EQUITY AND INCLUSION THROUGH MG-

NREGS: A STUDY OF MOHANPUR BLOCK

OF TRIPURA

A DISSERTATION PAPER SUBMITTED TO TRIPURA UNIVERSITY IN

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE IN ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS EXAMINATION -
2010

SATYENDRA DAS

ROLL NO-

REGISTRAYION NO-002970 OF2005-06

M.Sc. SEMESTER –IV EXAMINATION-2010

DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS

TRIPURA UNIVERSITY
 Certificate of supervisor

This is to certify that Sree Satyendra Das , a candidate of the Post Graduate
Degree Examination 2010, in Analytical and Applied Economics, has
completed the dissertation Entitled “EQUITY AND INCLUTION THROUGH
MG-NREGS –A STUDY OF MOHANPUR BLOCK IN TRIPURA” under my
guidance and he has fulfilled all the requirements for the submission of the
Dissertation.

[Dr.AMITABHA SINHA]

Reader

Department of Analytical and Applied Economics

TripuraUniversity

Suryamaninagar,

Agartala.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my gratitude to Dr.Amitabha Sinha, Reader, Department of Analytical and

Applied Economics, Tripura University, for his kind guidance.

I am grateful to all the faculties of the department whose sincere teaching in other subjects
provided me ample scope and time to complete this dissertation paper.

I am indebted to all my beloved class mates and friends of my department.

I have to express my thanks to Ms. Nivedita Chakraborty ,especially , for the pains she took to
help me. It would have been quite impossible for me to submit the dissertation in time without her
selfless support.

I also owe much to the Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Tripura
University, for faculties provided to me during this course.

Lastly, I am very much thankful to my family too for their Continuous support in every possible
way.

Place: Satyendra das

Date:
 CONTENT :

CHAPTER 1:-

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Back ground of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Data and methods

CHAPTER 2:-

Employment Generation Programmes

CHAPTER 3:-

NREGS IN TRIPURA

CHAPTER 4:-

Results and Analysis

CHAPTER 5:-

Conclusion and Suggession

Refferences
 CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Unemployment is a colossal wastage of human resource of a country. It is the

severest form of curse on the life of an individual of working age. It breeds poverty and
inequality in the society. Loss of income could be compensated by income support.

The importance of reducing unemployment has been recognized by the GOI since
long. One of the major objectives of national planning in India is to reduce
unemployment in the country.

Our employment policy should cover two major goals: Reducing underemployment by
increasing the rate of growth of the gainfully employed and reducing

unemployment on the basis of usual status commonly known as open unemployment.

During the plan period many programmes and policies of employment

generation have been adopted and implemented. All these programmes have been made
with only partial success. The reasons for less than full success are many. The year 2006
is a landmark in the history of exacting legislation for guaranteeing employment to the
unemployed in rural areas of India. It saw the enactment of NREGA. This Act provides
for 100 days of guaranteed employment in a year to a rural family seeking employment.
This act has raised a lot of hope among the rural poor and also to the people concerned
with the welfare of the unemployed people in rural areas.

Lal (Bagchi,2007) deals with theoretical and empirical aspects of poverty in

India’s measures for poverty reduction including employment generation programmes
(EGP). They have suggested a holistic approach for reduction of poverty and improve
human development level of people.
 Pant Joshi (Bagchi,2007) has brought out the details of the major poverty
alleviation and employment generation programmes in India. She holds that as growth
with equity is inescapable, we have to try to redress the difficulties in the poverty
alleviation schemes to make them more effective.

Gogna (Bagchi,2007) has assessed the effectiveness of the poverty alleviation

and special EGP in India. She opines that special employment guarantee programmes can
be successfully implemented with the involvement of people, NGOs, self-help groups
and local institutions since they are close to grassroots.

Bhagawati (Bagchi,2007) has made a critical review of the poverty alleviation

and special employment programmes in India and has suggested measures to solve the
problems of poverty and unemployment.

