Scribd Logo
Загрузить

Добро пожаловать в Scribd!

  • Irc 6 Bridge

    Загружено:

    SohomDebroy
    3 просмотров36 страниц
    irc 6 for bridge

    Оригинальное название

    irc 6 bridge

    Авторское право

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Доступные форматы

    PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd

    Этот документ был вам полезен?

    Это неприемлемый материал?

    Пожаловаться на этот документ
    irc 6 for bridge

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    3 просмотров36 страниц

    Irc 6 Bridge

    Загружено:

    SohomDebroy
    irc 6 for bridge

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 36
    RC: 62000 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION =I LOADS AND STRESSES (Pourth Revision) ‘THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS 2000 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION : 11 LOADS AND STRESSES (Fourth Revision) Publhe by ‘THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS Jamnagar House, Shahjahan Rose, ‘New Dalnb-10011 200 (phe pacing td pags) sRe62000 Fitted Dee st Regret ‘September. 1963 Sind Revincn: Once 198 “hod Revcon a Mee Una Oober, 1986 opi aber 1982 epead —| Msi 1072 (nseponte Amendment Nev. 1971) ERE Cin ti Kemet Renest | agus 19% (eames Anema Spel 114 at Nos Ana 996) Regist + ay 1977 erent Annet Neowin 10) - Repaid + Spam 18 (coats he hangs en inte lt we bp of inrdicton wpe 3) epamet | Spent, 190, pest | kmwy. i? Fo Revision | Desi 200 Fepone Ap 28ers wed Fi a age 23) Reyoned_ Aga, 2004 eps ope Aneta) (Rights of Publication and Translation are Resoved) Pritt Sagar riters Plate New Del 10003 (s00copic) LOADS AND STRESSES. ‘contents, Giawe am om ae 2s 2" 209 210 m 2 26 ais aie 27 a9 zo zi a 26 enonsel of Bridges Speciation & Stunde Commit Intestin scope Caen ow, Force nd Soeses Dele Dated Ded Load Deletes Live Loads Redon inte Logis fect on Brides ‘Acommodating more thn Two Tale Lanes Footway, Ker, Railing, Parpet and Crash Bares ‘Tram Loaling pat Wind Load Fost Forces du to Water Carats Longin Fores (Catia Fores Boome Esch Pres “Tenpenre DetemuonSeenet Secondary Stee econ Seer nd Conerion Lon ‘Scone Forse Sipe put on Bees Sow Lod ‘Vets Clin London Bie and % Inert Scie and Compost Stocte 1RC6.2000, ow @ 6 6 a 3 3 » s 56 8 Rc :6.2000 [PERSONNEL OF THE BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS AND ‘STANDARDS COMMITTEE (son 1982000 1 file Kuma" ERD) & Ad. Secrery, Miniy of Road (Convene) 2. NK Sa ember Tenia, Nato Haye Ahoy {Coconens) tla J Eon Aven Maas Bags Ne 2 Tee Chie Hogi @)_(V.Vegut, Minty of Rol Transpo ‘SER QonerSaceln) Highway Tapert Bhan, New De 1001 euaeas 4 Ape hit tape, 100 Zone 1, 7D, MSO © CR Almcandni Chis & Manatng Dest, STUP Coane {as tnes, Raton Chamber 213, Nan Po, 6 0S. Bae CConng.Engicer, Sir Owen Willams Fenoesinent Lids nsoenmen Hose, M72 Scour NODAGOIO 1. SS.Chatmbony Managing Decor, Cnsing Eng, Seve Tae Ser Pace, ew Dei 1018 RCV. Kat eh E13 Mav, Bhopal 46016 8. DK Karke Chie Engine, Riek No.A, Bung Ne 2 Roi aco om, aoe, Maar =03¢ 10. in Kant Chiet Genera) Manage, Natasa Highways ‘nuooy fin, ar Avene, Mar ‘Bagh New Dl 1s 1 Ninn Kot ‘vB & Ad Sey. MOST (Rt 36, Nanda ‘Armen, Vita New e108 12 De R Kaper Decor, Ua na Ll, ion 1, Viny Kamae Mangng Dis, UP Ste Ug Cogent 1d, So Bara ain Meta aM ACR ago pt he meng prey Se Pin Ra BG (GD) nal Sowa ote Go oid MOTT, o 19, D Siem Mey 22. Raman Samah 26, 6. Shan 25. SR Tate Pcl Se, Mabie PWD (Rel), 7 Bettas Nap, or, Mamba. OWRD) & Ads Seer. MOST Ce, BB, treo, PO CRN New Doom Chirmn, Condoma Consancy () Lid, Sn Fee fky i, StF Rr C0), he Eager (Ret), NOSIS, Gutee ple, Fi N20, Sap Colon. Hyena Pn (Opens) & Dy. Mensing Die, [nen ecb id BCC Con rp Mot osm Rnt cpt PO. Bar Nos, Secreiny othe Govt of Megas Polis Wake Deprmen, Lover Lachone, ilen793001 “ecmer Pe La, A, ies Pa New De Seer. IRC Chi Engine, Mit Ro Tee be Peo Be, Noe fia rg Gps Pode Mooi Woh [ents Scie, Srocor Eng. Res Cente 598, Pokt Maur Vib Phe e110 Managing Dict, Tandon Cola (P) Li, [Lik Ran, gr Et, New Dee 0014 1G (ora, CPD (Red), 4390, DOA Fl, ent New Dea10062 ® 1. The Chie Bape a 30. The Pos ey 0 2. (he owe 9 Ost “oe Che Baier on “Te Che ne on Tee Cer Bogie oan “he Che Ean) ‘he Ragneinchet The Dieser Re 62000 (8K, ni, MP, Pie Works Dep, ‘ng, tt on Soar han, Bhopal e208 (GLP, Janda, RB Deparment Bek NO Sn le Nw Schaap 0 KX Roy) Fl rks Pande) Ot, Wes” Sag Bask" tn Pon cao 00) (6, Seva, UP. Pac Wonks Deparment, esac 3601 Pib PWD. AR Bch, Pal 4701 (¢, Beachans, Mins of Rant Tap {Fiiheoy Tom es, New De 1001 (CAB, KR, Cle, Bangs 008 (Hing) Highmags Rereeh Ston 7.2. Seas Sidr Pt Ro, Cheana025 “oe Dy iets Ge (BK, By, VSM, SC), Dieter Genel Bork cr) “Te Des & Head (Gut tee) as) ‘he Ad ier nent Predene Ind xls Congress RD) Secretary RE en Sr sul aan, Nasi, Des Cant abn Zar Mang New De 11OED (AK, Hai, Retne, Design & Sundar Srasincontackow. 26071 (Kiser Kama), CPWD, Cent Desen ‘rpms, Noman Baran, New Dee 101T Efe Monsers 24 rah Sco Mate PD, Pratt Kumar, Director General (Road Bevetymen) Adal Sooo he Govt of Nimay of ox! Traiger & igtens, New Deni oto, Sina Roe Ppa Highways, Newbee ti00n| i RC 6.2000 1 GK. Apia Engine Chet (Rett), Noa, Stowe 16 hon, Cong eis inden Cones. Co- Lad, Higcon Howse, tal Bakedee Shatin, Marg, Vitro CW), Nanton (Guha Vw, Silt Cone Pes () Po a, Vaan i Fy, 82, Nein Pl, New o Re62000 LOADS AND STRESSES rxTRODUCTION ‘The brief history of the Bridge Code given in the introdetion to Section I "General Features of Design” applies to Section Il also generally. The draft of Section T! for “Loads and Stresses” a5 discussed at Jaipur Session of the Indian Roads Congress in 1946 was considered further at a number of meetings ofthe Bridges Corumitice for finalisation In the years 1957 and 1958, the work of finalising the draft was pushed on ‘vigorously by the Bridges Committe, [At the Bridges Commitee meeting held at Bombay in ‘August, 1958, all the comments received til then on the ‘different clauses ofthis Section were disposed off finally and ‘a drafting Committee consisting of Sarvasht S.B. Joshi, KK. ‘Nambiar, K.P. Antia and S.K. Ghosh was appointed to workin conjunction with the officers of the Roads Wing for finalising this Section. ‘This Committee at its meeting held at New Delhi in September, 1958 and later through correspondence finalised Section Il ofthe code which was printed in 1958, reprinted in 1962 and 1963. ‘The Second Revision of Section TI of the Code (1964 dition) included all the amendments, additions