Sumer Myths

SumerMyths
Anunna
Contents
1
Anunnaki
1.1
Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Mythology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adad
2.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dumuzid the Shepherd
3.1
In Sumerian epic literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Deity
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tammuz (deity)
4.1
Ritual mourning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
Dumuzid in the Sumerian king list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
Dumuzid and Inanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6
In Arabic sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7
Literary references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
Church of the Nativity and Shrine of Adonis-Tammuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9
Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
4.11 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
4.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
ii
CONTENTS
4.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Enkimdu
12
5.1
12
Enkimdu in modern usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ereshkigal
13
6.1
Source myths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
6.2
Other details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
6.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
6.4
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
6.5
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
6.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Kingu
15
7.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
7.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
7.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Ngeshtin-ana
16
8.1
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
8.2
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Lahar (god)
9.1
References
17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Marduk
17
18
10.1 Mythology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
10.1.1 Babylonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
10.1.2 Late Bronze Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
10.2 The fty names of Marduk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
10.3 The Marduk Prophecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
10.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
10.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
10.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
11 Nergal
22
11.1 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
11.2 In demonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
11.3 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
11.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
11.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
11.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
12 Ninurta
25
CONTENTS
iii
12.1 Cults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
12.2 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
12.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
12.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
12.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
13 Agasaya
27
14 Asaruludu
28
14.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
14.2 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
15 Ashnan
29
15.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
15.2 References
29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 Bel (mythology)
30
16.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
16.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
16.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
17 Enbilulu
17.1 References
31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 Mami (goddess)
31
32
18.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 Mamitu
32
33
19.1 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Nabu
33
34
20.1 Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
20.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
20.2.1 Outside Mesopotamia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
20.3 Depictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
20.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
21 Namtar
21.1 References
36
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22 Nanshe
36
37
22.1 Mythology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
22.1.1 Birth of Nanshe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
22.1.2 The World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
22.1.3 The Goddess of Social Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
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CONTENTS
22.1.4 The Goddess of Prophecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
22.1.5 The Guarantor of Boundaries - The Lady of the Storerooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
22.1.6 Other functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
22.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
22.3 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
22.4 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
23 Nidaba
39
23.1 Mythology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
23.1.1 Place in the Pantheon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
23.1.2 Genealogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
23.1.3 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
23.2 Depictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
23.3 Cuneiform NAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
23.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
23.5 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
23.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
23.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
24 Ningal
24.1 References
41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 Ninkasi
41
42
25.1 Hymn to Ninkasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
25.2 Modern Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
25.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
25.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
25.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
26 Ninlil
44
26.1 When Sud gets the name of Ninlil, wife of Enlil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
26.2 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
26.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
26.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
26.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
27 Ninsun
45
27.1 Myths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
27.2 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
27.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
27.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
27.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
27.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
CONTENTS
28 Nusku
46
28.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
28.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
29 Sarpanit
47
29.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
29.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
30 Uttu
48
30.1 Uttu in modern literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
30.2 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
30.3 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
30.4 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
30.4.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
30.4.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
30.4.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Chapter 1
Anunnaki
This article is about the Sumerian gods. For the roleplaying game character, see Demon: The Fallen. For The
Anunnaki as depicted in The 12th Planet, see Zecharia
Sitchin.
Jeremy Black and Anthony Green oer a slightly dierent perspective on the Igigi and the Anunnaki, writing
that lgigu or Igigi is a term introduced in the Old Babylonian Period as a name for the (ten) great gods. While
it sometimes kept that sense in later periods, from Middle
The Anunnaki (also transcribed as: Anunaki, Anunna, Assyrian and Babylonian times on it is generally used to
Anunnaku, Ananaki and other variations) are a group of refer to the gods of heaven collectively, just as the term
deities in ancient Mesopotamian cultures (i.e., Sumerian, Anunnakku (Anuna) was later used to refer to the gods
of the underworld. In the Epic of Creation, it is said that
Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian).[1]
there are 300 lgigu of heaven.[4]
The Anunnaki appear in the Babylonian creation myth,
Enuma Elish.[5] In the late version magnifying Marduk,
after the creation of mankind, Marduk divides the Anunnaki and assigns them to their proper stations, three hundred in heaven, three hundred on the earth. In gratitude,
the Anunnaki, the Great Gods, built Esagila, the splendid: They raised high the head of Esagila equaling Apsu.
Having built a stage-tower as high as Apsu, they set up in
it an abode for Marduk, Enlil, Ea. Then they built their
own shrines.
1.1 Etymology
The name is variously written "d a-nuna, "d a-nuna-ke4 ne, or "d a-nun-na, meaning princely ospring or ospring of Anu.[1] According to The Oxford Companion
to World Mythology, the Anunnaki: "...are the Sumerian
deities of the old primordial line; they are chthonic deities
of fertility, associated eventually with the underworld,
where they became judges. They take their name from
The Anunnaki are mentioned in The Epic of Gilgamesh
the old sky god An (Anu).[2]
when Utnapishtim tells the story of the ood. The seven
By her consort Anu, Ki gave birth to the Anunnaki, the judges of hell are called the Anunnaki, and they set the
most prominent of these deities being Enlil, god of the land aame as the storm is approaching.[6]
air. According to legends, heaven and earth were once
inseparable until Enlil was born; Enlil cleaved heaven and According to later Assyrian and Babylonian myth, the
earth in two. Anu carried away heaven. Ki, in company Anunnaki were the children of Anu and Ki, brother
and sister gods, themselves the children of Anshar and
with Enlil, took the earth.
Kishar (Skypivot and Earthpivot, the Celestial poles),
Some authorities question whether Ki was regarded as a who in turn were the children of Lahamu and Lahmu
deity since there is no evidence of a cult and the name (the muddy ones), names given to the gatekeepers of the
appears only in a limited number of Sumerian creation Abzu (House of Far Waters) temple at Eridu, the site at
texts. Samuel Noah Kramer identies Ki with the Sume- which the creation was thought to have occurred. Finally,
rian mother goddess Ninhursag and claims that they were Lahamu and Lahmu were the children of Tiamat (Godoriginally the same gure.
dess of the Ocean) and Abzu (God of Fresh Water).[7]
1.2 Mythology
1.3 References
[1] Black, Jeremy and Green, Anthony: Gods, Demons and
Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary University of Texas Press (Aug 1992) ISBN 978-0292-70794-8 p.34
Their relation to the group of gods known as the Igigi is

unclear at times the names are used synonymously but
in the Atra-Hasis ood myth the Igigi are the sixth generation of the gods who have to work for the Anunnaki,
rebelling after 40 days and replaced by the creation of
humans.[3]
[2] Leemings, David (2009). The Oxford Companion to

World Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN
CHAPTER 1. ANUNNAKI
978-0195387087.
[3] Leick, Gwendolyn: A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern
Mythology (NY: Routledge, 1998), p. 85
[4] Black, Jeremy and Green, Anthony: Gods, Demons and
Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary University of Texas Press (Aug 1992) ISBN 978-0292-70794-8 p.106
[5] Enuma Elish, tablet 1, verse 156
[6] N. K. Sandars (translator): The Epic of Gilgamesh,
Penguin Books, London (2006) ISBN 978-0-141-026282 p.52
[7] For a comparison of all world pantheons and the monomythological connection of these god-patriarchs with
other culture pantheons, see Kingship At Its Source
by Dr. John D. Pilkey, and a preface monograph at
www.weirdvideos.com/preface.html.
1.4 External links

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses:
Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods)
Chapter 2
Adad
For the village in Iran, see Adad, Iran.
The Babylonian center of Adad/Ikurs cult was Karkara
Ishkur redirects here. For the electronic music guide, in the south, his chief temple being .Kar.kar.a; his
see Ishkurs Guide to Electronic Music.
spouse Shala his was worshipped in a temple named
.Dur.ku. In Assyria, Adad was developed along with
Adad (Akkadian) or Ikur (Sumerian) was the storm his warrior aspect. During the Middle Assyrian Empire,
god in ancient Mesopotamian religion. These two from the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I (11151077 BCE),
names are usually written with the logogram d IM. The Adad had a double sanctuary in Assur which he shared
Akkadian Adad was the god Hadad originating in early with Anu. Anu is often associated with Adad in invoancient Semitic religion of the Amorites (Sumerian cations. The name Adad and various alternate forms
and bynames (Dadu, Bir, Dadda) are often found in the
mar.tu).[1][2][3][4]
names of the Assyrian kings.
In Akkadian, Adad is also known as Ramman (Thunderer) cognate with Aramaic Rimmon, which was a Adad/Ikur presents two aspects in the hymns, incantabyname of Hadad. Ramman was formerly incorrectly tions, and votive inscriptions. On the one hand he is
taken by many scholars to be an independent Assyrian- the god who, through bringing on the rain in due season,
causes the land to become fertile, and, on the other hand,
Babylonian god later identied with the Hadad.
the storms that he sends out bring havoc and destruction.
The form Ikur appears in the list of gods found at He is pictured on monuments and cylinder seals (someShuruppak but was was of far less importance, proba- times with a horned helmet) with the lightning and the
bly partly because storms and rain were scarce in Sumer thunderbolt (sometimes in the form of a spear), and in
and agriculture there depended on irrigation instead. The the hymns the sombre aspects of the god on the whole
gods Enlil and Ninurta also had storm god features that predominate. His association with the sun-god, Shamash,
decreased Ikurs distinctiveness. He sometimes appears due to the natural combination of the two deities who alas the assistant or companion of one or the other of the ternate in the control of nature, leads to imbuing him with
two.
some of the traits belonging to a solar deity.
When Enki distributed the destinies, he made Ikur inspector of the cosmos. In one litany, Ikur is proclaimed
again and again as great radiant bull, your name is
heaven and also called son of Anu, lord of Karkara; twinbrother of Enki, lord of abundance, lord who rides the
storm, lion of heaven.
Shamash and Adad became in combination the gods of

oracles and of divination in general. Whether the will of
the gods is determined through the inspection of the liver
of the sacricial animal, through observing the action of
oil bubbles in a basin of water or through the observation
of the movements of the heavenly bodies, it is Shamash
and Adad who, in the ritual connected with divination,
are invariably invoked. Similarly in the annals and votive inscriptions of the kings, when oracles are referred
to, Shamash and Adad are always named as the gods addressed, and their ordinary designation in such instances
is bele biri (lords of divination).
In other texts Adad/Ikur is sometimes son of the moon

god Nanna/Sin by Ningal and brother of Utu/Shamash
and Inanna/Ishtar. He is also occasionally son of Enlil.
Adad/Ikurs consort (both in early Sumerian and the
much later Assyrian texts) was Shala, a goddess of grain,
who is also sometimes associated with the god Dagan.
She was also called Gubarra in the earliest texts. The re
god Gibil (named Gerra in Akkadian) is sometimes the
son of Ikur and Shala.
2.1 See also
Adad/Ikurs special animal is the bull. He is naturally

identied with the Anatolian storm-god Teshub. Occasionally Adad/Ikur is identied with the god Amurru, the
god of the Amorites.
Hadad
Mesopotamian Religion
3
CHAPTER 2. ADAD
2.2 Notes
[1] Albert T. Clay. The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew
Legends in Babylonia and Israel. p. 50.
[2] Theophilus G. Pinches. The Religion of Babylonia and
Assyria. p. 15.
[3] Joseph Eddy Fontenrose. Python: A Study of Delphic
Myth and Its Origins. p. 157.
[4] Alberto Ravinell Whitney Green. The Storm-god in the
Ancient Near East. p. 166.
2.3 Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now
in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Adad". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2.4 External links

