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1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, Indonesian government has a project to increase the percentage biodiesel from
Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) from 20% to 30% mixed with fossil diesel (web paper road
show b 30). This concerning is on increasing trend of world energy demand and wh.ile
conventional energy resources such as: crude oil, gas 'and coal is limited and decreasing.
Moreover, people also know that the effect of high combustion of fossil fuel will harm
environment and human life. These are motivating people to End alternative energy
resources with low inherent risks. For example nuclear power is used to support 8% of the
world total energy supply 2009 as the information from Intemational Energy Agency Reports
(cited by Tukenmez and Demireli, 2012), but with the disposal of radioactive waste, it has
high inherent risks. Bioenergy from crops is possible to decrease environment risks
(McLaughlin and Walsh, 1998; Scltmer et.a1. 2008; F elten et al. 2013). Ethanol from switch
grass is possible to decrease 94% lower than greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from gasoline
(Schmer et al. 2008),.
Trend to use the renewables energy power capacity is increasing. Some countries such as:
China, United State, Germany, Spain and India reported as the top live countries in the
world. (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 Century, Renewables 2010 Global
Status Report, cited by Tiikenmez and Demireli, 2012). There are renewable energy
resources such as: running water, wind power, solar power, geothermal power and biomass
power (Peidong et al., 2009. cited by Tukenrnez and Demireli, 2012). Gissna et. al (2014)
was observed in comparing some crops for biogas production with result that sugar beet is
the highest biomass and biogas yield.
The prospective of crops as raw material for renewable bioenergy production can be
measured from the Energy Productivity Ratio (EPR) (Batchelor et al., 1995; Haryanto,
2000; Mandal et al. 2002; Schmer et al., 2008; Ren et al. 2012; Felten et al. 2013). Batchelor
et al.,(1995) in their study calculated the EPR on cultivating the winter oilseed rape
processed to rape methyl ester (RME) as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Input and output energy in farming to produce winter oilseed rape and
processed become rape methyl ester (RME) (Batchelor et al., 1995)
(1)
INPUT: On-farm
(3)
OUTPUT: Product
Bioenergy
RME
Side Products
Farm machinery
Rape meal
Pesticide energy
Glycerin
Nitrogen fertilizer
Straw
P and K fertilizer
(2)
The part activities were based on input energy in (1) cultivation part, (2) farm product
processing part and (3) the output energy of RME product part and side products part For
input energy was divided in two main parts such as on-farm and processing to RME. The
On-farm inputs were identified as requiring energy processes for oilseed rape production
such as: preparing the soil, fertilizer and pesticide application, swathing, combining the crop
and grain drying. Processing part, rapeseed to rapeseed methyl ester, the requiring energy
such as: crushing
Output energy of product was measured on energy RME equal content give a value in range
of
37.1-37.3 MJ/kg
as
Wolfensberger (1992). The each parts step in analyzing EPR are similar with the system
boundaries for the life cycle assessment of biodiesel fuel as reported by Krohn and Fripp
(2012). Schmer et al. (2008) was calculated the input and output energy of Switchgrass that
produced 540% more renewable than nonrenewable energy consumed.
Specific studies on cultivation part (1) were reported with related aspects. The some
example aspects are relate with orientation on greenhouse of tomato production (Hatirli et al.,
2006; Ozkan et al., 2011), economic analysis of tomato production base on energy
requirements and input costs (Cetin and Vardar, 2008), energy inputs of kiwifruit production
(Mohammadi et al., 2010), effects of different application farming technology for potato
(Zangeneh et al., 2010), commercial farming of sugar beet (Reineke, et al., 2013), energy
needed in farming olive orchards on land variants (Hemmati, et al, 2013), energy and
economic assessment prune (Tabatabaie, et al., 2013), in comparing two different crops wheat
and barley (Ziaei et al., 2015), etc. The energy input and energy output in cultivation of the
farming product is possible to extend with energy input on processing part in using the crops
product as raw material to produce bioenergy such as biodiesel, bioethanol or biogas as output
energy.
Energy analysis in producing a renewable energy resource from Crops has published
before by several authors. Thereafter, energy balance for ethyl alcohol producing from crops
published by Da Silva at all. (1978). Energy balance for biomass conversion systems was
published by Raphael Katzen (1983). Parisi (1984) was published a study the energy balance
of ethanol as a fuel. In making methyl ester (biodiesel) from crops, Batchelor, S.E. at all,
1995, published energy analysis of rape methyl ester production from winter oilseed rape.