and alterations nade by the Bridges Committee in their meetings held from time to time ‘The Executive Committee ofthe Indian Roads Congress approved te publication of the Third Revision in mete units, in 1966 IRC.2000 ‘The Bridges Commitee at its meeting held in 1971 approved certain amendments in light ofthe Fourth Revision of Section {and Section IL. These amendments, vide Amendment No.1 of November 1971 (amending Clauses 204,207, 209, 212 and 216) and Amendment No.2 of November 1972, (regerding sub-clause 201.1) have been included in this Edition, The resent reprint also incorporates Amendment No.3 of April 1974, regarding sub-clause 211.2 and eratum to sub-clause 209.40), As suggested by the Bridges Committe and approved by the Council, in the introduction to IRC:78-1979 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section: Vl-Foundations and Substructure, 2000 Part: General Features of Design”, the provisions given in Appendices 4 and 5 of tat (Code are transferred and incorporated in his Code (reprinted in September 1981) with necessary eitorial changes 10 convey the correct sense as applicable to this Code. Appendin- referred to above is amalgamated in Clauses 202 and 203 and Append 5 replaces Clause 222 of IRC:6-1966 Bridge Code Section IL ‘Consequential to the transfer of Appendix-4, Clause 221 ofthis Code is replaced by not (iv) under item 1 of loads ad stresses of Appendix-4 of IRC:78-1979, As approved by Council in its meeting held at Bangalore on 22.598, the changes in Clause 218 - Temperature and a new Clause 223 on Ship’Barge Impact on Bridges have been incorporated ‘The Loads and Stresses Committe in its various meetings finalised the Clauses 202.3, 203, 206,207, 208,209, 212, 214, 217, 200.1 (¢), 224, 225 and 226 on 29.10.99. The personnel of 1RC6.2000 ‘he Committee is given below De MG. Tamar convene PA Agava! CoConvenoe Montes PL Bonpiewer AK. Chance rfl Kamar Prof SK. Thabhar KN, Aganal BC. Roy MK. Mike De. Kishen Kr. Khuram, VR aya Prot Sud Ke. ala ay Kiar (cE) SAR, MORTAH Mahesh Tandon (Vesta) SG. Iogear Dison, HRS, Cheon Dr CS. Seana (CES, UP PWD, Lucknow Bx-Ofiio Members rset, RC ‘DG(RD) & Ad Sey MORTEM CB. Rajon) (@rafua Kum) Secretary, IRC (6 Shama) Comresponing Monbers Dr. N.Raaposln CE(Q,Bhataceswer Dep ste (OX No PR Kai ep. of FDSO, Lucknow (5. Garay ‘The Bridges Specifications and Standards Committe in its meeting held on 19.8.2000 approved Draft Revision to Clauses of IRC:6 except Clause 212 and authorised the Convenor (B-3)Committe to modify the same in light ofthe comments of members for placing before the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee in its meeting held on 30.8.2000 approved the modified Clauses and later by the Council in its 160th, meeting held on 4th November, 2000 at Caleta 3 score ‘The object of the Standard Specifications and Code of Practice isto establish a common procedure forthe design and construction of roa bridges in India. This publication is meant to serve as a guide to both the design engineor and the construction engineer but compliance with the rules therein does not relieve them in any way of ther responsibility forthe stability and soundness of the structure designed and erected by them, The design and construction of road bridges require an ‘extensive and through knowledge of the seience and technique involved and should be entrusted only to specially qualified ‘engineers with adequate practical experience in bridge ‘engineering and capable of ensuring careful execution of work 201, CLASSIFICATION 201.1. Road bridges and culverts shall be divided into lasses according tothe loadings they are designed to cary. .C. Class AA Loading: This loading isto be adopted within certain municipal limits, in certain existing or contemplated industrial ares, in other specified areas, and along certain specified highways. Bridges designed for Class ‘AA Loading should be checked for Class A Loading also, a= under certain conditions, heavier stresses may be obtained ‘under Class A Loading, ‘Note "Where Clas TOR i psig i shal eo in pce of IRC LR. Class A Loading : This loading isto be normally adopted on all roads on which permanent bridges and culverts are cqnstructed, LR. Class B Loading : This loading isto be normally ‘adopted for temporary structures and for bridges in specified RC62000 areas. Structures with timber spans are to be regarded as temporary strctures for the purpose ofthis Clause, For particulars of the above three types of loading, see Clause 207, 201.2. Existing bridges which were not originally constructed or later strengthened to take one of the above specified LR.C. Loadings will be classified by giving each a ‘number equal to that of the highest standard load class whose effects i can safely withstand Appendis-I gives the essential data regarding the limiting loads in each bridge class, and forms the basis for the classification of bridges. 201.3. Individual bridges and culverts designed to take electric tramways or other special loadings and not constructed to take any ofthe loadings described in Clause 201.1 shall be classified in the appropriate load class indicated in Clause 201.2 202. LOADS, FORCES AND STRESSES 202.1, The loads, forces and stresses to be considered in designing road bridges and culverts are 1 Dex oad 2. Live oa 3. Soow tad (See note 44 psc fcr on vial ive fad 5. pac defo floning Bader oF wel asthe ease may be ‘ebilcolison load Win oad Water caret esp p p00 186.2000 9. Longin! forces cued by wactve fort of vb by baking of Stiles andor thse cased by ‘etn of movemers of ee Sern by clon reaton Be, 10, eee tse " 1 Boomer & 12 Earthen icing He oad rhage, fy % 13 Tempo eet x oad Detention eee y Scots e te: Brcton of 5 tt Soon Ree g 18 Vine pemre g uo : 19, Garett é, ‘conse ores + (The snow load may be Dated on tan bseraton of pst ‘eer inthe partir ren or ncal pacts, if existing (i) Temperature fet (Fy) in ti content isnt the tional foro due to the moveient of baring ol forces a ae fused by the reson eects. (iy The wave forces shall be determined by sable nays lnsteing ding a ner force ete. on sgl wc ‘members asso onl metho or moeel mie. Incase (oF sroup of pls, lets ee, proximity ects shal also be (For bridges it in grate or cos the bearings shall oma best lve by varying the icine of he pate Slut betwen the appt foe of he Being lower ace ‘tibe tea er by ay oer suitable arangement However, there he bearings are rue 10 be set purl to the Inline rae or real of te spectre, am allowance thal be made forthe logit bd ansvere omponents ofthe vera lade othe beans. 