Ikur/Adad (god)
Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Gateways to Babylon: Adad/Rimon.
Mesopotamian Gods: Adad (Ishkur)
Stela with the storm god Adad brandishing thunderbolts
Chapter 3
Dumuzid the Shepherd

Not to be confused with Dumuzid, the Fisherman.
as galla, 'demons) who are coming to Uruk for the

king.[1] No sooner does she speak this, than men of
Adab, Akshak, Uruk, Ur, and Nippur are indeed
sighted coming for him with clubs. Dumuzid resolves to hide in the district of Alali, but they nally
catch him. He escapes from them and reaches to the
district of Kubiresh, but they catch him again. Escaping again to the house of Old Woman Bilulu, he
is again caught, but then escapes once more to his
sisters home. There he is caught a last time, hiding
in the pasture, and killed.
Dumuzid (sometimes transcribed as Dumuzi), called

the Shepherd, from Bad-tibira in Sumer, was, according to the Sumerian King List, the fth predynastic king
in the legendary period before the Deluge. The list further states that Dumuzid ruled for 36,000 years.
3.1 In Sumerian epic literature

Dumuzid the Shepherd is also the subject of a series
of epic poems in Sumerian literature. However, in these
tablets he is associated not with Bad-tibira but with Uruk,
where a namesake, Dumuzid the Fisherman, was king
sometime after the Flood, in between Lugalbanda the
Shepherd and Gilgamesh.
Inanna and Bilulu: This describes how Inanna

avenges her lover Dumuzids death, by killing Old
Woman Bilulu.
Among the compositions involving Dumuzid the Shepherd are:
3.2 Deity
Inannas descent to the netherworld: Inanna, after descending to the underworld, is allowed to
return, but only with an unwanted entourage of
demons, who insist on taking away a notable person in her place. She dissuades the demons from
taking the rulers of Umma and Bad-tibira, who are
sitting in dirt and rags. However, when they come
to Uruk, they nd Dumuzid the Shepherd sitting in
palatial opulence, and seize him immediately, taking
him into the underworld as Inannas substitute.
Later poems and hymns of praise to Dumuzid indicate

that he was later considered a deity, a precursor of the
Babylonian god Tammuz. In Tablet 6 of the Standard
Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh rebus Ishtar
(Inanna), reminding her that she had struck Tammuz
(Dumuzid), the lover of [her] youth, decreeing that he
should keep weeping year after year. Pictured as a bird
with a broken wing (an allallu-bird, possibly a European
or Indian roller),[2][3] Dumuzid now stays in the woods
crying 'My wing!'" (Tablet 6,ii,11-15).[4] Another possible identication for this bird is the northern or redwattled lapwing, both of which species are well known for
their distraction displays where a wing is dragged on the
ground as if broken in order to divert a potential predator
from the lapwings nest. The mournful two-note call of
these birds also evokes the Akkadian kappi, My wing!".
Dumuzid and Ngeshtin-ana: Inanna gives Dumuzid over to the demons as her substitute; they proceed to violate him, but he escapes to the home of
his sister, Ngeshtin-ana (Geshtinanna). The demons
pursue Dumuzid there, and eventually nd him hiding in the pasture.
Dumuzid and his sister: Fragmentary. Dumuzids

sister seems to be mourning his death in this tablet. In a chart of antediluvian generations in Babylonian and
Biblical traditions, William Wolfgang Hallo associates
Dumuzids dream: In this account, Dumuzid Dumuzid with the composite half-man, half-sh coundreams of his own death and tells Ngeshtin-ana, who selor or culture hero (Apkallu) An-Enlilda, and sugtells him it is a sign that he is about to be toppled in gests an equivalence between Dumuzid and Enoch in the
an uprising by evil and hungry men (also described Sethite Genealogy given in Genesis chapter 5.[5]
5
CHAPTER 3. DUMUZID THE SHEPHERD
3.3 Family Tree

3.4 Sources
[1] Dina Katz, The image of the netherworld in the Sumerian
sources, 2003, p. 152: At the beginning of the story they
are specically labelled as bandits, then they are 'evil men'
or galla. The formulaic description of the galla as netherworld creatures occurs only after they encounter Dumuzi,
but is immediately followed by their description as natives
of ve Sumerian cities. The description of the bandits
rising against Dumuzi from an ambush is reminiscent of
the original tradition. See also: Bendt Alster, Dumuzis
dream: Aspects of oral poetry in a Sumerian myth (1972),
and Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Band 8 p. 548.
[2] Dalley, Stephanie (tr.), Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 1991, p. 129, n. 56
[3] Sandars, Nancy K., The Epic of Gilgamesh, Penguin
Books, Harmondsworth, 1960, 1972, p. 86
[4] Dalley, Stephanie (tr.), Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 1991, pp. 78-79
[5] Hallo, William W. and William Kelly Simpson, The Ancient Near East: A History, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Inc., New York, 1971, p. 32
3.5 See also

History of Sumer
Mesopotamian mythology
3.6 External links

ETCSL: Texts and translations of Dumuzid myths
(alternate site)
Chapter 4
Tammuz (deity)
part of Tammuz,[1] son and consort. The Aramaic name
Tammuz seems to have been derived from the Akkadian form Tammuzi, based on early Sumerian Damu-zid.
The later standard Sumerian form, Dumu-zid, in turn became Dumuzi in Akkadian. Tamuzi also is Dumuzid or
Dumuzi.
Beginning with the summer solstice came a time of
mourning in the Ancient Near East, as in the Aegean: the
Babylonians marked the decline in daylight hours and the
onset of killing summer heat and drought with a six-day
funeral for the god. Recent discoveries reconrm him
as an annual life-death-rebirth deity: tablets discovered in
1963 show that Dumuzi was in fact consigned to the Underworld himself, in order to secure Inannas release,[2]
though the recovered nal line reveals that he is to revive
for six months of each year (see below).
In cult practice, the dead Tammuz was widely mourned in
the Ancient Near East. Locations associated in antiquity
with the site of his death include both Harran and Byblos,
among others. A Sumerian tablet from Nippur (Ni 4486)
reads:
She can make the lament for you, my Dumuzid,
the lament for you, the lament, the lamentation,
reach the desert she can make it reach the
house Arali; she can make it reach Bad-tibira;
she can make it reach Dul-uba; she can make
it reach the shepherding country, the sheepfold
of Dumuzid
Tammuz, statue by Imre Schrammel, National Theatre of

Miskolc, Hungary.
Tammuz (Syriac:
; Hebrew: , Transliterated
Hebrew: Tammuz, Tiberian Hebrew: Tammz; Arabic:
Tammz; Akkadian: Duzu, Dzu; Sumerian: Dumuzid (DUMU.ZI(D), faithful or true son) was the
name of a Sumerian god of food and vegetation, also
worshiped in the later Mesopotamian states of Akkad,
Assyria and Babylonia.
O Dumuzid of the fair-spoken mouth, of the

ever kind eyes, she sobs tearfully, O you of
the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes,
she sobs tearfully. Lad, husband, lord, sweet
as the date, [...] O Dumuzid!" she sobs, she
sobs tearfully.[3]
4.1 Ritual mourning

In Babylonia, the month Tammuz was established in
honor of the eponymous god Tammuz, who originated
as a Sumerian shepherd-god, Dumuzid or Dumuzi, the
consort of Inanna and, in his Akkadian form, the parallel consort of Ishtar. The Levantine Adonis (lord),
who was drawn into the Greek pantheon, was considered
by Joseph Campbell among others to be another counter-
4.2 Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible

These mourning ceremonies were observed at the door of
the Temple in Jerusalem in a vision the Israelite prophet
Ezekiel was given, which serves as a Biblical prophecy
which expresses the Lords message at His peoples apos7
CHAPTER 4. TAMMUZ (DEITY)
tate worship of idols:
the netherworld, or Kur, which was ruled by her sister