Jothi’s(Rao and lillemann, 1996) discusses the causes of unemployment,

different facets of unemployment and employment strategy under five year plan. She has
also suggested for explaining employment opportunities.

Hariram and Vigneswaran’s suggest (Rao and lillemann, 1996) that the
employment programmes should have a twin objective of creating productive assets (or
increasing production) and providing job opportunities.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

In the late 1960’s, it was realized that the benefits of growth of the economy
were not trickling down to the poorer section of the society to the desired
extend. As a result, the government of India began to implement a verity of
poverty eradication and employment generation programs. However,
assessment of these programs revealed certain short coming. The major short
comings of this program were of two types. One was the problem of leakage
and the other was the problem of targeting. The government schemes were
targeted towards the poor. But often relatively richer households took advantage
of this program. Therefore, the scheme should be such that it creates
disincentives for richer households to joint the program. The problem of leakage
is that a part of the money was taken away by vested interest groups. As a
result, poverty alleviation programs suffered. MG-NREGS which was
influenced by employment guarantee scheme of Maharastra tried to address
these problems. The present study is an effort to find out whether the problem of
targeting is being address in Tripura by MG-NREGS
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-

The objective of the study is to the socio economic status of the household involved in MG-
NREGS. The main objectives of this study are as follows:

1. What is the difference between age distribution of male and female NREGS workers
2. What is the difference between marital status of male and female NREGS workers
3. What is the difference between occupational status of male and female NREGS workers
4. What is the difference between educational status of male and female NREGS workers
5. What is the difference between household income before applying for the job card and
after getting the employment in of male and female NREGS workers

1.4. DATA AND METHODS:

There are two types of data are used: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected
through the questionnaire from the study area.

The location of the study area:

Vill-Minabari, Panchayat-Lankamura, Block -Mohanpur, District-West Tripura.

This area is selected in a manner where more NREGS work has been done.

Then, I have selected 18 household randomly.

Secondary data were collected from the www.nrega

1.4.1. Selection of the Study Area :

The study area is the Mohanpur Block of West Tripura District. The Lankamura Grampanchayat
is selected .It has been selected because many households are involved in MG-NREGS work.

Selection 0f Households:

The households are selected on the basis of random selection using random number table.

Tool of Data Collection:

A questionnaire is prepared which will be use for data collection from the households.

Secondary Data :

Secondary data collected from the NREGA website http://www.nrega.nic.in/.

Tools of Analysis:
The data collected would be analyzed using easy to understand table and chart .Simple statistical
tools like percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation will be
used.

Statistical Package:

Excel worksheet is used for computational work

CHAPTER 2: Employment Generation programmes

For the purpose of poverty alleviation several special programmes for employment generation
are being implemented in rural areas during the implemented in rural areas during the reforms
period .These programmes provide employment to targeted poor, enhance their income and
generate assets to poor families. Following are the major programmes, which have been adopted
during the reforms period.

IRDP (Integrated Rural development Programme)

IRDP aims providing self employment to the rural poor through acquisition of productive assets
or appropriate skills which would generate additional income on a sustained basis to enable them
to cross the poverty line. Assistance is provided in the form of subsidy and bank credit. The target
group consist largely marginal and small farmer, agricultural labourers and rural artisans living
BPL. The pattern of subsidy is 25% for small farmer, 30% for marginal farmers, agricultural
labourer and rural artisans and 40% for SCs and STs Families and physical handicraft person.

IRDP is a centrally sponsors scheme which is in operation in all the

blocks of the country since 1980. Under this scheme central fund are allocated to states on the
basis of proportion of rural poor in a states to the total rural poor in the country.

TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment): The scheme of TRYSEM, a
facilitating component of IRDP, aims at providing basic technical and entrepreneur skills to the
rural poor in the age group of 18 to 35 year to enable them to take up income generating
activities. The 8th plan has emphasized the important of proper assessment
of the training of the rural youth in relation to self and wage employment opportunities, quality of
training and group training.