202.2. All members shall be designed to sustain safely ‘most critical combination of various loads, forces and stresses that ean co-exist, and all caleulations shall tabulate distinctly the various combinations of the above loads and stresses covered by the design. Besides temperature, effect of environment on durability shall be considered as per relevant codes, 2023. Combination of Loads and Forces and Permissible Increase in Stresses ‘The load combination shown in Table | shall be adopted for working out stresses im members. The permissible increase of stressee in various members due to these combinations are also indicated therein, These combinations of forces are not applicable for working out base pressure on foundations for Which provision made in relevant IRC Bridge Code. shall be adopted, +202, DELETED 204, DELETED 25, DEAD LOAD. ‘The dead load earied by a girder or member shall consist ofthe portion ofthe weight ofthe superstructure (and the fixed Joads carried thereon) whichis supported wholly or in part by te girder or member including its on weight. The following. unit weights of materials shall be used in determining loads, ‘unless the unit weighs have been determined by actual Weighing of representative samples ofthe materials in question, in which case the actual weights as thus determined shall be used 5 Delt at peice i en covered under Table 1 + Delt Pleven provisions ae covered in IRC752000 Standard Speleaons & Cove of Prete for Rend Biden, Secon VI Toate 1, Loan Cowmasions ano Penance Srases (Ct. 2023) 2| woman omnmnnlS[5]5] 2222112] TE aL Pisa eas | cones oomnaal [-l-[-1-[-[ [l= | case SEEECCEE Co sms wa P= lL le = gL cosmonal-[-l-[-f-l-) =I I | _tomerraums|-[-fa]-[2[-| [al= Fee EET EEE Fy 2 comma -]-[2}-]31-1 [21 ZL Pomme EEE = areal CEE = (aeriemmonre alomecateme ta = 2 |_coymsi sal -|=[=[=[=[= [== | _oereeel ef CECE -1sfe}2[2]e[-|s[e 1 |e ‘ mRc62000 ‘yer Sow Loud appiesbie, Close 24 shal be feed fer combination of ano ad ad ive a ‘Ay load combination involving temperate, wind andlor ‘erga ting dependent oe combination, maxim ‘ermasble tease sues ia Preesed Concrete Members ‘al he ited Yo he value a erent Code TRCN) Use of fico ve load 05 shown in the above table is "plicable only when tefl dein ive loa ven a Table 2 considered. The stuctare alo mart be sheked wih 20 The gti fe dc to epee considered nthe ond ambinaions IIB and Ia. The recnced ive load (0) indented a 5 efees (FF snd.) ate as shown a (5,96 05 sands forthe ede ive la be conieed in ‘hi cast. However for rite shawna, oe tay effets of dvd load bess rece ive load, G,being fair of lve tad is sbown ge 1. Whenever aft of ive led 3 Sows ia the above ible wrder column is specie, tbe soci ffests dc oie nd (QF Fy and Esta be considetedconesponding to the toca tion Of Une lon: When he pratt eft scone he te, any, eto evel soil of temperature ofthe sacha tle be contre Seimi efet daring eeton stage reduced to hain oad ‘combination DC when cosructon phse does no exceed ‘The load ermbiton 1) relates wo the conseton nage of sew bilge Forres rebaation ad efiting the ad Soobonton sal be pjecpeie R620 Materits 1 Alert) 2 Ashe ends) 3 Stone sens (a) Granite (Baal 4. Balas stone send, broke, 25 em 1075 em gue, lose) (@) Gnaie (Baa 5. hwo (presse) in cement mori 6 Brckwoe Common) in ement mort 7. Bronk (ammo ip ine morta Covert (pal) 9. Concrete (rez) 10, Concrete (ement pia) it, Goneee(ementplain with lms) 12 Conerete cementite) 13. Concrete cemented) 14 Conc (lime bck aerate) 15, Concee limestone seer) 16, Earth (compacted) 1, Grvet 18 Macadam (bin premix) 19 Mactdam (le) 20, Sand Goose) 21, Sand (vet compres) 22. Cound sable sone masoary (cement mot) 2. Stone masonry (me mor) 2 Water 25 Woot 26. Cant eon 27. Wrought ton 28, Stel olled we et) ‘Weieht 2 an mRc62000 207. LIVE LOADS 207.1. Details of LR.C. Loadings 2071.1. For bridges classified under Clause 201.1, the designed live load shall consist of standard wheeled or tacked Vehicles or tains of vehicles as illustrated in Figs. 1 to 3 and Appendix. The tiles attached (othe diving unit are Not to be considered as detachable, 2071.2. Within the ker 1 kerb width ofthe roadway, the standard vehicle or tran shall be assumed to avel parallel to the length ofthe bridge, and to occupy any position which will produce maximum stresses provided that the minimum slearances between a vehicle andthe roadway face of kerb and between two passing or crossing vehicles, shown in Figs, 10 3, ate not encroached upon. 207.13. For each standard vehicle or train, all the axles ‘of a unit of vehicles shall be considered a5 acting simultaneously in a position causing maximum stresses. ‘TRACKED VEHICLE heeled velles (Clause 2071) ont) TRAGKEO VENIGLE 1RC6.2000 Clase rain 0 vehi Chngsay why tn eile ras 207.14. Vehicles in adjacent lanes shall be taken as headed in the direction producing maximum stresses 207.15. The spaces on the carriageway left uncovered by ‘he standard tain of vehicles shall not be assumed as subject 10 any additional live load unless otherwise specified in Table 2 2072, Deleted 207.3. Dispersion of Load through Fills of Arch Bridges The dispersion of loads through the fills above the arch shal be assured at 45 degrees bath along and perpendicular to the span in the case of arch bridges. aoe Sina. Conbnaon of ive Land 5. ds oe bli This Case sal Be ead in conuneton with Cine ey. = __ 112.1 of IRC'S-1998. The caiageway live Toad combination LULL Shi be comida he te dena sho Tbe SECTION ON P-R ~~ a 0 “Taate 2. Live Loan Cowninarion a | i | 30 ‘Coageray width| Number of lane [Lond combinnion i a | im > ae aoe Toa ae CE —, eT eee DRIVING VEHICLE ig. Chae" tran of ice (Clase 2071) rcs 4 Toe mir sewn, beeen ont leo he weld he nny he ‘The remaining with af ‘agony salle losded ssh 3 Rae Daa | One ane of Cle TOROR ie han do Janes of Cle A SVE man sae wT ‘Ope ee of Cas OTE fesbae | ryt nes wth one line af Caer A onthe, [cali ane OR 3 aes ade ee sre ar ca T TST wi aad above bul ¥ ‘One lane of Class 7OR for pena wih teen than 16.6 mn ‘every two Janes with ope Ses gd oa meas See 7 eet ‘nag nei a 3 Wot waslaome a] ——s om eo cas 2 ae ee toa dae ins an 86 on i se Tw io ge aT TE pT TRL of RC.1995 1Res-2000 208, REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON BRIDGES ACCOMMODATING MORE THAN ‘TWO TRAFFIC LANES. Reduction in the longitudinal effect on bridges having ‘more than two tafe lanes due tothe low probability that all anes will be subjected to the characteristic loads simultaneously shall be in accordance with the Table shown below. er of hn For four lane 21% tedvtion For five or mre Ines 21 rection Nowe: Howes i should be ensured th te edoedfngidia es fe not les sever thn the lengua eres fom ‘Sotneos oad onto acer ne, 208, FOOTWAY, KERB, RAILINGS, PARAPET AND CRASH ‘BARRIERS ‘The horizontal force specified for footway, ker, railings, parapet and crash bariers specified in this section necd not be considered forthe design of main structural members of the bridge. However, the connection between kerbalinesparapel, crash barrier and the deck should be adequately designed and deailed. 