Ereshkigal.[9] Ereshkigal is in mourning at the death of
her consort, Gugalanna (The Wild Bull of Heaven SumeThen he brought me to the door of the gate
rian Gu = Bull, Gal = Great, An = Heaven). She passed
of the Lords house which was toward the
through seven gates and at each one was required to leave
north; and, behold, there sat women weeping
a garment or an ornament so that when she had passed
for Tammuz. Then said he unto to me, 'Hast
through the seventh gate she was a simple woman, entirely
thou seen this, O son of man? turn thee yet
naked. Despite warnings about her presumption, she did
again, and thou shalt see greater abominations
not turn back but dared to sit herself down on Ereshkigals
than these. Ezekiel 8:14-15
throne. Immediately the Anunnaki of the underworld
judged her, gazed at her with the eyes of death, and she
It is quite possible that among other Judeans the Tammuz
became a corpse, hung up on a meathook.
cult was not regarded as inconsistent with Yahwism.[4]
Based on the incomplete texts as rst found, it was asEzekiels testimony is the only direct mention of Tamsumed that Ishtar/Inannas descent into Kur occurred afmuz in the Hebrew Bible, though echoes of Tammuz have
ter the death of Tammuz/Dumuzid rather than before and
been seen in the books of Isaiah, and Daniel.[5]
that her purpose was to rescue Tammuz/Dumuzid. This
is the familiar form of the myth as it appeared in M. Jastrows Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower World,
4.3 Dumuzid in the Sumerian king 1915, widely available on the Internet. New texts uncovered in 1963 lled in the story in quite another fashion,[2]
list
showing that Dumuzi was in fact consigned to the Underworld himself, in order to secure Inannas release.
In the Sumerian king list two kings named Dumuzi apInannas faithful servant attempted to get help from the
pear:
other gods but only wise Enki/Ea responded. The de Dumuzid of Bad-tibira, the shepherd (reigning 36 tails of Enki/Eas plan dier slightly in the two surviving accounts, but in the end, Inanna/Ishtar was resur000 years), the fth King before the Flood
rected. However, a conservation of souls law required
Dumuzid of Kuara, the sherman (reigning 100 her to nd a replacement for herself in Kur. She went
years), the third King of the rst dynasty of Uruk, from one god to another, but each one pleaded with her
reigning between Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh, circa and she had not the heart to go through with it until
she found Dumuzid/Tammuz richly dressed and on her
2,700 BCE.
throne. Inanna/Ishtar immediately set her accompanying
Other Sumerian texts showed that kings were to be mar- demons on Dumuzid/Tammuz. At this point the Akkaried to Inanna in a sacred marriage, for example a hymn dian text fails as Tammuz' sister Belili, introduced for the
that describes the sacred marriage of King Iddid-Dagan rst time, strips herself of her jewelry in mourning but
claims that Tammuz and the dead will come back.
(ca 1900 BCE).[6]
4.4 Dumuzid and Inanna

Today several versions of the Sumerian death of Dumuzi
have been recovered, Inannas Descent to the Underworld, Dumuzis dream and Dumuzi and the galla",
as well as a tablet separately recounting Dumuzis death,
mourned by holy Inanna, and his noble sister Getinanna,
and even his dog and the lambs and kids in his fold; Dumuzi himself is weeping at the hard fate in store for him,
after he had walked among men, and the cruel galla of
the Underworld seize him.[7]
There is some confusion here. The name Belili occurs in

one of the Sumerian texts also, but it is not the name of
Dumuzids sister who is there named Geshtinana, but is
the name of an old woman whom another text calls Bilulu.
In any case, the Sumerian texts relate how Dumuzid ed
to his sister Geshtinana who attempted to hide him but
who could not in the end stand up to the demons. Dumuzid has two close calls until the demons nally catch
up with him under the supposed protection of this old
woman called Bilulu or Belili and then they take him.
However Inanna repents.
Inanna seeks vengeance on Bilulu, on Bilulus murderous son Girg ire and on Girg ires consort Shirru of
A number of pastoral poems and songs relate the love the haunted desert, no-ones child and no-ones friend.
aair of Inanna and Dumuzid the shepherd. A text re- Inanna changes Bilulu into a waterskin and Girg ire into
covered in 1963 recounts The Courtship of Inanna and a protective god of the desert while Shirru is assigned to
watch always that the proper rites are performed for proDumuzi in terms that are tender and frankly erotic.
tection against the hazards of the desert.
According to the myth of Inannas descent to the under[8] Finally, Inanna relents and changes her decree thereby
world, represented in parallel Sumerian and Akkadian
tablets, Inanna (Ishtar in the Akkadian texts) set o for restoring her husband Dumuzi to life; an arrangement is
4.7. LITERARY REFERENCES

made by which Geshtinana will take Dumuzids place in
Kur for six months of the year: You (Dumuzi), half the
year. Your sister (Getinanna), half the year!" This newly
recovered nal line upset Samuel Noah Kramer's former
interpretation, as he allowed: my conclusion that Dumuzi dies and stays dead forever (cf e.g. Mythologies
of the Ancient World p. 10) was quite erroneous: Dumuzi
according to the Sumerian mythographers rises from the
dead annually and, after staying on earth for half the year,
descends to the Nether World for the other half.[10]
4.5 The Courtship of Inanna and

Dumuzi
Aside from this extended epic The Descent of Inanna, a
previously unknown Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi
was rst translated into English and annotated by Sumerian scholar Samuel Noah Kramer and folklorist Diane
Wolkstein working in tandem, and published in 1983.[11]
In this tale Inannas lover, the shepherd-king Dumuzi,
brought a wedding gift of milk in pails, yoked across his
shoulders.
The myth of Inanna and Dumuzi formed the subject
of a Lindisfarne Symposium, published as The Story of
Inanna and Dumuzi: From Folk-Tale to Civilized Literature: A Lindisfarne Symposium, (William Irwin Thompson, editor, 1995).
4.6 In Arabic sources

Tammuz is the month of July in Iraqi Arabic and
Levantine Arabic (see Arabic names of calendar months),
as well as in the Assyrian calendar and Jewish calendar,[12] and references to Tammuz appear in Arabic literature from the 9th to 11th centuries AD.[13] In a translation of an ancient Nabataean text by Kuthami the Babylonian, Ibn Wahshiyya (c. 9th-10th century AD), adds
information on his own eorts to ascertain the identity
of Tammuz, and his discovery of the full details of the
legend of Tammuz in another Nabataean book:
How he summoned the king to worship
the seven (planets) and the twelve (signs) and
how the king put him to death several times in a
cruel manner Tammuz coming to life again after each time, until at last he died; and behold!
it was identical to the legend of St. George.
"[14]
Ibn Wahshiyya also adds that Tammuz lived in Babylonia
before the coming of the Chaldeans and belonged to an
ancient Mesopotamian tribe called Ganbn.[13] On rituals
related to Tammuz in his time, he adds that the Sabaeans
9
in Harran and Babylonia still lamented the loss of Tammuz every July, but that the origin of the worship had
been lost.[13]
Al-Nadim in his 10th century work Kitab al-Fehrest
drawing from a work on Syriac calendar feast days, describes a T'z festival that took place in the middle of
the month of Tammuz.[13] Women bewailed the death
of Tammuz at the hands of his master who was said to
have ground his bones in a mill and scattered them to
the wind.[13] Consequently, women would forgo the eating of ground foods during the festival time.[13] The same
festival is mentioned in the 11th century by Ibn Athir as
still taking place at the appointed time on the banks of
the Tigris river.[13]
4.7 Literary references

John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book I
THAMMUZ came next behind,
Whose annual wound in LEBANON allur'd
The SYRIAN Damsels to lament his fate
In amorous dittyes all a Summers day,
While smooth ADONIS from his native Rock
Ran purple to the Sea, supposd with blood
Of THAMMUZ yearly wounded: the Lovetale
Infected SION'S daughters with like heat,
Whose wanton passions in the sacred Porch
EZEKIEL saw, when by the Vision led
His eye survey'd the dark Idolatries
Of alienated JUDAH.
Oscar Wilde, Charmides
And then each pigeon spread its milky van,
The bright car soared into the dawning sky
And like a cloud the aerial caravan
Passed over the gean silently,
Till the faint air was troubled with the song
From the wan mouths that call on bleeding
Thammuz all night long
4.8 Church of the Nativity and

Shrine of Adonis-Tammuz
According to some scholars,[15] the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is built over a cave that was originally a
shrine to Adonis-Tammuz.
The Church Father Jerome,[16] who died in
Bethlehem in 420, reports in addition that the
holy cave was at one point consecrated by the
10
CHAPTER 4. TAMMUZ (DEITY)

heathen to the worship of Adonis, and a pleasant sacred grove planted before it, to wipe out
the memory of Jesus. Some modern mythologists, however, reverse the supposition, insisting that the cult of Adonis-Tammuz originated
the shrine and that it was the Christians who
took it over, substituting the worship of their
own God.[17]
[11] Diane Wolkstein and Samuel Noah Kramer editors/translators 1983. Inanna, Queen of Heaven & Earth:
Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. (New York: Harper
Colophon).
[12] Cragg, 1991, p. 260.
[13] Fuller, 1864, pp. 200-201.
[14] de Azevedo and Stoddart, 2005, pp. 308-309.
[15] Giuseppe Ricciotti, Vita di Ges Cristo, Tipograa
Poliglotta Vaticana (1948) p. 276 n.
4.9 Performances
[16] NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome
A performance of Inannas descent to the Underworld

was organised in 2001 at the Cove in Denmark, West- [17] Marcello Craveri, The Life of Jesus, Grove Press (1967)
pp. 35-36
ern Australia, and it has also been used by Jean Houston
as a part of her Mystery School work.
4.11 Bibliography
4.10 References
[1] Joseph Campbell the dead and resurrected god Tammuz
(Sumerian Dumuzi), prototype of the Classical Adonis,
who was the consort as well as son by virgin birth, of
the goddess-mother of many names: Inanna, Ninhursag,
Ishtar, Astarte, Artemis, Demeter, Aphrodite, Venus (in
Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God pp 39-40).
[2] Edwin M. Yamauchi, Tammuz and the Bible Journal of
Biblical Literature 84.3 (September 1965:283-290).
[3] Inana and Bilulu: an ulila to Inana, from Black, J.A.,
Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zlyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Oxford)
[4] Womens Bible Commentary | edited by Carol Ann Newsom, Sharon H. Ringe | Westminster John Knox Press,
1998 | pg 197
[5] The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities
in Ancient Israel | By Mark S. Smith | Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publishing, 2002 | pg 182
de Azevedo, Mateus Soares; Stoddart, William

(FWD) (2005), Ye shall know the truth: Christianity
and the perennial philosophy, World Wisdom, Inc,
ISBN 9780941532693
Cragg, Kenneth (1991), The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East, Westminster John Knox
Press, ISBN 9780664221829
Fuller, John Mee (1864), Essay on the Authenticity
of the Book of Daniel, Deighton, Bell and co.
4.12 Further reading

Campbell, Joseph, 1962, Oriental Mythology: The
Masks of God (New York:Viking Penguin)
Campbell, Joseph, 1964. Occidental Mythology:
The Masks of God (New York:Viking Penguin)
[6] Samuel Noah Kramer, Cuneiform studies and the history of literature: The Sumerian sacred marriage texts,
''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107
(1963:485-527).
Kramer, Samuel Noah and Diane Wolkstein, 1983.

