WEEK 6

Dr. K. J. Berry. P.E.

Mechanical Engineering
Kettering University
jberry@kettering.edu
SKYPE: KJBERRYCEO

differential equation whose solution provides

the temperature distribution in a stationary
medium, T(x,y,z,t).
Consider a 3D differential CV (dx dy dz)

1st Law
Ein Eout E gen E st
E

energy J
W
time
s
Week 6

= Heat Flux or W/m2

Energy entering/leaving control volume:
Ein [W ] qx (dydz) qy (dxdz) qz (dxdy)
Eout [W ] qxdx (dydz) qydy (dxdz) qzdz (dxdy)

qy

qx
qz
qx
dx dydz qy
dy dxdz qz dz dxdy
x
y
z

q qy q

Ein Eout x
z dxdydz
z
x y

Week 6

 Energy

Generation Energy produced within

control volume per unit volume. Example:
Electrical Resistance Heating
Chemical Reactions
Viscous Flow Work

Assume :
Sgen energy generated insde of CV: W3
m
E gen (W ) Sgen ( W3 )dV
m
Sgen ( W3 )dxdydz
m

Week 6

 Energy

Storage Energy stored inside of CV

during transient or time varying heat transfer
process.

Est [W]
t

u=mass[kg]u(internal energy per unit mass)[

J
kg K

(density volume)cpT
T

Est [W] cp dxdydz

t

Week 6

 3D

Heat Diffusion Equation

Used to find T(x,y,z,t) everywhere inside of
medium.
1st Law
Ein Eout E gen Est
E

qx
x

energy J
W
time
s

q y qz
gendxdydz c p T dxdydz

dxdydz

S
t
y z

qx
x

q y qz
T

c
gen
p t
y z

Week 6

Requires constitutive or RATE equation for how

heat flux varies with Temperature and Space.
Rate equation allows us to calculate the heat
flux ,q(x,y,z,t), once the T(x,y,z,t) is known.
Fouriers Law

W
q k T : 2
m

k Thermoconductivity:

W
mK

T Temperature Gradient

Heat flux is a vector and is normal or

perpendicular to lines of constant temperature
(isotherm).
Week 6


q k T : W2
m
k T h e rm o c o n d u c tiv ity : W
mK
T T e m p e ra tu re G ra d ie n t
qx kx T
x
q y k y T
y
qz kz T
z

q q n x i n y j n z k
q

q x2 q 2y q z2 ; w h e r e
qy
qx
q
nx
;ny
; n z z ; D ir e c tio n C o s in e s
q
q
q
Week 6

 q
x
x

q y qz
T
S gen ( x, y, z , t , T ) c p

y z
t

qx kx T ; q y k y T ; qz kz T
y
z
x
3D Heat Diffusion Equation : Cartesian
k T k T k T S ( x, y, z, t , T ) c T
x

p t
y

x x y y z z gen

Week 6

 Isotropic
k x f ( x); k y f ( y); k z f ( z )
kx

T k T k T S ( x, y, z, t , T ) c T

p t
x x y y y z z z gen

Homogeneous
kx k y kz k

k T k T k T Sgen ( x, y, z, t,T ) c p T
x x y y z z
t
Sgen ( x, y, z, t,T ) c p T 1 T
2
T

k
k t t

Steady

State

T
0
t
Week 6

10

T
0
n
Insulation

T = 1.0

Magnetoplasmadynamics Heat and Fluid Flow

Week 6

11

 Assume

Homegeneous

3DHeat Diffusion Equation:Cartesian

k T k T k T S (x, y, z, t,T ) c T

p t
x x x y y y z z z gen
1DSteady Heat Diffusion Equation:Cartesian
T Sgen (x,T ) 0

k
x x
Determine

the most general solution if:

2

x W

S gen ( x) S0 (1 ) 3
L m
Week 6

12

 T Sgen ( x, T ) S0 (1 x 2 )

k
k
x x
L
Integrate once w.r.t. x
T
S0
x3

C1 ( x 2 )
x
k
3L

Integrate once w.r.t. x again

S0 x 2
x4
T(x)=C1 x C2 (
)
2
k 2 12 L
C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration
Week 6