208.1. For all parts of bridge floors accessible only to pedestrians and animals and forall foorways the loading shall be 400 kin’. Where crowd loads ate likely to occur, such a, fn bridges Tocated near towns, which ate ether centres of pilgrimage or where large congregational fairs are held Seasonally, the intensity of footway loading shall be increased {rom 400 kg/m 0 500 kein 209.2. Ket, 0.6 m or more in width, shall be designed forthe above loads, and fora local lateral force of 750 kg pet 1RC6.2000 mete, applied horizontally t top of the kerb. If kerb width is less than 0.6 m,no live Toad shall be applied in addition to the lateral lead specified above. 2093. Deleted 209.4 Inbridges designed for any ofthe loadings described in Clause 207.1, the main girders, trusses, aches, or other members supporting the footvays shall be designed for the following live loads per square metre for footway area the Toaded length of footway taken in each case being, such a, t0 produce the worst effects on the member under consideration (@) For effective sus of 75m ores, 00 km! of 500 Kg a8 theca maybe, sed on Sub-Cause 203.1 (For effective sos of oer 75m hut not exseeing 30 m, the ‘nest of fad sal be etered scaring to he eqetion _ 7 (0 or tin sp fre 3 hens of nd al be Sermon nage ses (osu 88) tsa wee = 400 Aft or 50 ato ete may Be, ssc 91 P= delvelad in igh, 1 > seep min ge, atch = ab te nny in 2085. Bach pat of the fotway shall be capable of carying 8 whe! lad of tonne, hich shal be desmed to inclade impact, ditbuted over cont ares 200 mm in dlameter, the permsnible working stesss shall be increased ty 25 per cen o meet provision. This provision need met secs2000 bbe made where vehicles cannot mount the footway as in the ‘ase ofa footway separated from the roadway by means of an insurmountable obstacle, such a, truss or a main girder. ‘Note A foatway Ker shale cosieed mountable by eh 209.6. The Pedestrian/Bicycle Railings/Parapets ‘The pedestranticycle ilingsparapets canbe ofa lange varity of constuction. The design lads fortwo basic types ie given below: 0 Solaily ed in parapet cacy el cantilevering along full length from deck level. Lanting: Hoi an veil oad of 150 Ap tog Simao one pe fhe pope w Frame pe wih dice vertical posts ore ‘cantilevering from the curbseck with esinimm {oro ef rtg ale (dow bre he Toe ety rer ee by = ove! ed {, The ca my be sgl Sopot Con vet Oe Loating: Bah orion ling deve fr Brant fd vere load of 150 gia, acing Simonet vee The er porto, Spore tvs ay otro a and ‘nasal edge oe oro Wont of 190 kg Toe ys rest bret Ido 104g x sping bene postin mee gn op of eps 209.7. Crash Barriers CCrash barriers are designed 10 withstand the impact of ‘vehicles of certain weights at certain angle while travelling at the specified speed. They are expected to guide the vehicle back on the rad while keeping th level of damage to vehicle as well as tothe Baris within acceptable limits “ rec.62000 Following ae the three categories fo different applications: or “pion Comat F-1 Nomal Bd arming xa, | 15 eile 10h Cente or eae age of inp 7irtom Alte bgr ecapl | 1S KN vise 0 rh Consnment | ile ove amas se 20° angle of impact PS High | At hadous dN ASR 30 RN veiw 6 had Cnaiome cns, er by ray | 20 ang of gt Ie empe ec | ee The bariers can be of rigid type, using castin-siu precast reinforeed concrete panels, of of flexible type, constricted using metalic col-olled andlor hotrlled sections ‘The metalic type, called semi-rigid type, suffer large dynamic deflection ofthe order of 0.9 to 1.2m, on impact, whereas, the “rigid” conerete type suffer comparatively negligible deflection. ‘The efficacy of the two types of bariers is established on the basis of fll size tests carried out by the laboratories specialising in such testing. Duc tothe complexities of the structural action, the value of impact force cannot be quantified. A cerifiete ftom such lboratory can be the only basis of acceptance of the semi-rigid type, in which case all the design details and construction detils tested by the laboratory are to be followed in toto without modifications, and without changing relative strengths and positions of any of the connections and elements, For the sgid type ofbarver, the same method i aceptabe. However, in absence of testingtest certificate, the minimum design resistance shown in Table 3 should be built into the mceann snc200 nea, Bo amas ss 7 = (The tte twa rs trol eons of he pet \ seme ET ‘inn san tone beating ped mre te Pa tm) Rem ai ‘itm nome feces net [og |r| | (reroute w soot cpt pomp ae Ships on ale se BaF (0) tnaddon secon fan ba IRS, hen ary (0 yok Sons 30 perc ef meee ___ Se Sete ty AAT ‘sath pened te scare es, aman paieot TN a (ier ig pe puget Type tle ied to ower i ‘cn stein dose mt gras an Sh on 7 iin a Tar ‘io ppt rte lr ending sng Real rap) Sener at mee fits eae ae [sf a (8). eons barra amin dvi tel [sone ate of be iain liven ‘eulin palo i es Soto one fee od (0) iets of fr gp mn zoel ten cs ep ebm sano ts i Sl pd Sect urate | atria 2088 Vehicle BarviersPedstrian Ralling between Breer = Footpath and Carrageway : : Where considerable peetian talc i expected sch 5 ini Rone of] 7am [575 HO nin as, ine tovmship, gd ype of reinforced concrete crash ees Been | ani shoul be provided searing the vhisar ai om — the same. The design and constuction details shoud be as pat conan eae Case 20.7 For any ober typeof ii bari, the scopy __|er | Should be equivalent to that of gtd RCC ype 5 Minas Rone ot TIS For area of low intensity of pedestrian afi, emt iid (estate | ope tay Sats ecto a feretoc we 218, AMWAY LOADING ne - 210.1 When oad ridge cae tm ines, the ie load 7 Minar wae se aS . [fea avencaeat[etiont™ [am | ve to the type of tam cars sketched in Fig. 4 shall be Tove est pe sce | computed and atl be considered to oceupy 3 m wih of esol jae mie oadvay. eves eft 2102. A nos 10 til sequence ofthe tam cats or any Ee atte sequence which proces the heaviest Sueses sal be considered inthe design. 