Case Studies for Ecology

Case Studies submitted to

K L University under the partial fulfillment of
B.Tech (1 Year) during 2015-16

By

A.SIVA DURGA MAHESH

150070004

Under the guidance of

DR.G.V.KRISHNA MOHAN

K.L. UNIVERSITY
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur
Dist.522502

DECLARATION
We declare that the Case Studies entitled:
1. Studies on the application of Drip irrigation methods in Indian agricultural sector.
2. A case study on possible methods for the management of Electronic waste.
3. Assessment of Environmental Impacts related to ITC paper mills (Rajahmundry).
4. A case study on Impacts Of Swimming Pool Water On Human health
5. A case study on Rain Water Harvestment.
was carried out by us during December to April 2016, and this work is not the
same as that of any other and has not been submitted for award of any other
degree/diploma.

Place : vaddeswaram
Student
Date:

Signature of the Faculty

Signature of the

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We

express

my

sincere

gratitude

to

KONERU

SATYANARAYANA

GARU

for encouraging and guiding us to undertake this Case Studies work.

We express my deep sense of gratitude to DR.G.V.Krishna Mohan our beloved course
professors of department for their encouragement.

Place:
Date:

CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Discussion on Case Study (Include Images, Problems,
Issues, Advantages and Disadvantages)
4. Conclusion
5. Your suggestions

1.DRIP
IRRIGATION
METHODS
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR:

IN

ABSTRACT:
Drip method of irrigation (DMI) introduced to improve the water us
Efficiency has been practiced in different parts in India since early
eighties. Quite a few studies have analysed the impact of drip method
of irrigation on water use efficiency, water saving, cost of cultivation,
labour use, productivity of crops, etc. using both experimental and
farm level survey data in India. However, studies have not analysed
the linkages between the adoption of DMI and electricity use in
different crops using farm level survey data in Indian agriculture.
DMI reduces the working hours of pump sets through water saving
and therefore, it reduces the consumption of electricity and also
increases the efficiency of electricity use substantially. An attempt is
made in this study to find out the linkages between the adoption of
DMI and electricity use on three water intensive crops namely
banana, grapes and sugarcane, using farm level survey data collected
from 200 farmers selected from Maharashtra, a western State of India.
The study shows that farmers cultivating crops under DMI could save
About 29 to 44 percent of electricity over the farmers who have
cultivated the crops under flood method of irrigation. Electricity
saving in terms of money value is estimated to be in the range of
Rs.34007900/ha in three crops selected for analysis

Introduction:
There is a close nexus between groundwater irrigation development
and electricity use in Indian agriculture. Macro level data clearly
suggests that the electricity consumption in agriculture has been
increasing along with the increase in ground water irrigated area
(TERI, 2006). For instance, while the area under groundwater
irrigation increased from 8.65 mha in 196566to 33.64 mha in 200203,
the electricity consumption also increased from 1892 million kwh to
84486 million kwh during this period (see, Narayanamoorthy 1999
CMIE, 2005). Since most of the pump sets used for lifting water from

wells are being operated using electricity, the use of electricity in

agriculture has obliviously Though the impact of electrically operated
pump sets in increasing the cropping intensity, productivity of crops,
etc., has been clearly documented in India, it is argued in recent years
that the electricity in agriculture is not used efficiently mainly because
of cultivation of crops predominantly under conventional flood
method of irrigation as well as subsidised electricity supply to
agricultural consumers (see, Vaidyanathan 1996 and 1999 World
Bank, 2001.
Though drip irrigation technology is introduced primarily to increase
the water use efficiency in agriculture, it also delivers many other
economic and social benefits to the society. Reduction in water
consumption due to drip method of irrigation over the surface method
of irrigation varies from 30 to 70 percent for different crops(INCID,
1994, Narayanamoorthy, 1997 Postal, et al., 2001). According to data
available from research stations, productivity gain due to drip method
of irrigation is estimated to be in the range of 20 to 90 percent for
different crops (see, INCID, 1994).While increasing the productivity
of crops significantly, it also reduces the cost ofcultivation
substantially especially in labourintensiveoperations.