SITRA (Supply of Improved Toolkits for Rural Artisans):

SITRA was launched in July 1992 has a sub scheme of IRDP in selected districts; this scheme has
since been extended to all the districts of the country. Under the scheme a variety of crafts
persons, accept weavers, tailors, needle workers and bidi worker are supply with a kit of
improved and tools of within a financial ceiling of Rs. 2000, of which the artisans have to pay
10% and the remain 90% is a subsidy from the govt. of India.

JRY (Jahar Rozgar Yoyana):

JRY was launched as a centrally sponsors scheme on 1st April 1989 by merging the NREP and
RLEGP. The main objective of a programme is the generation of gainful unemployment and
under employment person, both men and women in the rural areas through the creation of rural
economic infrastructure, community and social asset with the aim of improving the quality of life
of a rural poor.

DWCRA (Development of Women and Children in Rural Area):

The special scheme for DWCRA aims at strengthening in the gender component of IRDP.
DWCRA was started in the year 1982-83 pilot basis in 50 districts and as now been extended to
all the districts in the country. The programme also envisage that this target growth would be the
focus for convergence of other services like family welfare, health care, nutrition, education,
child care, sanitation, shelter, and safe drinking water to improve the welfare and quality of life of
the family and community.

SGSY (Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yoyana)

SGSY has been launched from 1st April 1999. SGSY is a holistic programme covering all aspects
of self employment such as organization of the poor into SHGs training credit, technology,
infrastructure and marketing. SGSY is funded by the central and states in the ratio of 75:25. The
objective of the SGSY is to bring every assisted poor family above the poverty line in three
years.

MWS (Million well Schemes):

The MWS was launched as a sub scheme of the NREP and RLEGP during year 1988-89.The
scheme was primarily intended to provide open irrigation wells free of cost to poor, small and
marginal farmer belong to SC/ST and free bonded labourers with a 30% ear marking of JRY
fund.

FIVE YEAR PLANS:

First Five Year Plan (1951-56):

The main objective of this plan is to initiate a process of development which will raise living
standard and open our opportunities to the people for richer and more varied life. During first
plan priority was given to agriculture. Out of total outlay 31% was allocated to agriculture,
community development and irrigation.

Second Five Year Plan (1956-61):

More emphasis was given to Industrial sector during second plan. Total food grain production
increased from 68.8 millions tones in 1956-57 to 79.3 millions tones in 1960-61.

Third Five Year Plan (1961-66):

Twin objectives of Third plan were to produce enough food grain to be self sufficient and to
produce enough commercial crops to meet the needs of export and industry.

Fourth Five Plan (1969-74):

Main objective of Fourth plan in agricultural sector was to achieve growth of 5% per annum and
help small, marginal cultivators and agricultural labourers.

Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79):

The main objective of Fifth plan was removal of poverty and attainment of economic self-
reliance.

Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85):

The main approach in Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) was growth with social justice achievement
of full employment and removal of poverty.

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90):

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) emphasized policies and programmes, which aimed at rapid
growth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and

productivity within the fame work of basic tenets of planning namely growth, modernization, self
reliance and social justice.

Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97):

Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) was launched immediately after the initiation of structural
adjustment policies and macro stabilization policies which were necessitated by the worsening
balance of payments position and inflation position during 1990-91.

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002):

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) was launched in the fiftieth year of India’s Independence. The
targeted GDP growth rate of 7% per annum for the Ninth plan period was decided.
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007):

Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) aims at higher growth rate and common minimum
programme.

CHAPTER 3: NREGS IN TRIPURA

From table 1 it s found that Uttar Pradesh possesses highest position in the number of average
working days in India during 2008-2009 and the number is 76. On the other hand average
working days in Pondicherry are 14. it possesses lowest position. Comparing all the states we
find that the rank of Tripura is 3. The number of average working days in Tripura is 74.