Energy analysis study identifies the energy elements as input energy and output energy. The
input energy is energy-requiring on cultivation and post - harvest processing. Output energy is
energy contain from main product and side-product. Determining of energy productivity ratio
depend on utilization of energy side-product. Parisi (1984) calculated the EPR by add main
product and side-product (output energy) and divided by input energy. The assumption that
side product not utilization directly in this system, for example the straws as side product not
use as solid-fuel in post - harvest processing. In this paper reported EPR by divide main
product with input energy minus energy output from side-product (see equation 1). Batchelor
(1995) have calculated for both methods. According to result of calculation by Batchelor et
al for several condition in making biodiesel from rape seed the second method have higher
value of EPR.
2. METHOD
Determining EPR is used primary and secondary data. Primary data collected directly to
the plantation companies and any sources done in Sumatra Utara province and the secondary
data'collected by literature study. The data needed for calculating EPR are energy value of
fuels and power in field processing, farm machinery, and pesticide energy and fertilizer
energy equivalent. In processing to alkyl ester, data needed are transport energy, crushing to
oil, refining and esterification.
Conditions for proper technical-energetic is a principal based on consideration that
biodiesel comes from sources which are needed to be cultivated, and mainly stated: energy
contains in biodiesel must be bigger than total fossil energy which is accumulated by every
human activities, starts from biota source cultivation, oil extraction and conversion of
biodiesel. Further explanation for proper energetic will be discussed using Figure 1.
Two stages production activities needed to produce biodiesel are cultivation stage and
post-harvest processing stage. In cultivation stage, raw materials are CO2, H2O and solar
energy, which are obtained freely form the environment, are used by adding supplement
component such as palm seeds, agrochemical materials and fuel. Fuel is needed when using
farm and transportation equipment. Using fertilizers from decaying leaves and midrib or palm
waste it self and ashes irorn combustion in boiler are also supplement component in
cultivation stage. Several biologic processes occur in growing plantation to fomi product
taken when harvesting.
Yield of harvest is processed in post-harvest processing stage using supplement materials
such as catalysts and methanol, also energy is used to operate machinery of extraction and
refinery processes. Besides that, output energy from empty 'bunches, shells and fibers
combustion in boiler are energy sources contained and used directly in the processing stage,
yielding vegetable oil as product which is further processed using esteriticaticn process to
produce biodiesel.
EP R = E1PE2
Output renewable
(1)
(lignocellulose, vegetable oil, sugar, or starch). In addition, fossil energy input is total fossil
energy contained and/or consumed in making and supplying supporting materials so that
cultivation and post-harvest processing activities run on the way they should be. Biodiesel or
other biofuel plantations are proper energetically if the output energy is bigger than input
netto. It means that Ep>(E1 - E2), or
EPR > l.
(2)
Cultivation begins from working in the land until post-harvest shipping to the processing
factory. This stage is summarized into block diagram Figure 2. UYP is Unyielding Periode (3
years), YP is Yielding Period (4-25 years), and PPF is processing in Palm Factory. Each
stages in Figure 2 need energy in the form of fertilizers andfor pesticides andfor fuel. Besides
that, it is also important to calculate energy consumed in using farm and transportation
equipments.
Post-harvest processing depends on raw materials used in making biodiesel. In this stage,
there are three options of raw materials using in making biodiesel; they are surnmariz/ed into
Figure3. PKOF (Palm Kemel Oil Factory) processes palm kemel yielding kernel oil. FRF
(Fractionation Refining Factory) processes CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yielding RBDPO (Refining
Bleaching Deodorizing Olein) and stearin fraction.
If the feed to biodiesel factory is Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO), the
post-harvest processing through (A) + (C) route, if only CPO through route (A) and if stearin
fraction only through route (B). The energy element needed is process heat fuel, motor
movement energy, specific chemicals such as methanol, and also transportation equivalent
energy and factory investment. The used energy from waste feed such as shell and fiber (nonfossil energy) is for generating electrical energy and process heat isnt calculated as input
energy.
Fuel energy element is needed to move agriculture tools, transportation tools, factory
tools and also heat of process. Standard data fossil fuel energy value in performance
evaluation of gasoline and diesel engines in Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Mechanical
Engineering is 35.307 MJ/liter for diesel and 31.29 MJ/litter for gasoline (Anonymous, 1996),
it is the same with North American Combustion Hand Book, however Muller (1992) gives
37.7 MJ/litter value for diesel oil.
Energy value varies in fertilizer production. Batchelor (1995) used energy value for
various fertilizer as follows: urea feftiliz/er 83.5 MJ/kg N (Leach, 1975), NPK 87.5 MJ/kg N
(Tatchell, 1974; Leach, 1975), ammonium nitric 41.2 MJ/kg N (Bockman et. al., 1990). The
energy value for other fertilizer is 13.7 - 15.2 MJ/kg P and 7,9 - 9.0 MJ/kg K (Leach, 1975).