Inanna : Queen of Heaven and Earth (New York :
Harper & Row) ISBN 0-06-090854-8
[7] Samuel Noah Kramer, The Death of Dumuzi: A New

Sumerian Version Anatolian Studies 30, Special Number
in Honour of the Seventieth Birthday of Professor O. R.
Gurney (1980:5-13).
Jacobsen, Thorkild, 1976, The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion (New
Haven: Yale University Press)
[8] Two editions, one ca 1000 BCE found at Ashur, the other
mid seventh century BCE from the library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh.
[9] http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr141.htm
descent to the nether world
Inanas
[10] S. N. Kramer, Dumuzis Annual Resurrection: An Important Correction to 'Inannas Descent'" Bulletin of the
American Schools of Oriental Research 183 (October
1966:31), interpreting this newly-recovered nal line as
uttered by Inanna, though the immediately preceding context is incomplete.
4.13 External links

Sumerian Poems about Dumuzid and Inanna
ETSCL: Narratives: Inanna and Dumuzid in
Unicode and ASCII
ETSCL: Hymns: Inanna and Dumuzid in
Unicode and ASCII
The Akkadian Descent of Ishtar
4.13. EXTERNAL LINKS

Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower
World, trans. M. Jastrow, 1915; at Sacred
Texts and Ancient Texts
The Descent of Ishtar, trans. E. A. Speiser,
1950: Eliade and Gateway to Babylon
The Descent of Ishtar, trans. Stephanie Dalley
11
Chapter 5
Enkimdu
Not to be confused with Enkidu.
Enkimdu is the Sumerian god of farming, in charge of
canals and ditches, a task assigned to him by the water
god Enki during his organization of the world.
Enkimdu is featured prominently in the myth Inanna
Prefers the Farmer, in which both he and the god
Dumuzi are attempting to win the hand of the goddess
Inanna. While Inanna is quite infatuated with the downto-earth farmer, her brother Utu/Shamash attempts to
convince her to marry Dumuzi instead. Both Dumuzi
and Enkimdu face o in an argument over who will win
Inanna. While Dumuzi is aggressive in his arguments, attempting to prove that he is far better, Enkimdu is more
docile and peaceful, attempting to resolve the situation
diplomatically.
The clay tablet on which the myth is written has been
damaged over the passage of time, but from later myths
such as Dumuzi and Inanna and Inannas Descent into
the Underworld, it is clear that Inanna eventually selects
Dumuzi as her spouse.
5.1 Enkimdu in modern usage

ENKIMDU is a name of an agent-based modeling platform used to study socio-ecological interactions in ancient Mesopotamia and modern Thailand.
12
Chapter 6
Ereshkigal
In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (
D
ERE.KI.GAL, lit. Queen of the Great Earth)
was the goddess of Irkalla, the land of the dead or
underworld. Sometimes her name is given as Irkalla,
similar to the way the name Hades was used in Greek
mythology for both the underworld and its ruler, and
sometimes it is given as Ninkigal, lit. Great Lady of the
Earth or Lady of the Great Earth.
Ereshkigal was the only one who could pass judgment and
give laws in her kingdom. The main temple dedicated to
her was located in Kutha.[1]
The goddess Ishtar refers to Ereshkigal as her older sister
in the Sumerian hymn The Descent of Inanna (which
was also in later Babylonian myth, also called The Descent of Ishtar). Inanna/Ishtar's trip and return to the
underworld is the most familiar of the myths concerning
Ereshkigal.
of this, Nergal was banished to the kingdom controlled by

the goddess. Versions vary at this point, but all of them
result in him becoming her husband.[2] In later tradition,
Nergal is said to have been the victor, taking her as wife
and ruling the land himself.
It is theorized that the story of Inannas descent is told
to illustrate the possibility of an escape from the netherworld, while the Nergal myth is intended to reconcile the
existence of two rulers of the netherworld: a goddess and
a god. The addition of Nergal represents the harmonizing
tendency to unite Ereshkigal as the queen of the netherworld with the god who, as god of war and of pestilence,
brings death to the living and thus becomes the one who
presides over the dead.
6.2 Other details
In some versions of the myths, she rules the underworld

by herself, sometimes with a husband subordinate to her
6.1 Source myths
named Gugalana. It was said that she had been stolen
away by Kur and taken to the underworld, where she was
Ereshkigal is the sister and counterpart of Inanna/Ishtar,
made queen unwillingly.[3]
the symbol of nature during the non-productive season
of the year. Ereshkigal was also a queen that many gods She is the mother of the goddess Nungal. Her son with
and goddesses looked up to in the underworld. She is Enlil was the god Namtar. With Gugalana her son was
known chiey through two myths, believed to symbol- Ninazu.
ize the changing of the seasons, but perhaps also intended to illustrate certain doctrines which date back
to the Mesopotamia period. According to the doctrine 6.3 See also
of two kingdoms, the dominions of the two sisters are
sharply dierentiated, as one is of this world and one of
Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions
the world of the dead.
Hel
One of these myths is Inannas descent to the netherworld and her reception by her sister who presides over
Isis
it; Ereshkigal traps her sister in her kingdom and Inanna
is only able to leave it by sacricing her husband Dumuzi
in exchange for herself.
The other myth is the story of Nergal, the plague god.
Once, the gods held a banquet that Ereshkigal, as queen
of the Netherworld, could not come up to attend. They
invited her to send a messenger, and she sent her vizier
Namtar in her place. He was treated well by all, but for
the exception of being disrespected by Nergal. As a result
6.4 Notes and references
13
[1] Ereshkigal, Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, 2003.

[2] Nergal and Ereshkigal in Myths from Mesopotamia,
trans. S. Dalley (ISBN 0-199-53836-0)
14
[3] Sumerian Mythology
6.5 Sources
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia
by Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (ISBN 0-29270794-0)
The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels by
Alexander Heidel (ISBN 0-226-32398-6)
Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth by Diane
Wolkenstein and Samuel Noah Kramer (ISBN 0-06090854-8)
"article name needed ". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th
ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6.6 External links

Erekigal (goddess)
Inanas descent to the nether world - from The
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature by the
Oriental Institute of the University of Oxford
CHAPTER 6. ERESHKIGAL
Chapter 7
Kingu
For the village in Estonia, see Kingu, Estonia.
Kingu, also spelled Qingu, meaning unskilled laborer,
was a god in Babylonian mythology, and after the
murder of his father Abzu the consort of the goddess
Tiamat, his mother, who wanted to establish him as ruler
and leader of all gods before she was killed by Marduk.
Tiamat gave Kingu the 3 Tablets of Destiny, which he
wore as a breastplate and which gave him great power.
She placed him as the general of her army. However, like
Tiamat, Kingu was eventually killed by Marduk. Marduk
mixed Kingus blood with earth and used the clay to mold
the rst human beings, while Tiamats body created the
earth and the skies. Kingu then went to live in the underworld kingdom of Ereshkigal, along with the other deities
who had sided with Tiamat.[1]
7.1 See also

Geshtu-E
Enma Elish
Pangu
Ymir
Purusha
7.2 References
[1] Babylonian Creation Myth. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
7.3 External links

The Enuma Elish translated by N. K. Sandars
15
Chapter 8
Ngeshtin-ana
Ngeshtin-ana is a minor goddess in Sumerian mythology, the so-called heavenly grape-vine. The sister of
Dumuzi and consort of Ningisida, she is involved in the
account of Dumuzi trying to escape his fate at the hands
of Inana and Ereshkigal. In her house he is changed into
a gazelle before being caught and transported to the underworld.
In sumerian mythology:
She is the daughter of Enki and Ninhursag.
When Dumuzi died, Geshtinanna lamentated days
and nights.
After her death, she became the goddess of wine and
cold seasons. She is a divine poet and interpreter of
dreams.
8.1 References
Michael Jordan, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie
Limited, 2002
8.2 External links

Getinanna/Belet-eri (goddess)
16
Chapter 9
Lahar (god)
Lahar was the Sumerian cattle-god or goddess sent by
Enlil and Enki from the sky down to earth in order to
make abundant its cattle. He is the brother of Ashnan.
Lahar, along with his sister, was created in the creation
chamber of the gods so the Anunnaki might have food
and clothes.[1]
9.1 References
[1] Samuel Noah Kramer (1964). The Sumerians: their history, culture and character. University of Chicago Press.
pp. 220. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. Retrieved 23 May
2011.
Michael Jordan, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002

Patricia Turner and Charles Russell Coulter, Dictionary
of Ancient Deities, 2000
17
Chapter 10
Marduk
This article is about the Babylonian god. For other uses, Marduk was probably pronounced Marutuk.[3] The etysee Marduk (disambiguation).
mology of the name Marduk is conjectured as derived
Marduk (Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: from amar-Utu (bull calf of the sun god Utu).[2] The
origin of Marduks name may reect an earlier genealogy, or have had cultural ties to the ancient city of Sippar
(whose god was Utu, the sun god), dating back to the third
millennium BC.[4]
In the perfected system of astrology, Jupiter was associated with Marduk by the Hammurabi period.[5]
10.1 Mythology
10.1.1 Babylonian
Marduks original character is obscure but he was later associated with water, vegetation, judgment, and magic.[6]
His consort was the goddess Sarpanit.[7] He was also
regarded as the son of Ea[8] (Sumerian Enki) and
Damkina[9] and the heir of Anu, but whatever special
traits Marduk may have had were overshadowed by the
political development through which the Euphrates valley passed and which led to people of the time imbuing
him with traits belonging to gods who in an earlier period
were recognized as the heads of the pantheon.[10] There
are particularly two godsEa and Enlilwhose powers
and attributes pass over to Marduk.
from Mesopotamias heritage in Muse du Louvre.
d
AMAR.UTU
solar calf"; Greek ,[1] Mardochaios) was a late-generation god from
ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of
Babylon. When Babylon became the political center of
the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi (18th
century BC), he slowly started to rise to the position of
the head of the Babylonian pantheon, a position he fully
acquired by the second half of the second millennium
BC. In the city of Babylon, he resided in the temple
Esagila. Marduk is the Babylonian form of his name.[2]
According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, the name
In the case of Ea, the transfer proceeded pacically and

