Ecrin v4.20 - Doc v4.20.

01 - KAPPA 1988-2011

Rubis Guided Session #3 RubGS03 - 1/22

Rubis Guided Session #3

A01 Introduction
This chapter is an illustration of some more advanced features of Rubis, in which several
waterflood scenarios will be simulated and compared. It is assumed that the basic
functionalities shown in the first guided session are mastered. Like the previous guided
sessions, this exercise does not pretend to be realistic but to show Rubis features.
Key functionalities presented: multi-run document, comparison of results between
runs, time dependent skin, delayed perforation openings, creation of an aquifer,
vertical anisotropy, output and use of global results.

B01 Creating the Base Case Scenario

B01.1 PVT and Reservoir Geometry
Start Ecrin and make Rubis the active module.
Create a new document. In the Reservoir Field infos dialog change the reference date to
January 15th, 2009 and the default end date to December 31st, 2019:

Fig. B01.1 Reservoir Field Infos dialog

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Rename the current run by clicking on

in the run toolbar, and set the run name to Base.
Next click on the PVT icon and set the fluid type to Saturated Oil with Water we will once
again skip the definition of the various correlations, and keep all available defaults:

Fig. B01.2 PVT definition

Click on OK to validate. Select Geometry:
Change the number of layers to 4:

Rename the layers, from top to bottom: Top,

Middle 1, Middle 2, Bottom:
Change the top horizon to Data Set and click
on

to input the corresponding data:

In the first tab of the next dialog click on

to resize the table to 5 lines. Manually enter the
following data points:

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Move to the Interpolation tab and change the

interpolation method to Inverse Distance
Weighting, with an exponent of 4:

Click on OK to validate. Then in

turn set the Middle 2 layer
thickness type to Data Set, and
click on

. Use the pick option

(
) to set a thickness of 50 ft in
the South-West and 3 ft in the
North-East:

Set the Top layer thickness to 50 ft, the

Middle 1 layer thickness to 20 ft and the
Bottom layer thickness to 21 ft:

The final display of the Reservoir Geometry should be as shown below:

Fig. B01.3 Final display of the Reservoir Geometry dialog

Click on OK to validate the new geometry.

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B01.2 Reservoir Properties

Let us now define the reservoir properties (petrophysics, KrPc, initial state). Click on
Properties in the Simulation page to edit the Reservoir Properties dialog:

Change the reservoir type to Layered:

In the assignment table located below

reservoir type, select the two lowest cells:

the

to create a new property set called

Click on
Lower zone:

Add vertical anisotropy to the petrophysics of this

property set by checking the Vertical anisotropy
box. Change k to 25 md, kv/kh to 0.1 and the
leakage to 0.01 this last parameter describes
the layer-to-layer permeability reduction:

Edit the Default property set by selecting it in the

assignment grid: vertical anisotropy is also
checked here, as it is a global reservoir property.
However we may change the anisotropy ratio
itself locally: set it to 0.05, and change k to 100
md, Phi to 0.15, and the leakage factor to 0.01:

The reservoir petrophysics are now quickly defined. To finish, click on the Initial State
button to enter the reservoir initial fluid levels, and in the following dialog change the GOC
to 5940 ft, the WOC to 6065 ft and the reference initial pressure to 4000 psia:

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Fig. B01.4 Initial State dialog

Click on OK to validate, and exit the Reservoir Properties dialog. We do not redefine the
KrPc as we will work with default curves and end-points.
Before moving on with the wells, edit the reservoir contour properties by double-clicking on it
in the 2DMap the Field contour dialog will show up. The last tab of this dialog displays the
reservoir boundary conditions:

Fig. B01.5 Reservoir boundary conditions

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to view all contour segments at

Click on
once in the table (each segment carrying a
number visible on the 2DMap):

Select the table cell on the Bottom line and

column 4 as you can check on the 2DMap
the segment 4 is the western boundary:

Change the cell type to aquifer the cell will

then turn blue:

.
Edit the aquifer settings by clicking on
Change the aquifer type to Numerical, and
set the aquifer volume to 1500 MMSTB,
the permeability k to 15 md:

Click on OK to validate: the reservoir is now connected to an aquifer on its bottom western
boundary.

B01.3 Creating the Wells

We will now define a 5-spot pattern consisting of four water injectors located in the corners
and a producer in the center.

