Theory

The head can be estimated by adding up the negligible losses and the
frictional losses in the pipe. The head between the two points in a pipe can
be balanced using the Bernoullis equation. The minor losses are taken into
account at nay bend and the fittings where the streamlines bend depend on
the velocity head of Bernoullis equation. The head loss is then taken as:
hi=K i

V2
2g

K i=dimensionless coefficient of the losses of components up I

V = fluid velocity of the smaller pipe where expansion

and conduction is also accounted for
The minor head loss is calculated through the use of the
Bernoullis energy balance equation and the coefficient of
losses are concluded by use of an experiment. The above
equation is used to determine the value of K (Turian et al.,
1998).

Apparatus
Hydraulics bench, stopwatch, hydraulic losses apparatus, thermometer, spirit
level, vernier calipers, clamp, measuring cylinders, energy losses apparatus

Procedure
ExerciseA
The gate valve remained fully open while the loss of all pipe
fittings were measured. The adjustment of the flow was
controlled from the valve on the bench and the flow rate was
measured. In order to obtain a laminar flow, a low flow rate
was first used in the start. Once the level of the manometers
became stable, the height readings were noted. In order to

obtain the volume flow rate, the volume was measured with
time. The accumulated volume of fluid in the tank was
recorded with time while the ball valve was closed. In order
to increase efficiency, the procedure was repeated four
times.
ExerciseB
In order to prevent the flow of air into the system, the tubes
that were connected and the miter bend pressure taping
was unclamped. At the start of the experiment, the bench
valves and test rig remained open while the gate valves
were still closed. After a reaction was recorded, the gate
valves was opened quarter way. The adjustment of the flow
rate was done using the test rig flow control valve. Between
the valves and the pressure gauges was where the pressure
drop was measured. The adjustment of the flow rate was
only done after the measurements have been taken. The
experiment was repeated to obtain at least four data sets to
determine the volume rate.