Study Area:
The study has been carried out in Maharashtra state, which is located
in western part of India. Maharashtra is one of the water scarce states
in India. Area under irrigation in the state is only about 17 percent of
the gross cropped area, which is quite low compared to many states
and to the national level average of about 42 percent as of today.
Despite severe water scarcity, water intensive crops such as
sugarcane, banana and other corps have been extensively cultivated
using surface (flood) method of irrigation in the state. Studies have
confirmed that sugarcane not only consumes bulk of the available
water but the returns per unit of water is also very low (Rath and
Mitra,1989).

Water Consumption and Water Use Efficiency:

Water consumption per hectare for any crop is determined by factors
like horsepower of the pump set, water level of the well, capacity of
the pump, size of delivery pipes, condition of the water extraction
machineries, distance between place of water source and field to be
irrigated, quality of soil, terrain condition, etc. These factors vary
considerably across farmers. Pump sets with higher horse power lift
more water from the wells as compared to the pump set which has
lower horsepower. Most of the studies based on research station data
have measured water consumption in terms of centimeter (CM) in
drip irrigation. But, in practice, measuring water in terms of CM is not
an easy task at field level as HP of the pump sets and water level of
the well changes considerably across the farmers. Because of these
difficulties, we have measured water consumption in terms of horse
power (HP) hours of irrigation. HP hours of water
computed by multiplying HP of the pump set with hours of water
used.
Water Consumption by Drip and Non Drip Irrigated Crops :

Water Consumption
Crops Name

(HP hour/ha)

Water Saving over

FMI

DMI

FMI

In Percent In quantity

Sugarcane

1767.00

3179.98

44.43

1412.98

Grapes

3310.36

5278.38

37.28

1968.02

Banana

7884.70

11130.34

29.15

3245.64

Conclusion:
Drip method of irrigation is introduced specifically to increase the
water use efficiency in Indian agriculture during the eighties. Besides
saving water, it also reduces the cost of cultivation, increases
productivity as well as profit of crops. Quite a few studies have
analysed the impact of drip method of irrigation on different
parameters including its economic viability using both experimental
and farm level survey data. Since DMI reduces the working hours of
pump sets through saving water, it not only reduces the consumption
of electricity but also increases the efficiency of electricity use to a
greater extent. However, not many studies have attempted to study the
linkages between the two using farm level survey data in Indian
agriculture. An attempt is made in this study to find out the linkages
between the adoption of drip method of irrigation and electricity use
in three water intensive crops namely sugarcane, banana and grapes,
using data collected from 200 sample farmers from Maharashtra
State, India.

4.IMPACTS OF SWIMMING POOL WATER ON

HUMAN HEALTH
INTRODUCTION:
In the present case study I want to discuss the problems faced by the
people while they are using swimming pool as an instrument for bathing,
recreation,storage purposes .
In the olden days people used to walk miles to to fetch water .So,they
have decided to build some storage areas where they can store the
water for longer time and for longer purposes.
The queens of our ancient kingdoms re not allowed to go out for bathing
purposes and so the kings of that age have decided to build small pools
so that the queens can bath easily in those pools and nobody can see
them.
The major reason behind building swimming pools is that the people of
this age cant find open pools for learning how to swim.The enhancement
of urbanization has created the major problem for them.So , they have
decided to build the small swimming pools to learn how to swim in the
pools.
Eventhough the swimming pools may help people in many ways ,using
swimming pools water for longer periods may cause many health
problems.The human health is majorly damaged by the continuous
usage of swimming pool water for bathing and recreational purposes.
As human health is very important we have to protect our health without
disturbing the natures rules and regulations. Nature provides us the
basic uses required to our life .We should respect our nature and use it
properly .

Our task must be to free ourselves

By widening our circle of compassion to embrace are

Living creatures and the whole of Nature and its beauty

-----Albert Einstein
Its not a real day if you havent watched
Sunrise from swimming pool

OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the problems of swimming pool water.
2. In order to solve the problems in the usage of swimming
pool water take better steps In the solution.
3. To get knowledge regarding how useful the swimming
pools are for us .
4. To find advantages and disadvantages of the usage of
swimming pool water .
5. The methods which are being used by the people around
the world to avoid the problems through the swimming
pools.

DISCUSSION ON THE CASE STUDY:

Under this umbrella
I want to include photos, images ,
advantages, disadvantages,
issues regarding this subject and finally problems .