without eacing the older god. Marduk took over the
identity of Asarluhi, the son of Ea and god of magic,
so that Marduk was integrated in the pantheon of Eridu
where both Ea and Asarluhi originally came from. Father
Ea voluntarily recognized the superiority of the son and
hands over to him the control of humanity. This association of Marduk and Ea, while indicating primarily the
passing of the supremacy once enjoyed by Eridu to Babylon as a religious and political centre, may also reect an
early dependence of Babylon upon Eridu, not necessarily
of a political character but, in view of the spread of culture in the Euphrates valley from the south to the north,
the recognition of Eridu as the older centre on the part of
the younger one.
18
10.2. THE FIFTY NAMES OF MARDUK
19
region between the 14th to the late 7th century BC. In the
south, Marduk reigned supreme. He is normally referred
to as Bel Lord, also bel rabim great lord, bl blim
lord of lords, ab-kal ilni bl terti leader of the gods,
aklu bl terieti the wise, lord of oracles, muballit mte
reviver of the dead, etc.
When Babylon became the principal city of southern
Mesopotamia during the reign of Hammurabi in the 18th
century BC, the patron deity of Babylon was elevated to
the level of supreme god. In order to explain how Marduk seized power, Enma Elish was written, which tells
the story of Marduks birth, heroic deeds and becoming
the ruler of the gods. This can be viewed as a form of
Mesopotamian apologetics. Also included in this document are the fty names of Marduk.
In Enma Elish, a civil war between the gods was growing to a climactic battle. The Anunnaki gods gathered
together to nd one god who could defeat the gods rising
against them. Marduk, a very young god, answered the
call and was promised the position of head god.
To prepare for battle, he makes a bow, etches arrows,
grabs a mace, throws lightning before him, lls his body
with ame, makes a net to encircle Tiamat within it, gathers the four winds so that no part of her could escape, creates seven nasty new winds such as the whirlwind and tornado, and raises up his mightiest weapon, the rain-ood.
Then he sets out for battle, mounting his storm-chariot
drawn by four horses with poison in their mouths. In his
lips he holds a spell and in one hand he grasps a herb to
counter poison.
Marduk and his dragon Muuu, from a Babylonian cylinder

seal.
First, he challenges the leader of the Anunnaki gods, the

dragon of the primordial sea Tiamat, to single combat and
defeats her by trapping her with his net, blowing her up
with his winds, and piercing her belly with an arrow.
10.1.2
Then, he proceeds to defeat Kingu, who Tiamat put in

charge of the army and wore the Tablets of Destiny on
his breast, and wrested from him the Tablets of Destiny,
wrongfully his and assumed his new position. Under his
reign humans were created to bear the burdens of life so
the gods could be at leisure.
Late Bronze Age
While the relationship between Ea and Marduk is marked

by harmony and an amicable abdication on the part of
the father in favour of his son, Marduks absorption of
the power and prerogatives of Enlil of Nippur was at the
expense of the latters prestige. Babylon became independent in the early 19th century BC, and was initially a
small city state, overshadowed by older and more powerful Mesopotamian states such as Isin, Larsa and Assyria.
However, after Hammurabi forged an empire in the 18th
century BC, turning Babylon into the dominant state in
the south, the cult of Marduk eclipsed that of Enlil; although Nippur and the cult of Enlil enjoyed a period of
renaissance during the over four centuries of Kassite control in Babylonia (c. 1595 BC1157 BC), the denite
and permanent triumph of Marduk over Enlil became felt
within Babylonia.
Marduk was depicted as a human, often with his symbol

the snake-dragon which he had taken over from the god
Tishpak. Another symbol that stood for Marduk was the
spade.
Babylonian texts talk of the creation of Eridu by the god
Marduk as the rst city, the holy city, the dwelling of
their [the other gods] delight.
Nabu, god of wisdom, is a son of Marduk.
The only serious rival to Marduk after ca. 1750 BC was 10.2 The fty names of Marduk
the god Aur (Ashur) (who had been the supreme deity
in the northern Mesopotamian state of Assyria since the Leonard W. King in The Seven Tablets of Creation (1902)
25th century BC) which was the dominant power in the included fragments of god lists which he considered es-
20
sential for the reconstruction of the meaning of Marduks
name. Franz Bohl in his 1936 study of the fty names
also referred to Kings list. Richard Litke (1958) noticed
a similarity between Marduks names in the An:Anum
list and those of the Enuma elish, albeit in a dierent arrangement. The connection between the An:Anum list
and the list in Enuma Elish were established by Walther
Sommerfeld (1982), who used the correspondence to argue for a Kassite period composition date of the Enuma
elish, although the direct derivation of the Enuma elish
list from the An:Anum one was disputed in a review by
Wilfred Lambert (1984).[11]
10.3 The Marduk Prophecy

The Marduk Prophecy is a text describing the travels of
the Marduk idol from Babylon, in which he pays a visit
to the land of atti, corresponding to the statues seizure
during the sack of the city by Mursilis I in 1531 BC,
Assyria, when Tukulti-Ninurta I overthrew Kashtiliash IV
in 1225 BC and took the idol to Assur, and Elam, when
Kudur-nahhunte ransacked the city and pilfered the statue
around 1160 BC. He addresses an assembly of the gods.
The rst two sojourns are described in glowing terms as
good for both Babylon and the other places Marduk has
graciously agreed to visit. The episode in Elam, however,
is a disaster, where the gods have followed Marduk and
abandoned Babylon to famine and pestilence. Marduk
prophesies that he will return once more to Babylon to a
messianic new king, who will bring salvation to the city
and who will wreak a terrible revenge on the Elamites.
This king is understood to be Nabu-kudurri-uur I, 11251103 BC.[12] Thereafter the text lists various sacrices.
CHAPTER 10. MARDUK

Utu
Zakmuk
Enma Eli
10.5 References
[1] identied with Marduk by Heinrich Zimmeren (18621931), Stades Zeitschrift 11, p. 161.
[2] Helmer Ringgren, (1974) Religions of The Ancient Near
East, Translated by John Sturdy, The Westminster Press,
p. 66.
[3] Frymer-Kensky, Tikva (2005). Jones, Lindsay, ed. Marduk. Encyclopedia of religion 8 (2 ed.). New York. pp.
57025703. ISBN 0-02-865741-1.
[4] The Encyclopedia of Religion - Macmillan Library Reference USA - Vol. 9 - Page 201
[5] Jastrow, Jr., Morris (1911). Aspects of Religious Belief
and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, G.P. Putnams
Sons: New York and London. pp. 217-219.
[6] [John L. McKenzie, Dictionary of the Bible, Simon &
Schuster, 1965 p 541.]
p. 67.
[8] Arendzen, John. Cosmogony. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 26
March 2011.
A copy[13] was found in the House of the Exorcist at Assur, whose contents date from 713-612 BC and is closely
related thematically to another vaticinium ex eventu text [9] C. Scott Littleton (2005). Gods, Goddesses and Mythology, Volume 6. Marshall Cavendish. p. 829.
called the Shulgi prophecy, which probably followed it in
a sequence of tablets. Both compositions present a favor[10] Morris Jastrow (1911). Aspects of Religious Belief and
able view of Assyria.
Practice in Babylonia and Assyria. G. P. Putnams Sons.

p. 38.
10.4 See also

Ashur (god)
Babylonian religion
Berossus
Sacred Bull
Chaldean mythology
Etemenanki
Nebuchadnezzar II
Tiamat
[11] Andrea Seri, The Fifty Names of Marduk in Enuma elis,

Journal of the American Oriental Society 126.4 (2006)
[12] Matthew Neujahr (2006). Royal Ideology and Utopian
Futures in the Akkadian Ex Eventu Prophecies. In Ehud
Ben Zvi. Utopia and Dystopia in Prophetic Literature.
Helsinki: The Finnish Exegetical Society, University of
Helsinki. pp. 4154.
[13] Tablet K. 2158+
This article incorporates text from a publication

now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911). "Marduk". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th
10.6 External links

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Marduk (god)
Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Creation Story
21
Chapter 11
Nergal
For other uses, see Nergal (disambiguation).
Nergal, Nirgal, or Nirgali (Hebrew: , Modern Nergal, Tiberian Nrl; Aramaic
; Latin: Nergel) was
a deity worshipped throughout Mesopotamia (Akkad,
Assyria and Babylonia) with the main seat of his worship
at Cuthah represented by the mound of Tell-Ibrahim.
Nergals ery aspect appears in names or epithets such as

Lugalgira, Lugal-banda (Nergal as the ghting-cock),[5]
Sharrapu (the burner, a reference to his manner of
dealing with outdated teachings) , Erra, Gibil (though
this name more properly belongs to Nusku), and Sibitti
or Seven.[6] A certain confusion exists in cuneiform literature between Ninurta (slayer of Asag and wielder of
Sharur, an enchanted mace) and Nergal. Nergal has epithets such as the raging king, the furious one, and
the like. A play upon his nameseparated into three
elements as Ne-uru-gal (lord of the great dwelling)
expresses his position at the head of the nether-world pantheon .
Nergal is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the deity of