Table: 1 No. of Average Working Days in Different State in India during 2008 - 09

State Average working State Average working

days days
PONDICHERRY 14 ANDHRA PRADESH 52
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 20 KARNATAKA 58
MEGHALAYA 24 CHHATTISGARH 60
WEST BENGAL 25 MANIPUR 61
KERALA 28 MAHARASHTRA 62
ASSAM 35 GOA 66
JAMMU AND 36 SIKKIM 68
KASHMIR
MIZORAM 38 JHARKHAND 70
BIHAR 39 ANDAMAN AND 70
NICOBAR
LAKSHADWEEP 41 RAJASTHAN 72
TAMIL NADU 42 MADHYA PRADESH 74
DADRA 44 TRIPURA 74
ORISSA 46 HIMACHAL PRADESH 75
PUNJAB 46 UTTAR PRADESH 76
NAGALAND 51

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

Table 2 reveals that number of average working days is highest in Tripura comparing with all
other North Eastern States and the number is 74. On the other hand number of average
working days is lowest in Arunachal Pradesh and the number is 20.

Table: 2 No. of Average Working Days in Different North-Eastern State in India During 2008 - 09

State Average working daysState Average working days

TRIPURA 74 MIZORAM 38
SIKKIM 68 ASSAM 35
MANIPUR 61 ARUNACHAL PRADESH20
NAGALAND51 MEGHALAYA 24

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

From Table 3 it is clear that in Bishalgarh block the number of households and persondays are
31337 and 1662970 respectively which are the highest numbers and in Mungiakami block the
number of household and persondays are 6328 and 277910 respectively which are the lowest
numbers. In Mohanpur block the number the number of household and person days are 29741
and 1324205 respectively.

Table: 3 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in West
Tripura

Block House HoldPersondaysBlock House HoldPersondays

Bishalgarh 31337 1662970 Khowai 13211 746146
Boxanagar9779 507979 Mandai 8974 479451
Dukli 21029 992686 Melaghar 21172 847856
Hezamara 8576 367169 Mohanpur 29741 1324205
Jampuijala9360 357346 Mungiakami6328 277910
Jirania 21989 1002453 Padmabil 6708 379601
Kalyanpur 9854 446785 Teliamura 14445 691095
Kathalia 9786 371773 Tulasikhar 9288 443637

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

From Table 4, it is found that the rank of Padmabil is 1 in average working days for the year
2008-2009 in West Tripura. The lowest number is 38 Which is in Kathalia block. The rank of
Mohanpur is 7 and the number of average working days is 45.

Table: 4 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in West Tripura

Blocks DaysBlocks Days

Bishalgarh 53 Khowai 56
Boxanagar52 Mandai 53
Dukli 47 Melaghar 40
Hezamara 43 Mohanpur 45
Jampuijala38 Mungiakami44
Jirania 46 Padmabil 57
Kalyanpur 45 Teliamura 48
Kathalia 38 Tulasikhar 48

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

From Table 5, it is found that in Bokafa block in South Tripura the households and person days
are highest in number and these are 24867 and 1205384 respectively. In killa block these
numbers are 6782 and 339128 respectively which are the lowest.

Table: 5 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in South
Tripura

Block House HoldPersondaysBlock House HoldPersondays

AMARPUR 10704 777693 MATABARI 20487 971173
BOKAFA 24867 1205384 OMPI 7803 411341
HRISHYAMUKH9093 453528 RAJNAGAR 17136 1045983
KAKRABAN 11713 446420 RUPAICHARI9895 580992
KARBOOK 8715 450021 SATCHAND 17448 825464
KILLA 6782 339128

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

Table 6 reveals that the rank of Amarpur is 1 in average working days for the year 2008-2009 in
South Tripura and the number of average working days is 73. In kakraban block the number of
average working days is 38 which is the lowest number.