Advantages:
Overview
When considering whether you would like to install a pool or purchase a home
with a pool or a membership to a community pool, consider the benefits of
swimming pools. Although you might not be an exceptional swimmer, you can
still enjoy a swimming pool. Having a backyard pool gives you immediate
access to numerous ways of keeping in shape, but visiting a community pool is
also suitable.
Low-Impact Exercise:
Swimming is one of the best low-impact exercises in which re- able to get a
high-quality cardiovascular workout while minimizing stress on your joints.
Cardiovascular exercise gets your heart rate up, and your lungs get a workout.
It's the type of exercise that burns the most calories and should be carried out
for at least 30 minutes several times a week for maximum benefits to your heart,
lungs and circulation, as recommended by the American Heart Association.
Additionally, low-impact exercises are a comfortable way for pregnant and
overweight individuals to get a workout.
A Place for Healthy Family Fun and Socializing:
A swimming pool is a delightful place to spend time, where people of all ages
can enjoy time together playing or simply splashing and playing. Your family
and friends can be invited over to enjoy a gathering oriented around activity
rather than just eating food, like at most barbecues. In this way, swimming can
help you achieve your fitness goals without sacrificing your social life.

Convenience, Convenience, Convenience

A swimming pool is a place in which you can get many different kinds of
workouts all in one place. As an alternative to joining a gym, using your
swimming pool can allow you to work on your glutes by kicking your
endurance by swimming laps without breaking your arm strength by pulling or
placing a buoy between your legs and only swimming with your arms. The
convenience of swimming, of course, is amplified if you have your own pool.
Otherwise, traveling to a nearby pool might not be overly convenient,
depending on your location.

Special Benefits for Asthmatic Children:

Findings released in 2009 from a study in Taiwan found that unlike other forms
of cardiovascular exercise, swimming is unlikely to provoke asthma attacks.
The study found that the children who participated gained additional benefits
that complemented their increased fitness, such as increased confidence and
increased lung volume.
Dont avoid the summer heat:
Instead of hiding inside when the temperatures near 100 degrees, a
swimming pool is a great way to encourage normal outdoor activities. Of
course, you want to remain hydrated and take in easy in extreme heat,
but knowing theres a pool to dive in when youre through weeding or
exercising or gardening is a huge plus.
Put away the lawnmower:
Unless the backyard is really substantial, a pool particularly in tandem
with a pool house will take up most of the room in a backyard, between
the pool itself and the pool deck and landscaping. That allows for a
tradeoff the pool service instead of the gardener.
Being healthy is more about having the right ratio ofcholesterol in
your body than just having low amounts the stuff in your blood.
Specifically, it's beneficial to have higher levels of "good" cholesterol
(HDL) and lower levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol.

DISADVANTAGES:
Drowning:
The biggest fear and risk of getting into the water is drowning.
If you are new to this exercise, then follow each and every
instruction of your instructor. Tell the lifeguard to keep an eye
on you for an extra safety. Take all precautionary measures in
case of kids like life jackets and regular check.
Chlorine effect:

The water of the pool is mostly chlorinated and it can be

absorbed by your skin and by lungs while breathing, which can
cause skin allergy or respiratory problems like asthma. It makes
your skin dry and also leaves a greenish layer on your hair if
you dont wash it off after the swim.

Open swimming threats:

Open swimming like at sea, lake or river can increase the
chances of drowning because the water currents are not stable
like in pools. They are more dynamic and can pull you along
with it. Aquatic animals like Jelly fishes, sharks, crabs,
crocodiles, alligator, etc. are other threats as they can harm
you physically. You can also injure yourself while diving into
shallow water.
Over swimming:
Excessive practice of swimming can cause damage to your
joints such as tendinitis in the knees. It can also darken your
skin because it requires minimum coverage of the body and
since the body is always surrounded by water therefore you
also dont feel the sunburn. It can also cause infection of the
ear and from viruses in case of using public pools.

PROBLEMS:

Inhalation:

Swimmers and pool users inhale from the

atmosphere just above the waters surface, and the volume of

air inhaled is a function of the intensity of effort and time.