the city of Cuth (Cuthah): And the men of Babylon
made Succoth-benoth, and the men of Cuth made Nergal (2 Kings, 17:30). According to the rabbins, his emblem was a cock[1] and Nergal means a "dunghill cock",[2]
although standard iconography pictured Nergal as a lion.
He is a son of Enlil and Ninlil, along with Nanna and In the late Babylonian astral-theological system Nergal is
related to the planet Mars. As a ery god of destruction
Ninurta.
and war, Nergal doubtless seemed an appropriate choice
for the red planet, and he was equated by the Greeks to
the war-god Ares (Latin Mars)hence the current name
11.1 Attributes
of the planet. In Assyro-Babylonian ecclesiastical art the
great lion-headed colossi serving as guardians to the temNergal seems to be in part a solar deity, sometimes iden- ples and palaces seem to symbolise Nergal, just as the
tied with Shamash, but only representative of a certain bull-headed colossi probably typify Ninurta.
phase of the sun. Portrayed in hymns and myths as a Nergals chief temple at Cuthah bore the name Meslam,
god of war and pestilence, Nergal seems to represent the from which the god receives the designation of Messun of noontime and of the summer solstice that brings lamtaeda or Meslamtaea, the one that rises up from
destruction, high summer being the dead season in the Meslam. The name Meslamtaeda/Meslamtaea indeed
Mesopotamian annual cycle. He has also been called the is found as early as the list of gods from Fara while the
king of sunset.[3] Over time Nergal developed from a name Nergal only begins to appear in the Akkadian pewar god to a god of the underworld.[4] In the mythol- riod. Amongst the Hurrians and later Hittites Nergal was
ogy, this occurred when Enlil and Ninlil gave him the known as Aplu, a name derived from the Akkadian Apal
underworld.[3]
Enlil, (Apal being the construct state of Aplu) meaning
Nergal was also the deity who presides over the
netherworld, and who stands at the head of the special
pantheon assigned to the government of the dead (supposed to be gathered in a large subterranean cave known
as Aralu or Irkalla). In this capacity he has associated
with him a goddess Allatu or Ereshkigal, though at one
time Allatu may have functioned as the sole mistress of
Aralu, ruling in her own person. In some texts the god
Ninazu is the son of Nergal and Allatu/Ereshkigal.
the son of Enlil . As God of the plague, he was invoked during the plague years during the reign of the
Hittite king Suppiluliuma, when this disease spread from
Egypt.
The worship of Nergal does not appear to have spread

as widely as that of Ninurta, but in the late Babylonian
and early Persian period, syncretism seems to have fused
the two divinities, which were invoked together as if
they were identical. Hymns and votive and other inscripOrdinarily Nergal pairs with his consort Laz. Standard tions of Babylonian and Assyrian rulers frequently invoke
iconography pictured Nergal as a lion, and boundary- him, but we do not learn of many temples to him outstone monuments symbolise him with a mace surmounted side of Cuthah. The Assyrian king Sennacherib speaks
of one at Tarbisu to the north of the Assyrian capital
by the head of a lion.
22
11.5. REFERENCES
of Nineveh, but signicantly, although Nebuchadnezzar
II (606586 BC), the great temple-builder of the neoBabylonian monarchy, alludes to his operations at Meslam in Cuthah, he makes no mention of a sanctuary to
Nergal in Babylon. Local associations with his original
seatKuthaand the conception formed of him as a god
of the dead acted in making him feared rather than actively worshipped.
23
Hades
Mamitu
Mars
Mot
Odin
Pazuzu
11.2 In demonology
Being a deity of the desert, god of re, which is one of
negative aspects of the sun, god of the underworld, and
also being a god of one of the religions which rivaled
Christianity and Judaism, Nergal was sometimes called
a demon and even identied with Satan. According to
Collin de Plancy and Johann Weyer, Nergal was depicted
as the chief of Hell's "secret police", and worked as an
honorary spy in the service of Beelzebub".
11.3 In popular culture

Nergal has occasionally surfaced in contemporary popular culture, including appearances and references in animation, comics, games, literature, and music. For example, a black metal band from Greece is named after Nergal.[7] It is also the stage name of Polish musician Adam Micha Darski of Behemoth (band). In the
anime/manga Martian Successor Nadesico, an organization called Nergal Heavy Industries develops a revolutionary series of space warships to help in the ght against
Earths Jovian enemy. Nergal has also appeared in comics
such as Conan (comics),[8] which was based on an unnished manuscript by Robert E. Howard, who mentioned
Nergal several times in Conan the Barbarian tales as a
Hyborian Age deity of death, sun, and war.[8] Also the
D.C./Vertigo comic Hellblazer in which the name is attributed to a powerful demon who gives his blood to John
Constantine, saving the humans life and creating a link
between the two. In the television show, he is summoned
by Constantine to take a demon out of a girl named Astra, but instead takes them both down to Hell. He is a
recurring character on the cartoon The Grim Adventures
of Billy and Mandy, where he was depicted as a lonely demon who lived in the center of the Earth. Game designer
Bryan Ansell named one of the Warhammer Fantasy Battle chaos gods as Nurgle after Nergal.
In Hellboy, Nergal-Jahad is one of the seven OgdruJahad, seven Lovecraftian monsters.
11.4 See also

Apollo
Set
Tyr
Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions
11.5 References
[1] Clarkes Commentary on the Bible - 2 Kings 17:30
[2] Dictionary of phrase and fable: giving the derivation,
source, or origin of common phrases, allusions, and words
that have a tale to tell - Ebenezer Cobham Brewer - 1900
- p268
[3] Zolyomi, Gabor (2010). Hymns to Ninisina and Nergal
on the Tablets Ash 1911.235 and Ni 9672 in Your Praise
Is Sweet: A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleagues, and Friends. London: British Institute
for the Study of Iraq. pp. 413428.
[4] Munnich, Maciej M. (2013). The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East. Tubingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. pp.
6263.
[5] Encyclopdia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 6 edited
by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert
Gray p.645
[6] Davids Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King
by Baruch Halpern p.334 Reference 1
[7] Trepas. Nergal. Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 6
March 2015.
[8] Truman, Timothy (2008). Conan: The Hand of Nergal.
Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse.

"article name needed ". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th
11.6 External links

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Nergal (god)
ETCSL A hymn to Nergal and A tigi to Nergal":
Unicode and ASCII
24
Ereskigal.net Ereshkigal and Nergal": Assyrian
version and Amarna version
Gateway to Babylon: Nergal and Ereshkigal
CHAPTER 11. NERGAL
Chapter 12
Ninurta
12.1 Cults
For the South African genus of lizard, see Ninurta

coeruleopunctatus.
Ninurta was a Sumerian and the Akkadian god of hunting and war. He was worshipped in Babylonia and
Assyria and in Lagash he was identied with the city god
Ningirsu. In older transliteration the name is rendered
Ninib and Ninip, and in early commentary he was sometimes portrayed as a solar deity.
A number of scholars have suggested that either the god
Ninurta or the Assyrian king bearing his name (TukultiNinurta I) was the inspiration for the Biblical character
Nimrod.[1]
The cult of Ninurta can be traced back to the oldest period

of Sumerian history. In the inscriptions found at Lagash
he appears under his name Ningirsu, the lord of Girsu,
Girsu being the name of a city where he was considered
the patron deity.
Ninurta appears in a double capacity in the epithets bestowed on him, and in the hymns and incantations addressed to him. On the one hand he is a farmer and a
healing god who releases humans from sickness and the
power of demons; on the other he is the god of the South
Wind as the son of Enlil, displacing his mother Ninlil who
was earlier held to be the goddess of the South Wind.
Enlils brother, Enki, was portrayed as Ninurtas mentor
from whom Ninurta was entrusted several powerful Mes,
including the Deluge.
In Nippur, Ninurta was worshiped as part of a triad of

deities including his father, Enlil and his mother, Ninlil.
In variant mythology, his mother is said to be the harvest
goddess Ninhursag. The consort of Ninurta was Ugallu
He remained popular under the Assyrians: two kings of
in Nippur and Bau when he was called Ningirsu.
Assyria bore the name Tukulti-Ninurta. Ashurnasirpal II
Ninurta often appears holding a bow and arrow, a sickle
(883859 BCE) built him a temple in the then capital
sword, or a mace named Sharur: Sharur is capable of
city of Kalhu (the Biblical Calah, now Nimrud). In Asspeech in the Sumerian legend Deeds and Exploits of
syria, Ninurta was worshipped alongside the gods Aur
Ninurta and can take the form of a winged lion and may
and Mulissu.
represent an archetype for the later Shedu.
In the late neo-Babylonian and early Persian period,
In another legend, Ninurta battles a birdlike monster
syncretism seems to have fused Ninurtas character with
called Imdugud (Akkadian: Anz); a Babylonian version
that of Nergal. The two gods were often invoked together,
relates how the monster Anz steals the Tablets of Desand spoken of as if they were one divinity.
tiny from Enlil. The Tablets of Destiny were believed to
In the astral-theological system Ninurta was associated
contain the details of fate and the future.
with the planet Saturn, or perhaps as ospring or an asNinurta slays each of the monsters later known as the
pect of Saturn. In his capacity as a farmer-god, there
Slain Heroes (the Warrior Dragon, the Palm Tree King,
are similarities between Ninurta and the Greek Titan
Lord Saman-ana, the Bison-beast, the Mermaid, the
Kronos, whom the Romans in turn identied with their
Seven-headed Snake, the Six-headed Wild Ram), and deTitan Saturn.
spoils them of valuable items such as Gypsum, Strong
Copper, and the Magilum boat.[2] Eventually, Anz is
killed by Ninurta who delivers the Tablet of Destiny to
his father, Enlil.
12.2 Family Tree
There are many parallels with both and the story of Marduk (son of Enki) who slew Abzu (or Apsu), and delivered the Tablets of Destiny from Kingu to his father,
Enki.
12.3 See also

Tukulti-Ninurta
Nimrod
25
26
CHAPTER 12. NINURTA
12.4 References
[1] Oxford Guide To The Bible p.557. Oxford University
Press 1993. ISBN 978-0-19-534095-2
[2]

"Ninib". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
12.5 External links

Texts
Narratives about Ninurta
ETCSL website: Unicode version and
ETCSL website: ASCII version
Gateways to Babylon: ASCII English
translation from the ETCSL website
Gateways to Babylon: The Myth of Anz
Hymns to Ninurta ETCSL website: Unicode
version and ETCSL website: ASCII version
Commentary
Gateways to Babylon: Ninurta as the god of
wisdom by Amar Annus
Chapter 13
Agasaya
Agasaya, The Shrieker, was a Semitic war goddess who
was merged into Ishtar in her identity as warrior of the
sky.
27
Chapter 14
Asaruludu
In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology Asaruludu is one
of the Anunnaku. His name is also spelled Asarludu,
Asarluhi, and Namshub.
As Namshub (shining), he is considered a protective deity, the shining god that illuminates our path. The
Enuma Elish describes Asaruludu as the light of the
gods. Another version states he is the wielder of the
aming sword and ensures the most perfect safety.
14.1 See also