Using above energy value, Batchelor (1995) can calculate the fertilizer energy value in kanola
plantation. Muller (1992) used energy value 58.15 MJ/kg for Nitrogen (anhydrous ammonia)
fertilizer, phosphor 6.98 MJ/kg and Potassium 4.65 MJ/kg. In this essay, the fertilizer energy
value used is from Batchelor (1995). From the other fertilizer used in the field (Kieserite,
dolomite and boratc), the equivalent energy is determined from the purchase value in local
market. Chemical pesticide is used for preventing and wiping diseases, wiping grass and grass
chemical in palm plantation is used on schedule. The pesticide equivalent energy depends on
the active ingredient. In this calculation, the equivalent energy of chemicals is determined
from the purchase price in one area.
Production transportation is an important part of palm plantation as it may influence the
quality of the produced CPO. Transportation depends on the distance of land to palm
processing factory (PPF) that is always varies from the lowest 212 MJ/tons of fresh fruit
bunch (FFB) (PT. Socfrndo) to the highest 428.4 MJ/tons of FFB (PTPN II). Transportation
energy is also needed in delivery raw material from factory to the post-harvest processing
factory.
4.
4.1. Cultivation
Survey data are obtained horn 3 large and 2 medium plantation; PTPN II and III, PT
Soclindo, Kacaribu and Seilepan tield, all in North Sumatra. Only two from the targets that
can be shown with complete data. The post-harvest processing step survey is in three palm
processing factories (PPF or palm oil mill (POM) ), two fractionation-refining factories (FRF)
and one Palm Kemel Oil Factory (PKOF). The different data'of energy, investment, and
transportation is obtained from the survey so calculation is using actual field condition.
Calculation of energy content value is done in the period of time and energy need
invplantation from year zero to the year 25th . Here is some data with re-planting land
processing condition.
Table 1 shows the energy input of palm plantation in replanting land. The survey targets
reported various energy needed in palm plantation and the calculation of the energy element
gives the energy input as above. Total output energy is the estimation of palm oil and palm
kemel energy in FFB. In this case PT. Socfmdo has the highest value, because of the relative
small input energy, and also the average production of FFB/ha yearly reaches 22 tons whereas
PTPN about 20 tons/ha yearly.
Table 1. Energy Input of Cultivation (Replanting Land)
Energy Element
Socfindo (MJ/ha)
Case A
PTPN II (MJ/ha)
Case B
Case C
Case D
N fertilizer
267891.08
267891.08
254,940.42
254,940.42
P fertilizer
19228.32
119228.32
14063.66
14063.66
K fertilizer
33314.78
33314.78
36088.95
36088.95
Mg fertilizer
10464.91
10464.91
209596.48
209596.48
B fertilizer
62698.49
54660.97
105.45
105.45
105.45
105.45
40314.55
71125.83
Seeding fertilizer
(A) TotaL chemicals
40050.40
16294.28
Tools fuel
5244.49
3413.16
5244.49
3413.16
Chemical
13782.86
13782.86
13782.86
13782.86
6209.48
4132.30
6209.48
4132.30
Traxisportation
38399.85
38399.85
115508.60
115508.60
Others
24882.71
21539.16
39066.36
33396.31
Total
522536.99
452322.27
820393.56
701322.47
Ganoderma sp. fungi can attack replanted land. If this happens, the land processing and
caring must be done more intensively, it means larger energy is needed, The Ganoderma
attacked replanted land as case A and the normal condition is case B, The calculation is
tabulated in Table 1.
Figure 4 and 5 are the flow of energy cultivation in PTPN II dan PT Socfindo.
Description of the figure show that at 3 first years, that only input energy is given to the
cultivation. After the fourth year, the cultivation starts giving output, although they are still
receiving input.
Output and input line show as the figure that PT Soctindo had achieved output energy
more than PTPN II this was cause by different energy input and product of FFB.
POM
FRF
PKOF
CPO + PKO
CPO
Stearin
CPO +
CPO
PKO
Stearin
PT Socfindo
PTPN II
111813.00
111813.00
111813.00
101673.31
101673.31
101673.31
142219.26
184455.90
31714.49
31714.49
31714.49
32949.47
32949.47
32949.47
Biodiesel F.