Individuals using an indoor pool also breathe air in the wider
area of the building housing the pool. However, the
concentration of pool-derived chemical in the pool environment
will be considerably diluted in open air pools. Inhalation
exposure will be largely associated with volatile substances
that are lost from the water surface, but will also include some
inhalation of aerosols, within a hot tub (for example) or where
there is significant splashing. The normal assumption is that an
adult will inhale approximately 10 m3 of air during an 8-h
working day (WHO, 1999). However, this will also depend on
the physical effort involved. There will, therefore, be significant
individual variation depending upon the type of activity and
level of effort.
Dermal contact: The skin will be extensively exposed to
chemicals in pool water. Some may have a direct impact on the
skin, eyes and mucous membranes, but chemicals present in
pool water may also cross the skin of the pool, hot tub or spa
user and be absorbed into the body. Two pathways have been
suggested for transport across the stratum corneum (outermost
layer of skin): one for lipophilic chemicals and the other for
hydrophilic chemicals (Raykar et al., 1988). The extent of
uptake through the skin will depend on a range of factors,
including the period of contact with the water, the temperature
of the water and the concentration of the chemical.
SOLUTIONS:

1. Brush the walls and floor of the swimming pool to remove as

much of the algae as possible. This will greatly reduce the
amount of time it takes to kill and clear the algae bloom.

2. Ensure that the pH level is within the range of 7.2 - 7.6. This
will ensure that any chlorine added will work more efficiently high pH levels in particular will impair the efficiency of the
chlorine doing its job.With the pool filter system running, add a
chlorine based swimming pool shock at the rate of 1.6 kg. per

1,00,000 litres of pool water dosage for killing algae. The pool
filter system should continue to run 24 hours a day.

3. If the condition of the swimming pool does not significantly

improve after 12-24 hours of filtering, add a second dose of
chlorine pool shock at the increased rate. Repeat this process
until the algae has been eliminated.

4. Once the algae is dead it will turn a white or grayish color,

and it will be suspended in the pool water or settle to the floor.
When there is no longer any sign of the color green in your
pool, thoroughly vacuum the swimming pool. It is
recommended that you vacuum dead alge to waste and not
through filter.

5. The

pool filter should be

backwashed
or
cleaned to be sure that dead algae is not trapped inside the
filter. If the filter is not thoroughly cleaned the algae may
quickly return.

6. Test and balance all of the pool chemical levels using the
following guidelines. Free Chlorine: 1-3 ppm, pH: 7.2 7.6,
Alkalinity: 80 120 ppm and Calcium Hardness: 200 350 ppm.

7. Begin adding an algaecide pool chemical on a weekly basis

to prevent algae from returning.

CONCLUSION:
Through this case study I want to elucidate you the major
problems faced by swimming pools and the solutions to
eradicate them. So , in this case study the major study is to
understand the issues related to the swimming pool water on
human health.
SUGGESTIONS:

1) I want to advice all the people to maintain the water levels

in their swimming pools in such a way that there are no
effects like chlorine over the water.
2) Never use the swimming pool water for longer times flush
them after usage.
3) Keep your swimming pool always clean using water
cleaning filters.
4) Always take measures to check the growth of algae in the
swimming pool waters

2.Possible Methods For The

Management Of Electronic
Waste.
Introduction:
The developing countries are facing huge challenges in the management of
electronic waste (e-waste) which are either internally generated or imported illegally
as used goods in an attempt to bridge the so-called digital divide. E-waste contains
hazardous constituents that may negatively impact the environment and affect
human health if not properly managed. In these countries, because of lack of
adequate infrastructure to manage wastes safely, these wastes are buried, burnt in
the open air or dumped into surface water bodies. Crude backyard recycling
practices, which are not efficient and are highly polluting are also used in material
recovery activities. Most developed countries have in place legislation mandating
electronic manufacturers and importers to take-back used electronic products at their

end-of-life (EoL) based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). In

this paper, we review the concept of EPR, and discuss selected frameworks. The
aim has been to find a mid point for the implementation of even an abridged form of
EPR in the developing countries. Implementation of EPR in the developing countries
has become necessary in the light of the present high level of trans-boundary
movement of e-waste into the developing countries and the lack of basic or state-ofthe-art recycling and waste disposal facilities. Change in attitude by governments,
appropriate legislation dealing specifically with e-waste, control of electronic waste
dumping, implementation of EPR and transfer of technology on sound recycling of ewaste are the key issues in effective management of e-waste in developing
countries.