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option in the 2DMap toolbar,

Using the
create five vertical wells approximately
located as shown opposite the center well
first, then the four corners one:

Click on the Wells button in the Simulation page to edit the Reservoir Wells dialog:

Fig. B01.6 Reservoir Wells dialog

Rename the five wells as follows: Producer

for the center well, and Inj followed by the
spatial location for the other wells:

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Edit the producer geometry by selecting it in

the table and clicking on the Geometry
icon. In the Producer Geometry dialog,
reset X and Y to 0 ft:

Then move to the Cross-Section View and

click on the Adjust Well trajectory button
) to correct the well path and make it
(
intersect the entire reservoir:

Repeat the same operation on the four injectors manual modification of the coordinates and
trajectory correction with the following coordinates:
Well

X (ft)

Y (ft)

Inj NW

-4500

4500

Inj NE

4500

4500

Inj SE

4500

-4500

Inj SW

-4500

-4500

B01.4 Well Perforations

Back to the Reservoir Wells dialog select the Producer well in the table and click on
Perforations. In the Producer Perforations dialog move to the Cross-Section View tab and
) to create two perforations as shown below the
use the Create new perforation button (
first perforation in the Middle 2 layer (green), and the second perforation across the two top
layers:

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Fig. B01.7 Creating perforations for the Producer well

to adjust their lengths to the

In turn, select each perforation and click on
layers they intersect. In the end, both perforations should be visually joined:

Move now to the Perforations tab and set the opening time of the top perforation to
January 15th, 2020 by checking the box in the Opening time column and setting the right date
(in practice, we are making sure that the top perforation will never be opened during this run).
Set the skin of the lower perforation to +3:

Click on OK to validate the changes perforations are now defined for the Producer well.
Let us now perforate the four injectors:

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Select each well in the Reservoir Wells

table:

Click on the Perforations button:

In the following dialog, move to the CrossSection View tab and using
perforation in the bottom layer:

create a

Click on
to have the perforation entirely
intersect the layer:

B01.5 Well Controls

We will not use flow correlations to compute the pressure drop along the wellbores and rely on
a simple hydrostatic computation of the pressure gradient instead. As a result, we do not need
to define nor use a wellbore model for any of the wells. But we need to describe the history
schedule of each well. In the Reservoir Wells dialog, select the Producer and click on
Controls to edit the Producer Controls dialog. Create a downhole pressure target
(P (BH)) of 3500 psia, controlled by a total bottomhole rate constraint (Q Tot (BH)) of 10000
B/D:

Click on
in the Conditional constraints window to activate the constraint that closes
the well when the total bottomhole rate reaches the zero value.
Now, select each injector well in turn, change its mode to Injector and define a constant
bottomhole pressure target (P (BH)) of 4000 psia, controlled by a maximum bottomhole rate
constraint (Q Wat (BH)) of -10000 B/D. Add a conditional constraint for each well.

Once all targets and constraints have been defined over all wells, you may use the well
selection box located in the bottom left of the dialog to compare All controls from all wells in
the same table:

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Fig. B01.8 Well controls

Click on OK to validate all changes and exit the Reservoir Wells dialog.
B01.6 Viewing the Reservoir Geometry
Before the simulation, we can visually check the current definitions. Draw two cross-sections
) in the 2DMap, the first one crossing the reservoir from SW to NE and the second one
(
from NW to SE make sure that the cross-sections pass through the wells:

Fig. B01.9 Cross-sections drawn in the 2DMap

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Double click on each cross-section to view it and click on

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to visualize the fluid contacts:

Fig. B01.10 SW to NE cross-section view, layers (left) and fluid contacts (right)

Fig. B01.11 NW to SE cross-section view, layers (left) and fluid contacts (right)

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B02 Simulating the Base Case Scenario

B02.1 Grid Construction and Run Settings
Click on the Grid button in the Simulation page and accept all default settings to go ahead
with grid construction:

Fig. B02.1 After grid construction

Edit the Simulation Run Settings dialog. In
the first tab (Time Settings), check
that the simulation end date is set to
December 31st, 2019:

Move now to the Results tab, and change

the time period of the Field Results to 150
days:

In the same tab, specify that we wish to

output the reservoir total oil cumulative
production and the global water influx (water
coming from the aquifer) by checking the Qo
and Water Influx nodes under the Global
results:

Click on OK to validate all changes.

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B02.2 Initialization and Simulation

Click on Initialize and Simulate to perform the Rubis simulation:

Fig. B02.2 After numerical simulation

When the run is completed, maximize the Global Results plot and double-click on the
Cumulative view to check the field total cumulative oil production:

Fig. B02.3 Global results, field total oil cumulative production

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In the same plot maximize the Influx view to visualize the water influx coming from the
aquifer into the reservoir a total of approximately 0.3 MMSTB of water has invaded the
reservoir after 11 years of production:

Fig. B02.4 Global results, water influx vs. time

Maximize the 2D Geometry plot, choose Sw as the property to be displayed and click on
the plot toolbar to change the current display settings:

Fig. B02.5 Property map display settings

in

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In the above, set the display type to gradient and uncheck the Show grid box. Click on OK to
validate the changes.
), check the stratigraphic depth option and select the
Click on the Select depth button (
Middle 1 layer. Then compare the first and last water saturation fields by navigating with the
appropriate buttons in the time navigation toolbar (

and

):