Table: 6 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in South Tripura

Blocks DaysBlocks Days

AMARPUR 73 MATABARI 47
BOKAFA 48 OMPI 53
HRISHYAMUKH50 RAJNAGAR 61
KAKRABAN 38 RUPAICHARI59
KARBOOK 52 SATCHAND 47
KILLA 50

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

Table 7 reveals that the number of household and persondays for the year 2008-2009 in North
Tripura are highest in the block Gournagar.The number of household and persondays are 20170
and 830086 respectively. On the other hand Jampui Hills possesses the lowest position. In this
block the number of household and persondays are 2472 and 164327 respectively.

Table: 7 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in North
Tripura

Block House HoldPersondaysBlock House HoldPersondays

DAMCHERRA 4602 289593 KADAMTALA 18182 726653
DASDA 15405 751586 KUMARGHAT14621 705064
GOURNAGAR 20170 830086 PANISAGAR 18056 715734
JAMPUI HILLS2472 164327 PECHARTHAL 7563 388653

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

From Table 8, it is found that the rank of Jampui Hills is 1 in respect of average working days for
the year 2008-2009 in North Tripura and the number is 66.The rank of Kadamtala is 7 and the
average working days are 40.

Table: 8 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in North Tripura

Blocks DaysBlocks Days

DAMCHERRA 63 KADAMTALA 40
DASDA 49 KUMARGHAT48
GOURNAGAR 41 PANISAGAR 40
JAMPUI HILLS66 PECHARTHAL 51

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

In Table 9 it is found that the largest number of employment is provided in the block Salema in
Dhalai and the number is 24073. The lowest number of employment is provided in the block
Chawmanu and the number of household is 7096. On the other hand number of persondays is
maximum in Manu block and minimum in Chawmanu block.

Table: 9 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in Dhalai

Block House HoldPersondays

AMBASSA 13448 835114
CHAWMANU 7096 597800
DUMBURNAGAR12987 804446
MANU 17937 1384486
SALEMA 24073 1341394

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

In Table 10 it is found that the average working days for the year 2008-2009 in Chawmanu block
in Dhalai are 84. This is the highest average working days and the lowest in Salema. It is 56.

Table: 10 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in Dhalai

Block Days
AMBASSA 62
CHAWMANU 84
DUMBURNAGAR62
MANU 77
SALEMA 56

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in

Table 11 shows the total number of rural female peoples in different blocks in Tripura according
to 2001 census. It reveals that, in Dhali total rural female peoples are 139873. This is the highest
number. Jampui hills possess the lowest position. In this block the total number of rural female
peoples is 4637.

Table: 11 No. of Total Rural Female Peoples in Different Block in Tripura (2001 census)

Blocks No. of Female PeoplesBlocks No. of Female Peoples

padabil 13,553 Pencharthal 15,610
hazamara 16,271 Kumarghat 36,772
kalyanpur 21,177 Gournagar 45,338
boxanagar 21,304 Dasda 45,783
jampuijala 21,451 Panisagar 46,988
mandai 21,643 Kadamtala 52,002
tulashikhar 22,208 Killa 15,476
kathalia 26,422 Rupaichhari 19,089
khowai 30,398 Karbuk 19,321
teliamura 37,873 Hrishyamukh23,307
melagarh 52,574 Kakraban 32,424
jirania 61,562 Satchand 38,046
bishalgarh 80,347 Amarpur 39,876
mohanpur 96,406 Rajnagar 40,298
dukli 100,448 Bagafa 59,116
Jampuii hills4,637 Matarbari 60,007
Damchhara 10,119 Dhali 139,873

Source: 2001 Census

In Table 12 , it is found that number of total female workers are maximum in Dhalai. It is 42636.
In Baxanagar block the total number of rural female workers is 2139. It is the lowest number.