13

 Boundary

Conditions

Constant
Surface Temp,
T(x=x*,t)=Ts

Insulation
dT/dx=0, @x=x*

Applied
Heat Flux
q"s k

dT
@ x x*
dx

Fluid
Convection
k

dT
h(T ( x x* ) T )
dx x x*

Week 6

14

 Example:

@x=0, Insulated
@x=L, T(x=L) = Ts

T (x )= C 1 x C 2

S0 x2
x4

(
)
2
k
1 2 L2

dT
(@ x 0 ) 0
dx
S
dT
x3
) 0;@ x 0
C1 0 ( x
dx
k
4 L2
C1 0
B C # 2 :T (x L ) Ts
S 0 L2
S 0 L2
1
L4
(
) C2
(1 )

Ts C 2
2
2
6
k
k 2
12L
S 0 L2 5
C 2 Ts
k 2 6
S 0 5 L2
x2
x4

T (x )= T s
(
); C h e c k U n its
12
2
k
1 2 L2
B C #1:

Week 6

15

 Fouriers

Law

dT W
; 2
dx m
S0
dT
x3
k
k ( ( x 2 ))
dx
k
4L
x3 W
S0 ( x 2 ); 2
4L m
Q( x) q" ( x) An ;W

q " ( x) k

Heat Transfer Rate

An Normal Area to Flow of Heat
Week 6

16

Consider a plane wall of width L and infinite in

the other directions. Initially, the wall temperature
everywhere is Ti, and at t=0, the entire wall is
suddenly exposed to a fluid temperature at Tf.
Determine the exact solution for all x and all
time t.
PDE

2T
1 T

x 2 t

BC: T (x 0, t) Tf ,T (x L, t) Tf

IC: T ( x, t 0) Ti
Week 6

17

 Normalization
T 1 T

x 2 t

of Variables

LET :
x

T Tf T Tf
t
x
; t 2 ;T

T
L
Ti T f
L

T
t
1

T t 1
T T T

T
T

t t

L2 t L2 t
1

T
T x T T
T

L x
x
x x
2T T 2T
2
x 2
L x 2
PDE :
2T T

x 2 t

BC :
T (0, t ) 0; T (1, t ) 0; Homogeneous Boundary Conditions
IC :
T ( x ,0) 1
Week 6

18

T ( x, t ) X ( x)T (t )
SUB PDE
X " ( x)T (t ) X ( x)T ' (t )
X " ( x) T ' (t )

2
X ( x) T (t )
Two ODE ' s
X " 2 X 0;T ' 2T 0
SOLVE
X ( x) c1 sin x c2 cos x
T (t ) c3e

2t

T ( x, t ) c1 sin x c2 cos x c3e

An sin x Bn cos x e
Week 6

2t

2t
19

2t

Tn ( x, t ) An sin n x Bn cos n x e

T (0, t ) 0 Bne t
Bn 0;For Non Trivial Solution
T(1,t)=0=A n sin n (1)
n n ; eigenvalues
n n ;For Non Trivial Solution
2

2t

Tn ( x, t ) An sin n x e

Week 6

20

Initial Condition
Tn ( x,0) 1 An sin n x
1

0 sin m xdx An 0 sin n x sin m xdx;n=m for Non Trivial Solution

1

An sin 2 m xdx An
0

1
2

An 2 sin m xdx
0

2
2
(cos(m x)01
(1 cos m ), m 1
m
m

T ( x, t )
1

2
2
(1 cos m )sinm x en t ;sketch profile
m

Week 6

21

2t
2
T ( x, t )
(1 cos m )sinm x e n
m

m1

qx k
qx

q
T
;q
q0
x

k T
k
T
; let q0
T
q0 L
L
x

2t
T
qx
2(1 cos m ) cos m x e n
x m1

Week 6

22