Fig. B02.6 Water saturation fields in the Middle 1 layer, in 2009 (left) and end-2019 (right).
A small advance of waterfront is noted.
Maximize the cross-section plot corresponding to the NW-SE cross-section, display the
saturation fields (ternary display) and once again compare the first and last field outputs to
check the evolution of the water front and the gas saturation decrease in the upper gas cap
because of the recompression of the reservoir:

Fig. B02.7 Saturations ternary display in the NW-SE cross-section,

in 2009 (left) end end-2019 (right)

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C01 Running Alternative Scenarios

C01.1 Opening the Producer Top Perforation
We will evaluate now how the oil production is affected if the (always closed so far) producer
top perforation is opened during the life of the reservoir. First, click on
create a new run by copy of the Base one name this run Perf:

in the run toolbar to

Fig. C01.1 Creating the Perf run

In this new run, edit the wells by clicking on the Wells button in the Simulation page. Select
the producer and click on Perforations, then change the top perforation opening time from
January 15th, 2020 to January 18th, 2014:

Fig. C01.2 Top perforation opening time, before (top) and after (bottom) the changes
Edit the producer controls, and click twice on the Add button to add two more lines in the grid:

Change the starting dates of the two new controls to

January 15th, 2014 and January 18th, 2014, respectively:

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Specify that the target of the second control is a shut-in (Q Tot (BH)=0, no constraint), and
set the third and last control to be identical to the first one (target of type P (BH) = 3500
psia, with a constraint Q Tot (BH) = 10000 B/D) the shut-in is inserted to take into account
the time necessary to perform the perforation job:

Click on OK to validate all changes. We do not need to rebuild the grid, as no modification was
made in the reservoir geometry. Visit the Simulation Run Settings dialog to confirm the
various options copied from the previous run, and proceed with the simulation. When it is
completed, maximize the Cumulative view in the Global Results plot to check that the total oil
cumulative production is now slightly higher than the base case:

Fig. C01.2 Global results, field total oil cumulative production of the Perf run

C01.2 Improving the Producer Skin

Let us now see what happens if the opening of the producer top perforation is replaced by an
improvement of the middle perforation skin as the result of a fracturation job, for instance.
Create another run called Frac by copy of the Base run:

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Fig. C01.3 Creating the Frac run

In this new run, edit the wells by clicking on the Wells button in the Simulation page. Select
the producer and click on Perforations, then move to the Completion tab:

Fig. C01.4 Editing the completion of the producer perforations

In this tab, select the lowest perforation
(Perf#2) and click on
value(s):

to edit its skin

In the second line of this table, enter -1 for

the skin value and change the corresponding
t@start to January 20th, 2014:
Click on OK to validate: in the above, we have set that the Perf #2 skin will switch to -1 after
January 20th, 2014. Before this date the skin value will remain at its default value recalled in
the first line of the table: skin = 3.

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Let us now edit the Producer controls and, similarly to the previous case, model the
fracturation job as a shut-in just preceding the completion change:
Click on Add twice to add two new controls to the history schedule:

Change the starting dates of the two new controls to

January 15th, 2014 and January 20th, 2014, respectively:

Specify that the target of the second control is a shut-in (Q Tot (BH)=0, no constraint), and
set the third and last control to be identical to the first one (target of type P (BH) = 3500
psia, with a constraint Q Tot (BH) = 10000 B/D):

Click on OK to validate all changes.

Rebuild the grid (the grid needs to be rebuilt here because the well minimum skin has
changed) and re-simulate the problem. Observe the cumulative oil production.

C02 Comparing the Different Scenarios

We will now compare the output of the different scenarios in the Browser tab of Rubis click
on the

icon to display that tab:

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Fig. C01.5 Rubis browser tab

Expand the various browser nodes as displayed on the
right and select the qo (surface) node of the Producer
well in the Simulation Output of the Base simulation.
Drag and drop it to the Data store, in order to create a
copy of this result gauge.
Proceed similarly to drop the qo (surface) simulated
gauges of the Perf and Frac runs into the Data store.
The Surface Rate node of the Data store will now
contain the 3 gauges:

In the Data store select the qo (surface) Base Producer and edit its properties with the
button. Change its screen color to red in the Aspect tab. Change
right-hand side toolbar
the screen color of the respective surface rate nodes to blue and green, for Perf and Frac
runs. Select the main Data store Surface rate container and click on
curves graphically:

to visualize all

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Fig. C01.6 Comparing the Producer surface pressures simulated in all scenarios
Repeat the same operations with the total reservoir oil cumulative production (Qo node
contained in the Global Results container of each run), to obtain the final display:

Fig. C01.7 Comparing the total cumulative oil production simulated in all scenarios
As can be seen above, the Frac scenario results in a production increase of approximately
193,000 STB, while the Perf scenario leads to a lower production gain of 112,000 STB.