2 a R620 j =] = Da eT UH HAATHDBHCCEHaT ™ i ! j : é } 5 : i : : i i Fes RC.2000 (0) For spine of 9m or more (0) Relators conerete bridges Tisch veils o per ont upto a pan of 0 m nd in accordance with the fave Fig 5 for tpn i cree of 40m, 25 percent for spans plo 12 nd in accordance ith the fave tn Fig. 5 for spas in ‘hee of 2m Ste ridges “Trek veils 10 per cet fr all pans Wrecked veces 2S percent oe sans wo 23 m Snd in accordance ith the ‘uve indeated in Fp. 3 fr {pos in exes of 25m 2114, No ieapoct allowance shall be added tothe footway loading specified in Clause 209, 211.5, The span length tobe considered for arriving atthe impact percentages specified in Clauses 211.2 and 211.3 shall be as follows (For spans simply supported or cominuous or for arches the effective ru on whlch eas pled (@) For bidgestaving cantilever arm without suspended spans the effective overhang of the canilever ams rece by 28 per ent fr loon te easever ar and the ‘fete span bance supa fo loads onthe main Se (6) For bridges having cantleer ame with suspended span We eective overhang of the cantilever xm rit ii i lng af the spend spn fr Tandem te never am, the elective length of the suspended span fer loads on te uapended span athe effective pan Dewees ‘por fir loads he mae San ote "For nel members ofa edge, suc 35 across girder or dick Hb, ee, the tle of mentoned in 112 ete pans Ineatoned 113 eal btbeefletv spn fhe member der considera cen 211.6. tn any bide sce whee there filing of pot le an 1 wimg the fad ers the impact wet ge be allowed Inthe desig shall be sumed © be res wha seid in Clases 211.2 and 2113 2117, or ealclting the presi on he easing non she tp ae ofthe el aks, al ave fhe appropiate ae sage al e llowed. Bu forthe esign of Fes reer and sewers, generally below the eel of he? aa bck. the apropmite impactperenage sal Be Stu by the aoe even Blo (@) For clang the pressure atte fot atfce of he bd lock os (0) For calesitig the presse 00 te os top 3m ofthe seus tow te ening ed Bock ‘omy (©) For cling the pressure ote foton af he autre ore tha 20 Bin low the be back 2118, Im the design of members subject, among other soresses, to diret tension, such as, hangers in a bowstring finer bridge, and in the design of members subject wo dec errmpression, such as, spandrel columns or walls in an Open Spancel arch the impact percentage sal be taken the Same as wer applicable to the design of the comesponding member or (rates ofthe floor system which transfer loads to the tensile fr compressive members in question. ‘2119, These Clauses on Impact do not apply to the design of suspension bridges. In cable suspended bridges and eee bridges where live load to dead ratio is high, the dynamic effects, such as, vibration and fatigue shall be considered 2% Rc-6.2000 212. WIND LOAD 212.1. All stactures shall be designed forthe following lateral wind forces. These forces shall be considered to act horizontally and in such a direction thatthe resultant sess in the member under consideration are the maximum, 212.2, The wind fore on a structure shall be assumed as ‘a borizontal force af the intensity spocitied in Clause 212.3 and acting on an area caleulated as follows (0) For # dsc strstr in of este 8 San in elevation nti the oor em nd ing one fron te dling er (0) For through or haltthrough stuctare: ‘There fhe vation of he windward tae specie at (@) ‘ve a ee of evan hve te et ef 2123, The intensity of the wind force shall be based on wind pressures and wind velocities shown in Table 4 and shal, be allowed for in the design. The pressures given therein shall, however, be doubled for bridges situated in areas, such a, the Kathiawar Peninsula and the Bengal and Orissa coasts shown hatched in Fig. 6 21244 The lateral wind force against any exposed moving live Toad shall be considered as acting at 1.5 m above the roadway and shall be assumed to have the folowing values Highway bridges, oricy 300 keine lichway bridges, caving tomway 450 placer m While calculating the wind force on live load, the cle distance between the tiles of a tain of vehicles shall not be omitted 1RC6.2000 Oem neem ms — ecenner Fie 6 2 mRe62000 ‘Tame 4, Won Pussnts ano Woo Vesocrs aes pare ost oom os Dw ee a > 210 a noe i vege ight eo ped rice are mean ering surface (round o bed evel or water eve) V = tion! velocity of wind in lore pr hour at belt P= ‘orzo wind presi in kg? at height H. 2125. The bridges shall not be considered to be carrying ‘any live load when the wind velocity at deck level exceeds 130 kam per hou, 212.6. The total assumed wind force as calculated according to Clauses 212.2, 212.3, 2124 and 212.5 shall, however, not be less than 450 kg per liear metre in the plane ofthe loaded chord and 225 kg per linear metre in the plane of| unloaded chord on through or half-hrough truss, lattced or other similar spans, and not less than 480 kg, per linear metre fon deck spans. 212.7. A wind pressure of 240 kg/m? on the unloaded structure, applied as specified in Clauses 212.2 and 212.3 shall be used if it produces greater stresses thah those produced by the combined wind forces as per Clauses 2122, 2123, 2124 and 212.5 or by the wind force as per Clause 212.6. » 1RC6.2000 2128. In caleulating the uplift inthe posts and anchorages ‘of high laticed towers due t0 the above mentioned lateral forces, stresses shall also'be investigated forthe condition of decking being loaded on a traffic lane or lanes on the leward side only 213, HORIZONTAL FORCES DUE TO WATER CURRENTS. 213.1 Any par ofa road bridge which may be submerged ‘in running water shall be designed to sustain safely the horizontal pressure due 0 the force of the current. 