Objectives:
E-waste: Take the next STEP
STEP (Solving the E-Waste Problem) is a global organization devoted improving
the ways in which e-waste is disposed of with members that include Dell, HP,
Cisco, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), MIT, Nokia, as well as multiple
agencies from Samoa, Switzerland, Egypt, England, China, Austria, Japan,
Ecuador, Belgium, Jamaica, Thailand, Canada and others.
1) The Step Initiative consists of five principles and five task forces. The five
principles are:
2) STEPs work is founded on scientific assessments and incorporates a
3) comprehensive view of the social, environmental and economic aspects of ewaste.
4) STEP conducts research on the entire life cycle of electrical and electronic
equipment and their corresponding global supply, process and material flows.
5) STEPs research and pilot-projects are meant to contribute to the solution of
e-waste problems.
6) STEP condemns all illegal activities related to e-waste including illegal
shipments and reuse/recycling practices that are harmful to the environment
and human health.
StEP seeks to foster safe and eco- and energy-efficient reuse and recycling
practices around the globe in a socially responsible manner.

Discussion on Case Study:

Forty-nine million metric tons: Thats the amount of electronic waste (e-waste)
generated in 2012, with 9.4 million tons coming from the United States, more
than any other country, according to a United Nations-led study. By definition,
this includes large and small household appliances, IT and telecommunications
equipment, consumer equipment, lighting equipment, electrical and electronic
tools, toys, leisure and sports equipment, medical devices, monitoring and control
instruments as well as automatic dispensers. Its a lot of scrap.

Impact of e-waste on human health

7) What is not known is how much of this E-waste is properly disposed of.
According to a recent article on the website Before Its News, titled E-Waste
Pollution Threat to Human Health, researchers have now linked e-waste to
adverse effects on human health, such as inflammation and oxidative stress
precursors to cardiovascular disease, DNA damage and possibly cancer.
8) Citing a study published by IOP Science, a journal of the Institute of Physics
(IOP), the article notes Due to the crude recycling process, many pollutants,
such as persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, are released from ewaste, which can easily accumulate in the human body through the inhalation
of contaminated air. After exposing the cultured lung cells to the organicsoluble and water-soluble constituents of the samples, the researchers tested
for the level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key mediator of inflammatory response,
and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), chemically reactive molecules that can
cause extensive damage in excess.
9) The IOP Science studys co-author, Dr Fangxing Yang, of Zhejiang University,
wrote: Both inflammatory response and oxidative stress may lead to DNA
damage, which could induce oncogenesis, or even cancer. Of course,
inflammatory response and oxidative stress are also associated with other
diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. Yang concluded, From these
results it is clear that the open dismantlement of e-waste must be forbidden
with more primitive techniques improved. As the results show potential
adverse effects on human health, workers at these sites must also be given
proper protection.

10)

Ecological and financial effects

11) Yahoo! Finance, reporting recently on 16 Companies Recognized for

Recycling E-Waste in 2013 observed: These leading companies in
electronics
manufacturing,
insurance,
retail,
technology
and
telecommunications industries each recycled between 1-10 million pounds
over the 12-month period. These businesses dedicate significant corporate

resources to ensure that the proper methods for recycling and waste disposal
are in place. This level of investment creates jobs, conserves natural
resources and reduces carbon emissions.
12)Supporting the conservation claims, the report points out, Based on the U.S.
EPA Waste Reduction Model from February 2012, reusing or recycling 100
million pounds of electronic waste is equivalent to conserving approximately
12.5 million gallons of gasoline, removing 25,000 cars from the road, or
planting 2.9 million trees.

Conclusion:
13)The management of electronic waste must be done in order to have a better,
fruitful and comfortable life now and also in the future .