Table: 12 No. of Total Rural Female Workers in Different Block in Tripura (2001 census)

Blocks No. of Female WorkersBlocks No. of Female Workers

Boxanagar 2,139 Panisagar 3,722
Kathalia 2,904 Pencharthal 4,173
Kalyanpur 3,979 Kadamtala 5,688
Padabil 5,176 Gournagar 7,092
Khowai 5,449 Dasda 9,900
Hazamara 6,708 Kumarghat 9,912
Mandai 7,853 Hrishyamukh4,924
Jampuijala 9,075 Rajnagar 6,241
Teliamura 9,438 Killa 7,650
Tulashikhar 9,539 Rupaichhari 7,773
Melagarh 9,744 Satchand 8,264
Dukli 10,332 Karbuk 8,441
Mohanpur 11,972 Kakraban 9,595
Jirania 12,384 Matarbari 11,180
Bishalgarh 12,926 Bagafa 15,229
Jampuii hills2,251 Amarpur 15,548
Damchhara 3,102 Dhalai 42,636

Source: 2001 Census

According to Table 13 the highest number of employment provided household and persondays
are in Bishalgarh. The numbers are 31337 and 1662970 respectively. On the other hand
Damchara possesses last position. The number of employment provided households and
persondays are 4602 and 289593 respectively. Comparing all the blocks in Tripura we find that
the rank of Mohanpur is 2 . The number of employment provided households and person days
in this block are 29741 and 1324205 respectively.

Table: 13 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different
Block in Tripura

Block House HoldPersondaysBlock House HoldPersondays

Bishalgarh 31337 1662970 Karbok 8715 450021
Boxanagar 9779 507979 Killa 6782 339128
Dukli 21029 992686 Matabari 20487 971173
Hezamara 8576 367169 Ompi 7803 411341
Jampuijala 9360 357346 Rajnagar 17136 1045983
Jirania 21989 1002453 Rupaichari 9895 580992
Kalyanpur 9854 446785 Satchand 17448 825464
Kathalia 9786 371773 Damcherra 4602 289593
Khowai 13211 746146 Dasda 15405 751586
Mandai 8974 479451 Gournagar 20170 830086
Melaghar 21172 847856 Jampuihills 2472 164327
Mohanpur 29741 1324205 Kadamtala 18182 726653
Mungiakami 6328 277910 Kumarghat 14621 705064
Padmabil 6708 379601 Panisagar 18056 715734
Teliamura 14445 691095 Pecharthal 7563 388653
Tulasikhar 9288 443637 Ambassa 13448 835114
Amarpur 10704 777693 Chawmnu 7096 597800
Bkafa 24867 1205384 Dumburnagar12987 804446
Hrishyamukha9093 453528 Manu 17937 1384486
Kakraban 11713 446420 Salema 24073 1341394

Source:Web site:www.nrega.nic.in
Table 14 reveals that among the different blocks in Tripura the rank of Chawmanu is 1. In this
block the average working days are 84. On the other hand 3 blocks possess lowest position. In
these three blocks average working working days are 38. Comparing all the blocks we find that
the position of Mohanpur is 20.

Table: 14 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in Tripura

Block DaysBlock Days

Bishalgarh 53 Karbook 52
Boxanagar 52 Killa 50
Dukli 47 Matabari 47
Hezamara 43 Ompi 53
Jampuijala 38 Rajnagar 61
Jirania 46 Rupaichari 59
Kalyanpur 45 Satchand 47
Kathalia 38 Damchfrra 63
Khowai 56 Dasda 49
Mandai 53 Gournagar 41
Melaghar 40 Jampuihills 66
Mohanpur 45 Kadamtala 40
Mungiakami 44 Kumarghat 48
Padmabil 57 Panisagar 40
Teliamura 48 Pecharthal 51
Tulasikhar 48 Ambassa 62
Amarpur 73 Chawmanu 84
Bokafa 48 Dumburnagar62
Hrishyamukh50 Manu 77
Kakraban 38 Salema 56
Source:Web site:www.nrega.nic.in