2132. On piers parallel to the direction of the water current, the intensity of pressure shall be calculated from the following equation pesky neni of pressure du ower cure, nga? were, = the veloiy ofthe caret tbe point were the presse Intensity being else n mee per tsond, and A= aconsan having te folowing vals fo dierent shapes of pie lst in Fig. 7 (0) Sgute ended pier end fer he specs) 150 (Citar pies ox piers wit semi-cruleeaoe, 06s 2) Piers wh angle ct and ease tes (te ange cade bewenn the fee wing 30 degree or ss (io) es with wingulr ut ad ease water, the ate iced beaween the foes beng more than 30 degrees bat Jen than 6 depress 050% 070 WY) ~ do 601 90 degree 076090 0 1e62000 cetnnce Che Pe ing at Sioa < ESSSSS oo o> Eimer: the fees being more than 30 epee bt estan 60 dress Fe 7 Shape (Green Pers with winguer cut and cae ates. he angle inte betwee ‘he toes being 601 90 de Pir with et and ete waters of ‘cutee of ces Pir with rs of the a nd eae ater terse a 90 degree u sRc62000 Fes wih ct an newt of (09 uur ero cols ous ingen wit as of eta cs (Ne eg 9 es 00 2133. The value of V" in the equation given in Clause 2132 shall be assumed to Vary linearly ftom zero a the point ‘of deepest scour tothe square of the maximum velocity atthe free surface of water. The maximum velocity forthe purpose of this sub-clause shall be assumed to be 3 times the maximum mean velocity ofthe current Square of velocity at a ae eit fom the point oe of deepest . scour = U* from oF oeerest scoun where isthe maximum mean velocity 213.4, When the curent strikes the pier at an angle he ‘velocity ofthe cunt shall be resolved info two components v one parallel andthe oter nodal tothe pt. (The presi pul ote ie sa be determined anime Pc 12 tng te ety ae compan of he wey tte caren ia reton pel Be pt. resi of cet aloe pt ating on he © eres devon a ep sb beeen SEES any te component of te ety of AEE Onteniente ent Ka Slates cx ef euronews! shal seikerm ae 2 mRc62000 213.5. To provide against possible variation ofthe direction ofthe current from the direction assumed inthe design, allowance shall be made inthe design of piers for an extra variation in the ‘current direction of 20 degrees; that so say, piers intended to be parallel to thedrecton of current shall be designed fora variation ‘of 20 degrees ftom the normal direction ofthe curent and piers ‘originally intended o be inclined at @ degrees to the direction of the current shall be designed fora current direction inclined at (20 + 8) degrees tothe length ofthe per. 2136, In case ofa bridge having a pucea floor or having fan inerodible bed, the effect of eross-curents shall in no case bo taken as ess than that ofa static force duc to a difference of head of 250 mm between the opposite faces of a pier. 213.7. When supports are made with two or more piles or ‘trestle columns, the group shall be treated as a solid rectangular pier of the same overall length and width and the value of K, taken as 1.25 for caleulating pressures due to water curents both parallel and normal tothe pier. 2138. The effects ofthe force of water currents shall be uly considered upto the level indicated in Clause 214.7. 214, LONGITUDINAL FORCES. 214.1, In all road bridges, provision shall be made for Jongitudina forces arising from any one or more ofthe following (@) Trivett cated tou acceleration ofthe driving whe (©) Braking effet resating from the application ofthe brakes braked wets and (©) Prcioal estas ofred othe movement of fe bearings Ae to change of enpeate oF any ee ene Note» aking ef ie inarisblygreter than the tative sr 2142. The braking effect on a simply supported span or 4 continuous unit of spans or on any ether typeof bridge unit shall be assumed to have the following value (@) inte case ofa snge-in oa wore bridge: wey per cent ff the fret in lob plas len por ext of the lod of he ‘cseeding ino part thro, the in loads in onan oly tring conte forthe purposes of this subclase: Whete he ete fist ein at onthe ul pan, be raking force shal be takes seq wea) pr cet ofthe loads actly on the pan (0) he cate of rides faving more than tones: a in (8) hove forthe st wosans ps ve pe cet ofthe loa ot he lanes in exe of to, Noe: The loads i this Clase sll sot be inteased on tecoun of tpt 2143. The force due fo braking effet shall be assumed to act along a line parallel to the oadvsay and 1.2.m above it. ‘While transferring the force tothe bearing, the change in the vertical reaction at the bearings should be taken into account. 2144, The distibution of longitudinal horizontal forces among bridge supports is effected by the horizoatal deformation ofrdges, flexing of the supports and ration ofthe foundations. For spans resting. on stiff supports, the distribution may be assumed as given below in Clause 214.5 For spans resting on flexible supports, distribution of horizontal forees may be carried out according t0 procedure given below in Clause 2146. sRc6:2000 2145. Simply Supported and Continuous Spans on Unylelding Supports 2145.1. Simply supported spans on unyielding supports 2145.11. For a simply supported span with fixed and five bearings (other than elastomeric type) on stiff supports, horizontal forces a the bearing level n the longitudinal direction shall be greater of the two values given below: Pied bearing ree bearing. Bennet wang ho ene Re e+ hy) Ph ~ Applied toast free ‘ag = Reacon at he ee end due to dad load Rg = Reaction at Gee ead due Ue load Y= Goettceat of ficton athe movable bearing wAch abl ‘eteumed to have te flowing valves ("Foret volt beasags 003 Foronerte roller tings os (ip For sing brings (@) Stel neti or eel on eel (©) Gray easton ‘Gay easton (Mecha) 03 (©) Concer over cone wih ‘Biumen yer a betwen OS (@) Tet ca Saintes see 13 and.05 ‘whichever fveming ‘ote: Ulan ded ands sal be account fr propery In Sele res eed beating Salo be ered for fitsssme ad brakinpacve fre, 214..12. For simply supported reinforced conerete and presiessed concrete superstructure, the span upto which plate bearings can be used shall be limited to 15 metre. 2145.13. Incase of simply supported small spans upto 10 metres resting on unyielding supports and where no bearings 6 mmee2000 are provided, horizontal force in the longitudinal direction at ‘the bearing level shall be A Foor, whichis eee 2145.14, For a simply supported span sting on identical clastomerie bearings at each end resting on unyielding supports Force at each end shea ting of the elastomer beatings Imovement of deck above bearing, ober tan that due 10 pled ces, 2145.15, The substructure and foundation shall also be esigned for 10 per cent variation in movement ofthe span on either side. 214.52. For continuous bridge with one fixed bearing and other fee bearings: ied bearing roe bearing Covet (RL) ve Fh ating ia ve retin ieen> ak wee FRR HL) ome aR Fat OR) Bg t OReD Coed (eu) #4 and Fb ating ine etion (@ itPe> a ume FiR' EL) @ me bat _* nl) Ti Whichever grate 6 186.2000 Were, A, oF, nimer office bearings to he Ie opt of xe ering, rrp iL orp = te ta rina force developed athe Re berngs te the leo ph of the fed bearlag respec. Re =e net hsizonal fre developed a anyone of te fe Beans considered 0 the eto Ft ofthe fixed bearings Note: i seams are, the fed Dearing hal alo