Suggestions:
5 steps to greener disposal of e-waste
14)Much can be learned about the process of safe, green disposal by examining
the five task forces. The five steps below can serve as your guide to greener
e-waste disposal:
15)Policy The analysis of existing approaches and e-waste policies in order to
issue recommendations for future developments in both developing and
developing world.
16)Re-Design Efforts to support the design for better reuse, repair,
refurbishment and recycling.
17)Re-Use The development of replicable, sustainable and globally consistent
reuse systems for electrical and electronic equipment.
18)Re-Cycle The enhancement of global recycling infrastructures, systems and
technologies to realize sustainable e-waste recycling systems with special
focus in developing countries.
19)Capacity building The development of infrastructures for sustainable,
efficient, effective and target group-oriented capacity building to increase
awareness on the growing e-waste problem.

5. Rain Water Harvestment

Introduction:-Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater

for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be
collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places the water collected is
redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with
percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses
include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper
treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. The harvested water can
also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other
purposes such as groundwater recharge.

Objectives:--

1. To reduce run off loss

2. To avoid flooding of roads
3. To meet the increasing demands of water
4. To raise the water table by recharging ground water
5. To reduce ground water contamination
6. To supplement ground water supplies during lean seasons
Rainwater offers advantages in water quality for both irrigation and
domestic use. Rainwater is naturally soft (unlike well water), contains
almost no dissolved minerals or salts, is free of chemical treatment, and
is a relatively reliable source of water for households.

Methods of Rain Water Harvesting:- Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater
1. Surface runoff harvesting.
2. Roof top rainwater harvesting.

1. Surface runoff harvesting:-In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be
caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate
methods.

2. Roof Top rainwater harvesting:-It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop harvesting,
the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the

roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to

artificial recharge system. This method is less expensive and very
effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the ground
water level of the area.

2.1 Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting:-The illustrative design of the basic components of roof top rainwater
harvesting system is given in the typical schematic diagram shown

The system mainly constitutes of following sub components:

Catchments

Transportation

First flush

Filter

Catchments:--

The surface that receives rainfall directly is the catchment of rainwater

harvesting system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved
open ground. The terrace may be flat RCC/stone roof or sloping roof.
Therefore the catchment is the area, which actually contributes rainwater
to the harvesting system.

Transportation:-Rainwater from rooftop should be carried through down take water pipes
or drains to storage/harvesting system. Water pipes should be UV
resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of required capacity. Water from sloping
roofs could be caught through gutters and down take pipe. At terraces,
mouth of the each drain should have wire mesh to restrict floating
material.

First Flush:-First flush is a device used to flush off the water received in first shower.
The first shower of rains needs to be flushed-off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by

the probable contaminants

of

the

atmosphere and the catchment roof. It will also help in cleaning of silt and
other material deposited on roof during dry seasons Provisions of first rain
separator should be made at outlet of each drainpipe.

Filter:-There is always some skepticism regarding Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting

since doubts are raised that rainwater may contaminate groundwater.
There is remote possibility of this fear coming true if proper filter
mechanism is not adopted. Secondly all care must be taken to see that
underground sewer drains are not punctured and no leakage is taking

place in close vicinity. Filters are used fro treatment of water to effectively
remove turbidity, colour and microorganisms. After first flushing of rainfall,
water should pass through filters. A gravel, sand and netlon mesh filter is
designed and placed on top of thestorage tank. This filter is very
important in keeping the rainwater in the storage tank
clean. It removes silt, dust, leaves and other organic matter from entering
the storage tank. The filter media should be cleaned daily after every
rainfall event. Clogged filters prevent rainwater from easily entering the
storage tank and the filter may overflow. The sand or gravel media should
be taken out and washed before it is replaced in the filter.

Advantages:-1. Reducing water bills

2. Suitable for irrigation
3. Reduces demand on ground water
4. Reduce floods and soil erosion
5. Can be used for several non drinking purposes

Dis Advantages:-1. Unpredictable rain fall.

2. Initial high cost
3. Regular maintenance
4. Certain roof types may seep chemicals or animal Dropping

5. Storage limits.

Conclusion:-Thus rain water harvesting is of immense importance especially in those

places which are facing the problem of scarcity of water. It is way to use
the rain water effectively which usually gets drained away and wasted. It
has been made mandatory in some states in India and has a bright
prospect in our country in years to come.