Kuara
Marduk

Helmut Freydank et al.: Lexikon Alter Orient.
gypten * Indien * China * Vorderasien. VMAVerlag, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-928127-40-3
Brigitte Groneberg: Die Gtter des Zweistromlandes.
Kulte, Mythen, Epen. Artemis & Winkler, Stuttgart
2004, ISBN 3-7608-2306-8.
28
Chapter 15
Ashnan
For the village in Iran, see Ashnan, Iran.
Ashnan was the goddess of grain in Mesopotamia. She
and her brother Lahar, both children of Enlil, were created by the gods to provide the Annunaki with food, but
when the heavenly creatures were found unable to make
use of their products, humankind was created to provide
an outlet for their services.[1]
15.1 See also

Debate between sheep and grain
15.2 References
[1] Samuel Noah Kramer (1964). The Sumerians: their history, culture and character. University of Chicago Press.
pp. 220. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. Retrieved 23 May
2011.
Michael Jordan, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002
29
Chapter 16
Bel (mythology)
Bel (/bel/; from Akkadian blu), signifying lord or ed the tribes, that altogether took the name Armenia (in
master, is a title rather than a genuine name, applied armenian, Hayastan, after Hayk).
to various gods in the Mesopotamian religion of Akkad,
Assyria and Babylonia. The feminine form is Belit 'Lady,
Mistress. Bel is represented in Greek as Belos and in 16.1 See also
Latin as Belus. Linguistically Bel is an East Semitic
form cognate with Northwest Semitic Baal with the same
Baal
meaning.
Bel and the Dragon
Early translators of Akkadian believed that the ideogram
for the god called in Sumerian Enlil was to be read as Bel
in Akkadian. This is now known to be incorrect; but one
nds Bel used in referring to Enlil in older translations
and discussions.[1]
Bel became especially used of the Babylonian god
Marduk and when found in Assyrian and neo-Babylonian
personal names or mentioned in inscriptions in a
Mesopotamian context it can usually be taken as referring to Marduk and no other god. Similarly Belit without some disambiguation mostly refers to Bel Marduks
spouse Sarpanit. However Marduks mother, the Sumerian goddess called Ninhursag, Damkina, Ninmah and
other names in Sumerian, was often known as Belit-ili
'Lady of the Gods in Akkadian.
Belial
Belus (disambiguation)
Belus (Assyrian)
Belus (Babylonian)
Belus (Egyptian)
EN (cuneiform)
Marduk
16.2 References
Of course other gods called Lord could be and sometimes were identied totally or in part with Bel Marduk.
The god Malak-bel of Palmyra is an example, though
in the later period from which most of our information
comes he seems to have become very much a sun god.
Similarly Zeus Belus mentioned by Sanchuniathon as
born to Cronus/El in Peraea is certainly most unlikely to
be Marduk.
[1] James Orr (1915). The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Howard-Severance Company. pp. 349. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
[2] BBC: Palmyras Temple of Bel destroyed, says UN, BBC
(September 1, 2015)
16.3 External links
Bel was believed to be a patriarch from Armenia, somehow related to Hayk (the supreme God for ancient armenians) - the story tells they were brothers, but they
may probably have been cousins. According to the myth,
Hayk and Bel were both patriarchs of their own tribes,
competing for supremacy. Hayk beat Bel, so the latter chose to go south to Babylon, and established himself there, became powerful again and lead his forces
to avenge his previous defeat against Hayk. Somewhere
near Van, the ancient capital of urartian Armenia, a nal battle took place between the siblings. Hayk beat Bel
with an arrow, and thus became the sole leader. He uni30
Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic

Roots: bc l (Dead link. Archived 15 October 2008
at the Wayback Machine.)
Chapter 17
Enbilulu
Enbilulu was the god of rivers and canals in
Mesopotamian mythology. In the creation mythology he was placed in charge of the sacred rivers Tigris
and Euphrates by the god Enki. Also he was the deity
of irrigation and farming. In the Sumerian Enlil and
Ninlil story he is a son of Enlil and Ninlil. In Babylonian
times he becomes the son of Ea and is connected with
Adad.
In the Enuma Elish Enbilulu is said to know the secrets
of water and of the running of rivers below the earth.
Another version calls him The Lord who makes all things
ourish who regulates for the land the grazing and watering places, who opened the wells and thereby apportioned
the waters of abundance.
Various translations of Enuma Elish attribute as many
as three separate aspects of divinity to Enbilulu. They
include the names Epadun (the lord who sprinkles the
eld, who knows the most subtle geometries of the
earth), Enbilulugugal (lord of abundance, opulence and
ample crops", the power that presides over all growth and
all things that grow), and Hegal (who provides rich rains
over the wide earth and provides vegetation for the peoples consumption, often called the master of the arts of
farming and agriculture as well as one who knows the secrets of metals).
17.1 References
Limited, 2002
31
Chapter 18
Mami (goddess)
Mami is a goddess in the Babylonian epic Atra-Hasis and
in other creation legends. She was probably synonymous
with Ninhursag. She was involved in the creation of humankind from clay and blood. [1] As Nintu legends states
she pinched o fourteen pieces of primordial clay which
she formed into womb deities, seven on the left and seven
on the right with a brick between them, who produced the
rst seven pairs of human embryos. She may have become Belet Ili (Mistress of the Gods) when, at Enki's
suggestion, the gods slew one among themselves and used
that gods blood and esh, mixed with clay, to create humankind. Also known as Belet-ili, or Nintu. Alternative
forms of her name include Mama and Mammitum.
18.1 References
[1] Dalley, Stephanie (2009). Myths from Mesopotamia.
England: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN
0199538360.
32
Chapter 19
Mamitu
In Mesopotamian mythology Mamitu was the goatheaded goddess of destiny, who decreed the fate of the
new-borns. She was also worshipped as goddess of the
oath, later a goddess of fate and a judge in the underworld,
where she lives with the Anunnaku. She is occasionally
regarded as a consort of Nergal. In some passages, she
is also known as a demon of irrevocable curses. Mamitu
is supposedly related to the Babylonian god Anu. Other
spellings: Mammitu, Mammetum, Mammetu
19.1 External links

Godchecker.com The Gods Of Mesopotamian
Mythology
33
Chapter 20
Nabu
For other uses, see Nabu (disambiguation).
Nabu (in Biblical Hebrew Nebo )is the Babylonian
god of wisdom and writing, worshipped by Babylonians
as Marduk and Sarpanitum's son and as Ea's grandson.
Nabus consorts were Tashmetum and Nissaba.
20.1 Etymology
20.2.1 Outside Mesopotamia

In the Bible, Nabu is mentioned as Nebo in Isaiah 46:1
and Jeremiah 48:1.[1][2]
As the god of wisdom and writing, Nabu was linked by
the Greeks with Hermes, by the Romans with Mercury,
and by the Egyptians with Thoth.
20.3 Depictions
Nabus name is derived from the Semitic root nb, mean- A statue of Nabu from Calah, erected during the reign of
ing to prophesy.
the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III, is on display in the
British Museum.
20.4 References
20.2 History
Nabu was originally a West Semitic deity from Ebla
whose cult was introduced to Mesopotamia by the
Amorites after 2000 BC. Nabu was assimilated into
Marduks cult, where he became Marduks son with
Sarpanitum, Marduks minister, and co-regent of the
Mesopotamian pantheon.
Nabu resided in his temple of Ezida in Borsippa and
was a prominent deity in Assyria, where several temples were devoted to him. His cult later spread to Egypt
and Anatolia due to Aramaic settlers. Nabu became the
god of wisdom and writing, taking over the role from
the Sumerian goddess Nisaba. Nabu was also the keeper
of the Tablets of Destiny, which recorded the fate of
mankind. His symbols are the clay tablet and stylus.
Nabus consorts were the Akkadian goddess Tashmetum
and the Assyrian Nissaba. He wore a horned cap, and
stood with his hands clasped, in the ancient gesture of
priesthood. He rode on a winged dragon known as Sirrush that originally belonged to his father Marduk. During the Babylonian New Year Festival, the cult statue of
Nabu was transported from Borsippa to Babylon in order
to commune with his father Marduk.
In Babylonian astrology, Nabu was identied with the
planet Mercury.
34
[1] Isaiah 46:1 NIV Gods of Babylon Bel bows down,

Nebo. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
[2] Jeremiah 48:1 NIV - A Message About Moab - Concerning Moab. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
20.4. REFERENCES
Lee Lawrie, Nabu (1939). Library of Congress John Adams

Building, Washington, D.C.
35
Chapter 21
Namtar
For the Tibetan spiritual biographies, see Namtar (biography).
For the village in Nepal, see Namtar, Nepal.
Namtar (or Namtaru, or Namtara; meaning destiny or
fate), was a hellish minor deity in Mesopotamian mythology, god of death, and minister and messenger of An,
Ereshkigal, and Nergal.[1]
Namtar was the son of Enlil and Ereshkigal; he was born
before his father raped the goddess Ninlil. Namtar was
considered responsible for diseases and pests. It was said
that he commanded sixty diseases in the form of demons
that could penetrate dierent parts of the human body;
oerings to him were made to prevent those illnesses. It
is thought that the Assyrians and Babylonians took this
belief from the Sumerians after conquering them. To
some they were the spirit of fate, and therefore of great
importance. Apparently they executed the instructions
given him concerning the fate of men, and could also have
power over certain of the gods. In other writings they
were regarded as the personication of death, much like
the modern concept of the Grim Reaper.[2][3][4]
In the story of Ishtars Descent to the underworld, acting
as Ereshkigal's 'messenger', Namtar curses Ishtar with 60
diseases, naming ve of the head, feet, side, eyes, and
heart, after she arrives in the underworld.[5]
Namtar was regarded as the beloved son of Bl/Enlil, and
was married to the underworld goddess Hubiag.
21.1 References
[1] Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia:
An Illustrated Dictionary By Jeremy A. Black, Anthony
Green, p 134
[2] Mesopotamian religion and Ereshkigal under Encyclopdia Britannica
[3] The Doctrine of Sin in the Babylonian Religion By Julian
Morgenstern, Paul Tice p 18-19.
[4] Myths of Babylonia and Assyria By Donald A. Mackenzie
p.178
36
[5] An Encyclopaedia of Religions by Maurice Arthur Canney p. 258