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

The analysis of the findings are reported in this chapter . Table 1 reveals that there is no
difference between the male and female workers at the age between 18-22 years. In this age
group the involvement of male and female in NREGA is zero. In the age group of 23-27 there is
no participation of male workers in NREGA whereas there is 50% participation of female
workers in NREGS. Between the age group of 28-32 the participation of male workers is 8.33%
but there is no participation of female workers. The result is same between the age group of 43-
47. Between the age group of 33-37 and 58-62 the male workers involvement is same. It is 25%.
Again between the age group of 38-42 and 53-57 the involvement of male workers is same. It is
16.67% and the percentage of female workers between the age group of 38-42 is 50. From the age
66 there is no participation of male and female workers

Table 1:

Age distribution of Male & Female NREGS WORKERS:

Age (years) Male workersFemale workersMale workers (%)Female workers (%)

18-22 0 0 0 0
23-27 0 1 0 50
28-32 1 0 8.33 0
33-37 3 0 25 0
38-42 2 1 16.67 50
43-47 1 0 8.33 0
48-52 0 0 0 0
53-57 2 0 16.67 0
58-62 3 0 25 0
63-67 0 0 0 0
68-72 0 0 0 0
73-77 0 0 0 0
77 and above0 0 0 0
Total 12 2 100 100
Statistics

Table 2 reveals that all male workers are married and there is 100 percent participation of them in
NREGS. Among the female workers one is married and other is widow.

Table-2:

Marital status of male and female NREGS workers in village:

Status Male workersFemale Workers% of male workers% of female workers

Married 12 1 100 50
Widow 0 1 0 50
Divorcee 0 0 0 0
Unmarried0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0
Total 12 2 100 100

In table, 3 it is found that 8.33% male workers are shop keepers, 50% are farmers, 41.67% are
daily labour. Among the female workers 50% are daily labour and 50% are made servant.
Table 3:

Occupational Status of the male and female NREGS workers in the village.

Status Male workersFemale workers% of male workers% of female workers

Shop keeper1 0 8.33 0
Farmer 6 0 50 0
Daily labor 5 1 41.67 50
Made servant 0 1 50
Total 12 2 100 100

From Table4, it is clear that below 18 years there are no male and female workers. All male and
female workers are above 18 years.

Table 4:

Educational Status of the male and female NREGS workers in the village.

Age (years) No. of male workersNo. of female workers% of male workers% of female workers
Below 18 0 0 0 0
18 and above12 2 100 100
Total 12 2 100 100

In table5, it is found that there are 16 households whose income was between Rs. 1000-6000, 1
household whose income was between 13000-18000 and 1 household whose income was between
Rs.25000-30000 before applying for the job card

Table-5:

Household’s Income Before Applying for the Job Card and After getting the Employment in
NREGS. There are 16 households Between the income range 1000-6000, 1 household between
the income range 13000-18000, and 1 household between the income range 25000-30000.

Income RangeNumber of household(Before Applying for the Number of household(After getting the P
Job Card) Employment) J
Rs. 1000-6000 16 16 8
Rs.7000- 0 0 0
12000
Rs.13000- 1 1 5
18000
Rs19000- 0 0 0
24000
Rs.25000- 1 1 5
30000

CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESSIONS

The major findings from the study are as follows:

1. Most worker (males and females) belong to age 25-62.From the age 66 there is no participation
of male and female workers. No child labour was found .

2. More than 85% worker (male and female) are married.

3. Most workers are farmers and daily labourers.

4. Household’s Income before applying for the Job Card and after getting the employment is equa
is improved though marginally.

Some suggestions are:

1. Easier work should be given to aged persons.

2. It should be studied why farmers come for such work. Agriculture is perhaps becoming less
remunerative for marginal farmers.
 REFFERENCES:

Bagchi, K.K (Ed.), 2007: Employment and Poverty Alleviations Programmes in India: An
Appraisal, Vol-I,Avijit publication Delhi.

Rao, Hanumantha and Hans linnemann (EDs), 1996: Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation
in India, Say’s publications Delhi.