148429.14
135155.28
31085.15
135042.04
122868.4
28259.23
Methanol
369070.00
336037.40
77292.44
335778.62
305509.27
70265.85
Others 5%
14597.83
13934.14
1584I1.60
30272.17
28150.02
20880.19
694077.96
645456.18
413830.54
635715.61
591150.51
4384833.95
Total
CPO +
CPO
PKO
Stearin
3711667.2
853673.0
CPO
Stearin
202496.4
184386. 0
42411.6
RBDO
PKO
Cake
Total
Side-prod
uct
4076227.2
CPO +
CPO
PKO
Stearin
3374263. 2
7~76006.
4
CPO
Stearin
184232.7
167624.7
38552.9
2823005. 6
2566368.7
379798. 3
379798.3
348317.2
3483l7.2
l44455.8
l44455.8
l44455.8
13l323.5
131323.5
13l323.5
346952.2
708640.1
3389671. 0
315556.2
647265.4
30845623
PKO
Glycerol
CPO +
PKO
Feed variation in making biodiesel causes the different production step that gives
different output element value. Table 3 shows the variation of the output energy. The different
type of by-product can be obtained if the feed in making biodiesel is different (CPO + PKO,
CPO, or stearln).
Total energy need in plantation and post-harvst processing is tabulated in Table 4,
which also shows the variation of total energy need in the three survey targets. This total
energy value is needed to determine the net output energy value (El E2) which is tabulated
in Table 5. Net output is the total input energy minus the total by-products energy.
CPO +
Variation
PKO
CPO
CPO +
Stearin
PKO
CPO
Stearin
PTPN II (MANAJEMEN/ha)
A.Plantation
522536.99
522536.99
5225369.99
820393.56
820393.56
820393.56
B. Plantation
452322.27
452322.27
452322.2
70l322.47
70l322.47
70l322.47
694077.96
645456.18
413830.54
6357l5.6
591150.51
4384833.95
A.Total
12166l4.9
l167993.1
l456l09.
1411544.0
Energy
17
B.Total
1146400.2
1097778.4
1337038.
1292472.9
1139806.
Energy
08
00
Postharvest
936367.53
866152.81
l258878. 00
CPO +
PKO
CPO
CPO +
Stearin
PKO
1216614
1167993
.95
.17
1146400
1097778
.23
.45
3469523
CPO
Stearin
PTPN II (MANAJEMEN/ha)
1411544.0
1258878.
1292472.9
1139806.
315556.20
647265.47
3084562
1140552.97
764278.67
1021481.88
645207.58
936367.53
1456109.17
866152.81
1337038.08
7086402
3389671.0
869662.
459352.
2453303.4
65
97
799447.
389138.
2523518.1
93
25
Total output
Energy
By-product (E2)
A. (E1 E2)
B. (E1 E2)
1825684.
0
1944756.
0
Table 6 gives the EPR value, which can be calculated by formula (1). Energy value
shown in case A and B for the CPO + PKO and CPO feed gives the satisfying value (3 - 5)
and even very satisfying (8 - 9). The negative EPR value in making biodiesel is obtained from
the stearin feed, because the denominator (E1 E2) in formula (1) in this case is negative (see
Table.5, because the energy contained in by-product is larger than the total input fossil
energy. It means energy productivity in making biodiesel that uses stearin as raw material, is
very large. Survey data studying and processing also shows the energy productivity actually
can be enlarged by increasing plantation quality and using shell and fiber as energy sources.
CPO
Stearin
4.687
8.080
-0.348
Case B
5.099
9.538
-0.338
3.252
4.415
-0.425
Case B
3.631
5.230
-0.399
6. CONCLUSIONS
This paper reports the results of a study on energy productivity ratio (EPR) of producing
biodiesel through palm cultivation. Calculations based on data obtained through Held survey
to plantation and factories in North Sumatera.
"Energy plantation in making biodiesel from palm oil has positive EPR value (> 1). The
largest value for CPO + PKO feed in each case is from PT Socfindo (4.51 - 4.89), followed by
PTPN Il (3.06 - 3.46). For CPO feed, PT Socfindo is also the largest, followed by PTPN II.
Based on the feed type in making biodiesel, it is shovsm that the EPR for stearin feed > CPO
> CPO + PKO.
Increasing plantation quality and using waste material such as shell and fiber as energy
resources can increase the EPR value. Fertilizer is the largest input energy element in
plantation activity; methanol is the largest input energy element in post-harvest processing.
Based on the EPR value, biodiesel product from palm oil is technical-energetically
reasonable.
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