Be checked far il omic foc end bakingactive fre 2146, Simply Supported and Continuous Spans on Flexible Supports 2146.1. Shear rating ofa support isthe horizontal force required to move the top of the support through a unit distance taking into account horizontal deformation of the bridges, Aexiilty ofthe support and rotation of the foundation. The Aistribution of ‘applied’ logitudinal horizontal forces (€8, braking, seismic, wind, ete.) depends solely on shear ratings of the supports and may be estimated in proportion tothe ratio of| individual shear tatings of a support to the sum of the shear ratings ofall he support, 2146.2. The distribution of self induced horizontal force caused by deck movement (owing to temperature, shrinkage, creep, elastic shortening, etc.) depends not only on shear ratings ofthe supports But also on the location of the ‘zer0" ‘movement point in the deck. The shear rating of the supports, the distribution of applied and self-induced horizontal free and the determination of the point of ze movernent may be made 5 per recognised theory for which reference may be made to publications on the subjects. 214.7. The effects of braking force on bridge strctures without bearings, such as, arches, rigid frames, et, shall be ealeulated in accordance with approved methods of analysis of indeterminate stuctures, ” RC6.2000 2148, The effect ofthe longitudinal fores and all other horizontal forces should be calculated upto a level where the resultant passive earth resistance of the soil below the deepest ‘Scour level (floor level in case of abridge having pea flor) balances these forces. 21S, CENTRIFUGAL. FORCES 215.1, Where a road bridge is situated on a curve, all portions of the structure affected by the centrifugal action of moving vehicles are to be proportioned to cary safely the ‘Sess induced by this action in addition to all other stress 0 ‘which they may be subjected 215.2. The centrifugal force shall be determined from the following equation wie, «C= cenit! oe ating roa 0h tafe) at he : fou of cho of ie whe ons & @) unr Teed ove ve see nies whic wna dorbed daca oes ar = nel) eto ads cc whet al ing ‘Shar a tng ovr ean eon eh ‘Seiad e Case S07 owen and @) i eof © ‘Thorny dad vena ons per near mee Becong end he web ge be pe = Bera of cae ia mene 215.3. The centrifugal force shall be considered to act at 1 height of 1.2 m above the level of the carriageway. 215.4, No increase for impact effect shall be made on the stress due to centrifuga action ” Re62000 215.5. The overtuming effect of the centrifugal force on the structure a5 @ whole shall also be duly considered. 216, BUOYANCY 6.1, Deleted 2162. In the design of abutments, especially those of submersible bridges, the effets of buoyancy shall also be considered assuming that the fill bind th abutments has been removed by scour. +2163. Deleted 2164, To allow for full Buoyancy a reduction is made in the gross weight of the member affected, in the following @ When he membe der consdrtindntcs wate ony eg 4 hlow per or auinet pounded ao ere bt Ee Sepang sea etme oe (When member er oie pes we and ao stor snd eg. t dry pe abcess psn tough Soa of sind and found ou file mata ee {var ress casiog te reduces weight sha ‘Sse mad up of tw fas ve dal (© Fall hydrostatic ress de ta depth of wer equa he siteccs nleveis beeen a ies of wre he Foundaton of the member ener consnton, be ee Sse big en fore worst coon: and (Upmad peste dette sbmerged weight of he sit or Sod ecu corte wits Rakes try ‘propa geo etal ton 2165. In the design of submerged masonry or concrete structures, the buoyancy effect through pore pressure may be limited to 15 percent of fll buoyancy. Rete Ge ET 1me4-2000 216.6. In case of submersible bridges, te full buoyancy effet on the superstructure shall be taken into consideration. 217, EARTH PRESSURE 217.1. Structures designed to retain earth fills shall be proportioned to withstand pressure calculated in accordance ‘wih any rational theory Coulomb's theory shall be asceptabes “ubject tothe modification thatthe centre of pressure exerted by the backfill, when considered dry is located at an elevation ‘of 042 ofthe height of the wall above the base instead of 0.33, ‘of that height. No structure shall, however, be designed to ‘withstand horizontal pressure less than that exerted by # uid ‘weighing 480 kg/m’. All abutments and retum walls shall be “designed fora live load surcharge equivalent to 1.2 m earth fil 2172, Deleted 2173. Reinforced conerete approach slab with 12 mm dia 150 mm ee in each direction both at top and bottom as ‘reinforcement in M30 grade concrete covering the entire width tf the roadway, with one end resting on the structure designed to retain earth and extending. for a length of not less than 3.5 m into the approach shall be provided. 2174, All designs shall provide forthe thorough drainage ‘of backfilling, materials by means of weep holes and crushed rock or gravel drains, or pipe drains, or perforated drain. 2175. The pressure of submerged sols (not provided “wit drainage arrangements) shall be considered as made up of ‘wo components (a) Prence doe to the cath clei in scordance with he ti! ai down Clee 2171 the unt weight fea ing Feil for Boyan, and (4) fa hyo pressure of wes 2176. Deleted mee20n0 2. TEMPERATURE 218.1, General Daily and seaonal fluctuations in shade air emperature, solar raison, et. ense the following (9) Cogs ie oe epee greene tat Stilts ed pl ‘ibe min ds asinem, eter wits mage of eee emp nok oda se (© Resi offeed toh cited eputio onto Sern of cout por ame, ch ee cabs el pore @ Peon alr ing tering feo son ‘bearing restraint; = ( Diternes ote Decent op sce wd ter Sh pny ed ‘Sayre erence et rening soe ode sor ‘oad effects within the structure. ind oss Provisions shall be made for steses or movements rcaulting fom variations inthe temperature 2182. Range of Effective Bridge Temperature Effective bridge temperature forthe location of te bridge shall be estimated from the isotherms of shade sir temperature given on Figs. 8 and 9. Minimum and maximum effective bridge tempertures would be leser or more respectively than the corresponding minimum and maximum shade ai temperatures in concrete bridges. In determining load effects due to temperature resteant in concrete bridges the effective bridge temperature when the structure is effectively restrained shall be taken as datum in calculating the expansion up to the ‘maximum effective bridge temperature and contraction down to the minimum effective bridge temperature a espns for he crete of intemal dels es wi th publishes lg 8. Chart showing highest maximum temperature a Fig. 9 Chat showing lowest minim temperature “ R62000 ‘The bridge temperature when the structure is effectively restrained shall be estimated as follows: ‘igs oc having ifrence Bridge wept o be assed een manu ad minimum | when be cre is etetely sir ade temperate resin SSSre Maan of ina ad ir shade temperate {-C whichever reel [Meare mama ed ini tir shade temper * [°C whichever i etal Formdalic structures the exremerange of effective bridge temperature to be considered inthe design shall be as follows: 1) Showound seas frm 35°C to +50°: (2) For ater aces» (Maximum ai shade temperate +15°C) © (Gina aside temper -10°C)- Arshad tempers (feo be obiained fom Figs. 8 and 9. 