamous (endothelium)
alveoli of lungs
Bowmans Capsule, Glomerulus
Ducts (think descending/ascending)
(distal convoluted/ascending co
Ovary-outer covering (germinal epithelium) simple cuboidal
GI tract- simple columnar
Pseudostratified-all cells rest on basement membrane
-aligned
-different shapes of cells
-nuclei aligned in different levels eating false impression of stratification
-may be associated with cilia or stereocillia
Location: male urethra, trachea
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified- cells changes shape from basal to uppermost layer
cuboidal-> flattened
types: keratinized or non- keratinized
division limited to basal layer
withstands wear and tear
Stratified cuboidal/columnar
nuclei arranged in two distinct rows
look at the top most cell shape, if top most is cuboidal, stratified cuboidal and same

goes for columnar

non keratinized Stratified squamous
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Transitional epithelium- lines the bladder and all the tracts that enter the bladder
-stratified
urinary bladder, calyces of kidney to urea
-thickness depends on water, empty (more layers) has water (stretched out)
Look at the topmost cell, the cell is still rounded and has nucleus (umbrella cells)
For squamous- not rounded (flattened) and no nucleus)
Umbrella cells are more prominent for non distended state
Epithelial polarity- function directed towards one end of the cell
Apical (FREE SURFACE) glycolipids/cholesterol
Basal cell to cell communication/adhesion
each domain has unique composition
All cells rest on basement membrane (important for polarity)
Basement Membrane
-can only be seen under the light microscope
Basal Lamina only seen in EM SEEN ONLY IN EM SEEN ONLY IN EM
Layers
Upper layer nearer cell lamina lucida- proteoglycan, laminin and collagen type IV
lamina densa- meshwork of fine filaments composed of collagen type VII

Basement provides support

controls and regulates substances that enter the cell
-Trachea Ciliated pseudostraified columnar epithelium
Glomerulus- capillary forming a ball, rests on basement membrane
BM clearly visualized in PAS stains used
Cells adhere to tone another because of cell adhesion molecules
CAM
ex. cadherin
Junctional complexes- tightens/joins the cell together
zonula occludens -tight junction
-lies immediately beneath apical surface of the cell, first junction, belt-like membrane
Seals the IC space/maintains polarity
in higher magnification, you can see the plasmalemma is fused in some areas because
of occludin, sealing IM space
zonula adherens- below zonula occludens
NOTE: there is a space between two adjacent plasmalemma (15-20 nm)
thickening between the two (dense plaque)
darkening of cytoplasm (high density cytoplasm, fine filaments actin, myosin)
desmosome (macula adherens)
-dense plaques on opposing membranes (mas makapal na plaque)
transmembrane linkers extending across the intercellular space
-intermediate filaments terminate in dense plaques (thicker bigger filaments)
Gap junction/nexus
-No increased density of neighboring cytoplasm
-connexions present in membrane of adjacent cells
-consists of 6 protein particles with a central core
-central pore forms continuous channel connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
abundance in muscle
-allows stimulus to be brought from one cell to the next
Surface Specializations

Microvilli- composed of closely spaced slender folds of the cell membrane that extend
outward
-has pore
brush or striated border
-found in epithelium specialized for absorption to increase surface area
started border in small intestine
in proximal convoluted tubules, has fuzzy border, cannot clearly see outline of lumen
distal tubules- apical boundary is very clear and distinct
Cilia- motile cell processes that beat in the same direction
moves mucus towards the pharynx, to swallow mucus
chronic smokers destroys epithelium of trachea, no cilia, stagnant in trachea (chronic
cough)
-arranged in rows
-surrounded by cell membrane
-contains a central pair of microtubules (axoneme) surrounded by nine pairs of
microtubules (9+2)
-grow from and attached to a basal body
-beats in sequence (wheat in a wave like fashion)
Stereocilia- long nonmotile extensions of cells (related more to microvilli, not cilia)
-longer, tufts of hair protruding from epithelium
non motile unlike cilia
arranged in 30-300 bundles
mechanosensing function in cochlea (also in vas deferens, epidydimis- absorption of
fluid, to make sperm more motile)
Absorptive vs Secretory Epithelia
-cells specialized for uptake from lumen and movement of particles into extracellular
fluid beneath the baal lamina
Synthesizes specific products for external/internal release
Presence of brush border (GI tract/ kidney)
Increased RER in cells; Secretory products in apical portion of cells

Connective tissue underneath epithelium, sometimes called lamina propria

Mucosa- epi lamina propria
Kinds of Glands:
Exocrine- delivers the secretions onto the surface of an external or internal surface of
the body
-provided with ducts
-quicker response time
Endocrine
-ductless glands release secretions directly in blood stream
-longer response time
Exocrine glands:
Unicellular gland- Goblet Cells
Multicellular glands- has ductal and secretory portion
Morphology
Shape and arrangement of ducts
Simple (unbranched or single duct) Compounds (highly branched duct)
Look at secretory unit
Test tube, elongated hollow tube lined with secretory cells- tubular
-crypts in small intestine, large intestine
secretory cells arranged around a small lumen to form a sac- acinus/alveolar
Tubuloacinar- saccular dilation at the end of a tubule
look if secretory portion is straight, coiled or branched
One duct branching into two tubular parts

seen in the stomach

simple coiled
-Sweat Glands, found in dermis of skin
Simple acinar- glands of penile urethra
Simple branched acinar- sebaceous glands (associated with hair follicles)
-has mucin, paler cytoplasm
Compound branched tubular- Brunners glands (only found in submucosal layer of
duodenum)
Compound acinar/alveolar -pancreas (look for islets)
Compound tubulo-acinar- ducts are highly branching, secretory
-submanibular gland, mammary gland
Classification of Exocrine Glands
mucous glands
-mucopolyssachride excretions, pale
protection/lubrication
Serous gland (partied gland)
-produce watery secretion rich with enzymes)
mixed glands- serous demilunes
-cap of serous
How the product is released
Merocrine-most common type of secretion, product is released into the lumen
-product released by fusion of membrane of secretory granules with cell membrane
Holocrine- whole cells exfoliated and secretion consists of residuals of those cells as
well as the products it synthesizes

-sebaceous glands
holo- hole
apocrine- secretory cells pinch of their apical portions containing their secretory
products and part of the plasmalemma
part of the plasmalemma is released
mammary glands