3.ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RELATED TO

ITC PAPER MILLS(RAJAMUNDRY)

INTRODUCTION:
The Rajahmundry paper mill was incorporated on 29th June 1964 as
the THE ANDHRA PRADESH PAPER MILLS LTD. At
Rajahmundry.
The certificate of commencement of business was obtained on 10 th
July 1964.
The Andhra Pradesh paper mills ltd. was formed with infusion of
funds and caliber management of the well-known industrial house of
bangers of Calcutta, who have interests in textile manufacturing tea
plantation wind energy generation and trading and investment
business other than paper

In 2001, coastal papers ltd. Was taken over by the Andhra Pradesh
paper mills company.
OBJECTIVES:
i want to explain about the paper production, awards, environmental
impacts, advantages, disadvantages, suggestions.
DISCUSSION ON THIS CASE STUDY:
PAPER PRODUCTION:
The production capacity of both the units put together is 1,74,000
TPA. There are eight paper machines installed at the two locations
which produce papers of different M.G varieties in the range of 21 to
250 GSM as well as news print. With the commissioning of largest
continuous digester in the country, the total bleached pulp production
at APPM (unit Rajahmundry) is 1,81,500 TPA. The paper production
capacity will increase to 2,41,000 TPA after commissioning of 67000
TPA paper machine.
AWARDS RECIEVED:
REST
MANAGEMENT
AWARD
FOR
OUTSTANDING
CONTRIBUTION IN MAINTAINING INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN
2005.
GOLD
AWARD IN PAPER SECTOR FOR OUTSTANDIG
ACHIEVEMENT IN SAFETY MANAGEMNT IN 2005.
SILVER AWARD IN PAPER SECTOR FOR OUTSTANDING
ACHIEVEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR IN 2005.
AND IT GOT MANY AWARDS CERTIFICATE FOR OUTSTANDING
PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL FORESTRY FROM DISTRICT
COLLECTOR, EAST GODAVARI AND BEST LEADERSHIP AWARD
ALSO.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMAPACT OF PAPER:

The environmental impact of paper is significant, which has led to
changes in industry and behaviour at both business and personal
levels. With the use of modern technology such as printing press and
the highly mechanised harvesting of wood, disposable paper has
become a cheap commodity. This has led to high consumption of
waste. The production and use of paper has a number of adverse
effects on the environment which are known collectively as paper
pollution. Pulp mills contribute to air, water and land pollution.
Discarded paper is a major component of many landfill sites,
accounting for about 35 percent by weight of municipal solid waste
even paper recycling can be a source of pollution due to the sludge
produced during de-linking.
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400%, with 35% of
harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Plantation forest,
from where the majority of wood for pulping is obtained, is generally
a monoculture and this raises concerns over the ecological effects of
the practice

Waste water discharges for a pulp and paper mills contains solids
nutrients and dissolved organic matter such as lignin. It also contain
alcohol and chelating agents and inorganic materials like chlorates
and transition metal compounds. Nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorous can cause eutrophication of fresh water bodies such as
lakes and rivers. Organic matter dissolved in fresh water, measured
by biological oxygen demand changes ecological characteristics and
in worst case scenarios leads to death of all higher living organisms
waste water may also be polluted with organ chlorine compounds.
Some of these are naturally occurring in the wood, but chlorine
bleaching of the pulp produces far large amounts.
ADVANTAGES:
A paper mill is a factory devoted in making paper from vegetable
fibres such as wood pulp, old rags and other ingredients using a
fourdrinier machine or other types of paper machine.
And the paper manufactured from the mils is used for many purposes
for writing in educational institutions etc...
DISADVANTAGES:
But it has many disadvantages paper wastes accounts for up to 40%
of total waste in the united states, which adds up to 71.6 million tons
waste per year paper waste like other wastes faces the additional

hazard of toxic inks, dyes and polymers that could be potentially

carcinogenic when incinerated, or comingled with ground water via
traditionally burial methods such as modern landfills. Paper
recycling migrates this impact, but not the environmental of the
energy consumed by manufacturing transporting and burying and or
reprocessing paper products.
And there are many pollutional effects like air water and different
types of pollution.
SUGGESTIONS:
So we have to use the paper for limited extend only because for paper
production we need to cut many trees and due to the paper mills there
are many environmental impacts taking place so recycle the paper is
the very good idea so we have to use the paper the limited extend