218.3. Temperature Differences [Effect of temperature diffience within the supestracture stall be derived from positive temperature differences which ‘occur when conditions are such that solar radiation and other tffets cause a gain in heat through the top surface of the fuperstracture. Conversely, reverse temperature differences are such that hat i lost from the top surface of the bridge deck as f result of re-radiation and other effects. Positive and reverse femperature difference for the purpose of design shall be ‘assumed as shown in Fig. 10. Design temperature loads shall be reviewed after the insta data from bridges located in dierent pats of the country bevomes available. These design provisions are applicable to concrete bridge decks with about 0 mm wearing surface, So far as stel and composite decks fre concermed specialised lterature may be refered for assessing effect of temperature gradient. —a0e- ec2000 Povive Temperate Difences Reverse Taper Dileces 106 q Lrt.—t : 7 ia = n= 028 < 0250, n= 43 = 026% < 020m Fig 10, Design topes R6.2000 2184, Material Properties For the purpose of calulating temperature effoots, the coefficient of thermal expansion for reinforeing steel and for ‘concrete may be taken as 11.7 x 10*Megree centigrade. 2185, Permissible Increase in Stresses and Load ‘Combinations Tensile stresses resulting from temperature effects not ‘exceeding in the value of two third of the modulus of rupture ‘may be permitted in prestressed concrete bridges. Sufficient amount of non-tensioned steel shall, however, be provided to control the thermal cracking. Increase in stresses shall be allowed for calculating load effects due to temperature restraint ‘under load combinations 219. DEFORMATION STRESSES, (Gor ta ridges on) 219.1. A deformation stress is defined a8 the bending stress in any member of an open web-girder caused by the vertical deflection of the girder combined with the rigidity of the joins. No other stresses are included in this definition 2192. All steel bridges shall be designed, manufactured and erected in a manner such thatthe deformation stresses are reduced oa minimum. Inthe absence of calultions, deformation stresses shall be assumed tobe not les than 16 per cent ofthe ead and live loads stesses, 219.3. In prestressed girders of steal, deformation stresses may be ignored. 200. SECONDARY STRESSES 220.1. (a) Steel structures : Secondary stresses are ditional stresses brought into play due tothe eccentricity of connections, floor beam loads applied at intermediate points in 1 pane, cross girders being connected away from panel points, 1RC.2000 lateral wind loads onthe end-posts of trough girders, et, and stresses due to the movement of supports (b) Reinforced concrete structures: Secondary stresses fare additional stresses brought into play due either to the ‘movement of supports orto the deformations inthe geometice shape of the structure or its member, resulting from eauses, such a8, rigidity of end connection or loads applied at intermediate poins of trusses or restrictive shrinkage of concrete floor beams 220.2 All bridges shall be designed and constructed in a ‘manner such that the secondary stresses are reduced t0 a ‘minimum and they shall be allowed for in the design 220.3. For reinforced concrete members, the shrinkage coefficient for purposes of design may be taken as 2=104 221, ERECTION STRESSES AND CONSTRUCTION LOADS. 221.1. The effects of erection as per actual loads based on the constuction programme shall be accounted for in the ae ht pa 222, Morzontl Selo Forces Pilphe ae a rede te ‘The horizontal seismic forces to be resisted shall be computed as follows except in case of long span bridges with “Tyme 5. Zone cron @) Spans renter than 150 m where spoil sti bave 0 be Fee aaa Uertaken based on sitespocife slam design erteria 7 =f =A x (Dea Ln + Arrive Ld) v 24 where dea Toa and appropri live fad under seismic 1 ca ‘condition t9 be considered areas pet Table 1, and = mea! inten ee R= Seimis force to be rested 2 = Tome foe a gven in Table 5 1 = importance tor Imporaetiges 18 Other bidees 10 7 Panam par of he ie member (fr ol ee so a 186.2000 or rocky, or hard soi sites 5, 2/280 oosT soa #7 {oor bans T= 400 For medium si sies 8, 2/250 ans T<0ss F 71 er ose 400 For sof si ses 8, [280 rami 22256, These horizontal forces due to the seismic effect, shall be taken to act though the centre of gravity ofall the Toads under consideration. The direction of these forces should be such that the resultant stresses in the member under consideration are the maximum. 22227. The seismic foree due t0 live load shall not be considered when acting in the direction of traffic, but shall be considered inthe direction perpendicular to traffic, 222.8. In loose sands or poorly graded sands with litle or ‘no fines the vibrations due to earthquake may cause liquefaction for excessive total and differential settlements. In Zones TIL, IV and V, the founding of bridges on such sands be avoided unless appropriate methods of compaction or stabilisation are adopted. 202.9. Use of unreinforced masonry oF concrete arches shall be avoided in Zone V. 222.10, Pars of the structure embedded in soil shall not be considered to produce any seismic forces. 2 1RC6.2000 222.11. Detalling Measures Mandatory Provisions (0, In Zones 1 ad ¥, 9 proven agement of speci, “resco bla” a er ps of seam esas sal Be vied an sine fe ea fe) Pare SSeiment cps shall be getty dinewene "prea sions diag sews pound ~ sak The sep Showa nig 3015 r ony nde af ee read Suite wrngenese il fave be wos ow opie ‘To improve he perfomance of ridges daring eahqukes, the wide in sesmie Zones 1V an Vy be specaly doled for

    Вам также может понравиться