ANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEM

By
Y.Krishnakumar
T.Prashanth Babu
C.Karthik kumar

08245A0303
08245A0309
08245A0311

ABSTRACT
Intodaysworld,brakingisthemost
importantsysteminanAutomobile.
Brakesareenergyconversiondevices,which
convertkineticenergyofthevehicleinto
thermalenergy.
InAntilockBrakingSystem,wecanprevent
thelockingofthewheelandhenceskidding,
usinganElectroMechanicalControlSystem

INTRODUCTION
Inrecentyears,withadvancementindesign&
technology,Discbrakesarefastreplacingdrum
brakes.
ABSwasfirstdevelopedforAircraftsbraking
systembutsoonstartedreplacingthe
conventionalbrakingsystemintrucksandcars.
RecentimprovementsinABSallowstoprevent
wheelwhenacceleratedonwetorslippery
surface.

OPERATIONPRINCIPLE
Limitingthepressuretoanywheelwhich
deceleratestoorapidly isthebasicprinciple
employedinABS.
Aspeedsensorisusedformeasuringthespeed
ofthewheelandsendsitconstantlytothe
computer.
Dependingontheinitialbrakepressureandthe
speedofthewheel,thecomputermodulatesthe
brakepressureasfastasfifteentimesper
second.

STRUCTURE&OPERATIONOFTHEABS

TERMINOLOGY
ABSActuator WorkhorseoftheABS.
ABSChannel HydrauliclineconnectingABS
actuatorandthewheel.
ABSSensorItconsistsagearshapedsensor
rotorandsensorelement.
ABSValves Valvesareusedinbrakelinefor
controllingtheeachbrakedependingonits
position.

TERMINOLOGY
ABSPumpsItisusedforpumpingthebackup
pressurefromthereservoirtothebrake
cylinder.
ABSPulseorModulation Thebraking
pressureisfluctuatingfifteentimesper
secondforpreventingthelockingofthe
wheel.

DIFFERENTTYPESOFABSSYSTEMS

1or2channel2Wheel(RearABS)
2Channel4WheelCriss cross
3Channel4Wheel
4Channel4 Wheel
4Channel4Wheelisconsideredbetterthan
theotherthreesystems.

ADVANTAGES
Itcanbeusedforreducingthestopping
distance.
Itenablestosteerwhilethebrakesarefirmly
applied
Itallowsbrakingfirmlyonsurfaceswith
differentlevelofgrips.
Itcanreviewandadjustthedriversdriving.

DISADVANTAGES
Driversmaytakemoreriskswhendrivingwith
vehiclesfittedwithABS.
Inexceptionalcircumstances,somedrivers
havetheskilltostopthevehicleinashorter
distancethanachievedbyanABSequipped
vehicle.
PeoplewhoareinexperiencedinusingABS
mayrespondinappropriatelywhenthey
activatethesystem.

LUCASGIRLINGANTILOCKBRAKING
SYSTEM
HydraulicSystem
Discbrakeshydraulicstotriggerbraking.
Whenthedriverpressesonthebrakepedal,
pistonismovedinthemastercylinder.
Thisincreasesthepressureinthemastercylinder
whichthenraisesthepressureinthebrake
cylinder.
Thismakesthepistontomoveouttocontactthe
brakepadsandengagesthebrakesagainstthe
rotor

Main Components of Disc Brakes

System
-Wheel Shaft
-Rotor/Disc
-Caliper and its mounting
-Brake Cylinders
-Pistons
-Brake Pads

WORKING
Whenlockingoccurs,thecontrolvalveopensthe
pumpandreducesthepressureinthecavity.
Thentheactuatorslidesbackfurtherreducing
thepressureinthecavitybecauseofvariable
crosssection.
Sincethelockingisnolongerimminentthe
controlvalvereturnsbacktooriginalposition.
Thisopensthevalveconnectingthemaster
cylindertothebrakingcylinderandnormal
operationofbrakecommences.

GYROSCOPICCOUPLE
Averticalreactionontheroadsurfacewillbe
producedduetogyroscopiccouple.
Theequationforthegyroscopiccoupleis
givenby
C=Cw CE =(wx p)(4xIwGxIE)

EXAMPLEPROBLEMTOUNDERSTAND
ANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEM
AVehiclemovesonleveltrackwiththespeed
of72km/h.Thebrakesareappliedtofour
wheelsandthecoefficientoffrictionis0.5.
Findthetimetakenbythevehicletocometo
rest?
Sol:
ThedecelerationoftheVehicleisgivenby
a=gxfrictionalcoefficient.

a=gxcoefficient
=9.81x0.5
=4.905m/s2
Thetimetakenbythevehiclebeforecomingto
restisgivenbytheequation,
v=u+(axt)
0=20 (4.905xt)
t=4.077sec.

Att=3sec,v=5.285m/s.
Assumethatthevehiclewheellocksupafter
3seconds,
ThenwithABSoperatedvehiclethebrakeis
applied15timespersecond.
Thevelocitiesateachpointafter3secondsare
asfollows.

v1=5.059m/sv20=0.753m/s
v2=4.833m/sv21=0.528m/s
v3=4.578m/sv22=0.303m/s
v4=4.353m/sv23=0.07m/s
v5=4.128m/s
v6=3.903m/s
v7=3.678m/s
v8=3.453m/s
v9=3.228m/s
v10=3.00m/s
v11=2.778m/s
v12=2.55m/s
v13=2.32m/s
v14=2.10m/s
v15=1.87m/s
v16=1.65m/s
v17=1.42m/s
v18=1.203m/s
v19=0.978m/s

TotaltimetakenbyABSoperatedvehicle,
t=3+1.518
=4.518sec

Hence,thegyroscopiccoupleforcewillcomedown
graduallyinABSoperatedvehicle.
Thevehiclecomestoreduc restbying thisskidding
effect.

CONCLUSION
Becauseofitsroleinpreventingthewheels
fromlockingandbettersteeringcontrol
duringbraking,AntilockBrakingSystem
shouldbemademandatoryforallvehicles.

REFERENCES
ThejournalsofSocietyofAutomotive
EngineersIndia(SAE India)
WilliamH.Crouse andDonaldL.Anglin,
AutomotiveMechanics,10th Edition,Tata Mc
Graw HillPublishingLimited.
TheoryofMachinesbyR.s.Kurmi