Limited, 2002
Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower World
Chapter 22
Nanshe
In Sumerian mythology, Nanshe was the daughter of
Enki (god of wisdom, magic and fresh water) and
Ninhursag (earth and mother goddess). Her functions as a
goddess were varied. She was a goddess of social justice,
prophecy, fertility and shing. Like her father, she was
heavily associated with water. She held dominion over
the Persian Gulf and all the animals within. Her seat of
power was the Sirara temple, located in the city of Nina.
22.1.3 The Goddess of Social Justice
22.1 Mythology
On the rst day of the new year, a festival was held at her
temple. People came from all over the land to seek her
wisdom and aid. Visitors were cleansed in the river of
ordeals and then, if worthy, given an audience with the
goddess. Nanshe settled disputes and handled court cases
amongst mortals.
22.1.1
Birth of Nanshe
Nanshes birth is described in the Sumerian myth 'Enki

and Ninhursag.' In the tale, Enki consumes several forbidden plants under the protection of his wife. In retaliation, Ninhursag places a curse on him. Enki soon becomes crippled with ailments, and the gods are left helpless. Enlil, the powerful sky god, manages to ease Ninhursags anger after sending a fox, a sacred animal of Ninhursag, to speak with her. She then returns to Enkis side
and lifts the curse. To heal Enki, Ninhursag gives birth
to several healing gods. Nanshe (referred to as Nazi in
the original myth ) was meant to heal her fathers neck.
At the conclusion of the myth, she is betrothed to the god
Nindara.
22.1.2
The World Order
During the time of Gudea (2144 - 2124 BC), many hymns

to Nanshe appeared showing her in an elevated position in
the pantheon. She was the widely worshiped goddess of
social justice. She nurtured orphans, provided for widows, gave advice to those in debt, and took in refugees
from war torn areas.[1] Several other gods appeared to
be under the command of Nanshe. Hendursag and Haia
were her assistants. Nisaba, sometimes portrayed as Nanshes sister, was her chief scribe.
Holding a higher ranking in the pantheon during this era,

Nanshe sometimes shared the same tasks as Utu, the traditional god of justice. She sat on the holy thrones with
the other prominent gods, and was seen as a goddess of
protection. At one point, Ninurta, the mighty god of war,
turns to her for guidance.
22.1.4 The Goddess of Prophecy

Nanshe had the ability to give oracular messages
and determine the future through dream interpretation
(Oneiromancy). Her priests were also granted these abilities after conducting a ritual that represented death and
resurrection. Despite the ritual, Nanshe is not depicted as
life-death-rebirth deity in any known hymns or myths.
Nanshes father, Enki, was later tasked with organizing 22.1.5 The Guarantor of Boundaries - The
Lady of the Storerooms
the world and assigning every god a function. Nanshe
was assigned dominion over the Persian Gulf, on which
oated her fathers awe inspiring sea shrine. As a sec- In the Nane Hymn she is described as having a role see[2]
ondary function, she was to ensure than shipments of sh ing that weights and measures are correct.
reached the mainland. When heading onto the mainland,
223-231The guarantor of boundaries,
she sailed by barge from the Gulf. She had a strong conthe expert in (?) righteous words, lady, wise
nection with wildlife, especially birds and bats. In one
woman who founded Lagac ... with Jatumdug.
hymn, she converses with ravens and pelicans, among
other species.
... righteous words for (?) Nance. The exalted
37
38
CHAPTER 22. NANSHE

lady whose commands are ... the lady who like
Enlil determines fates, who is seated on the
throne of Sirara -- she, the pure one, looks at
her powers.
232-240 At the house which has been
granted powers from the abzu, in Sirara, the
gods of Lagac gather around her. To weigh
silver with standard weights, to standardise the size of reed baskets, they establish
an agreed ban measure throughout the countries. The shepherd, the expert of the Land, the
wise one (?) of the countries, Ictaran, who decides lawsuits justly, who lives in the Land ...
Ninjiczida ... 2 lines unclear
241-250To weigh silver with standard
weights, to standardise the size of reed baskets,
they establish an agreed ban measure throughout the countries. ... of (?) all the great rites.
1 line unclear
After ... in (?) the established storerooms,
the lady of the storerooms ... her lofty ... with
(?) vessels with ever-owing water and with (?)
... of (?) reed containers which never become
empty, she ordered her herald, lord Hendursaja
to make them protable (?).
containing the treasures of the Land cover the

ground like the silt of the river. She is the lady
of ... 2 lines unclear
22.2 Symbols
Nanshe has two major symbols, both of which are also
seen in Christian folklore. The sh represents her original role as a water and shing goddess. The pelican, said
in folklore to rip open its own chest to feed its young,
represents her role as a protector and caregiver.
22.3 References
[1] Heimple, W. The Nanse Hymn Journal of Cuneiform
Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 65-139
[2] Black,Jeremy; Anthony Green, Tessa Rickards Gods,
demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia University of Texas Press (Aug 1992) ISBN 978-0-292-70794-8
p.135

22.1.6
Other functions
The Nane Hymn attributes to Nanshe, in her role as a

protective goddess, special concern for vulnerable members of society:
20-31 She is concerned for the orphan and
concerned for the widow. She does not forget
the man who helps (?) others, she is a mother
for the orphan; Nance, a carer for the widow,
who always nds advice for the debt-slave; the
lady who gives protection for refugees. She
seeks out a place for the weak. She swells his
collecting basket for him; she makes his collecting vessel protable for him. For the righteous maiden who has taken her path, Nance
chooses a young man of means. Nance raises
a secure house like a roof over the widow who
could not remarry.
She is also -- perhaps due to her role as Lady of the Storeroom and its associated aspects of fertility and bounty -associated with beer mash, yeast, and honey:
10-19 She is beer mash (?), the mother is
yeast (?), Nance is the cause of great things:
her presence makes the storehouses of the land
bulge (1 ms. has instead: prosper) and makes
the honey ... like resin in the storerooms. Because of her, there stand vessels with everowing water; because of Nance, the baskets
Nanshe, at TheMystica.com. Retrieved July 22,

2006.
A Hymn to Nanshe. Oxford University, ETCSL.
July 9, 2001.
A shir-namshub to Ninurta. Oxford University,
ETCSL. 1999.
Veldhuis, Nieke (2004). Religion, Literature, and
Scholarship: The Sumerian Composition Nane and
the Birds, with a Catalogue of Sumerian bird names.
Cuneiform Monographs 22. Leiden: Brill. New
edition and translation, with full commentary.
Chapter 23
Nidaba
Nidaba (D NDABA
NIDABA
),
also and keeps temple records.
Nanibgal ( NANIBGAL
,
D
NNIBGAL
) or Nisaba, was the Sumerian[1]
goddess of writing, learning, and the harvest.[2] Her
sanctuaries were E-zagin at Eresh and at Umma.
23.1 Mythology
23.1.1
Place in the Pantheon
23.1.2
Genealogy
23.1.3
Functions
As the goddess of writing and teaching, she was often

praised by Sumerian scribes. Many clay-tablets end with
the phrase
, (DINGIR.NAGA.ZAG.SAL; D nisaba
za3 -mi2 ), Nisaba be praised to honor the goddess. She
is considered the teacher of both mortal scribes and other
divine deities. In the Babylonian period, she was replaced
by the god Nabu, who took over her functions. In some
instances, Nisaba was his instructor or wife before he replaced her.
As the goddess of knowledge, she is related to many other

facets of intellectual study and other gods may turn to her
As with many Sumerian deities, Nisabas exact place in for advice or aid. Some of these traits are shared with her
the pantheon and her heritage appears somewhat am- sister Ninsina. She is also associated with grain, reecting
biguous. She is the daughter of An and Urash. From her association with an earth goddess mother.
Sumerian texts, the language used to describe Urash is
very similar to the language used to describe Ninhursag.
Therefore, the two goddess may be one and the same.
Nisaba is the sister of Ninsun, the mother of Gilgamesh.
If Urash and Ninhursag are the same goddess, then Nis- 23.2 Depictions
aba is also the half sister of Nanshe and (in some versions)
Ninurta.
On a depiction found in Lagash, she appears with owing
In some other tales, she is considered the mother of Ninlil, hair, crowned with horned tiara bearing supporting ears
and by extension, the mother-in-law of Enlil.
of grain and a crescent moon. Her dense hair is evoked in
comparison in the description of similarly hairy Enkidu
in the Gilgamesh epic.
The god of wisdom, Enki, organized the world after creation and gave each deity a role in the world order. Nisaba
was named the scribe of the gods, and Enki then built her
a school of learning so that she could better serve those in
need. She keeps records, chronicles events, and performs
various other bookwork-related duties for the gods. She
is also in charge of marking regional borders.
She is the chief scribe of Nanshe. On the rst day of the
new year, she and Nanshe work together to settle disputes
between mortals and give aid to those in need. Nisaba
keeps a record of the visitors seeking aid and then arranges them into a line to stand before Nanshe, who will
then judge them. Nisaba is also seen as a caretaker for
Ninhursags temple at Kesh, where she gives commands
23.3 Cuneiform NAGA

Unicode 5.0 encodes the NAGA sign at U+12240
(Borger 2003 nr. 293). AN.NAGA is read as NANIBGAL, and AN.E.NAGA as NNIBGAL. NAGA is
read as NDABA or NSABA, and E.NAGA as NIDABA or NISABA.
The inverted (turned upside down) variant is at U+12241
(TEME), and the combination of these, that is
the calligraphic arrangement NAGA-(inverted NAGA),
read as DALAMUN7 whirlwind, at U+12243 .
DALAMUN5 is the arrangement AN.NAGA-(inverted
AN.NAGA), and DALAMUN4 is the arrangement of
four instances of AN.NAGA in the shape of a cross.
39
40
CHAPTER 23. NIDABA

Enlil and Sud
A Hymn to Nisaba
VAM Nisaba Lagasch
23.4 See also

Thoth is associated with writing in Egyptian mythology.
Sarasvati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge, is also
associated with writing.
Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom.

Uhlig, Helmut: Die Sumerer. Ein Volk am Anfang
der Geschichte. (1992, 2002). Bastei Lbbe, ISBN
3-404-64117-5.
23.6 References
[1] Sumerian Goddesses. Goddess-guide.com. 2015-0329. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
[2] nidaba | Journeying to the Goddess. Journeyingtothegoddess.wordpress.com. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 201507-10.
23.7 External links

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Nidaba (goddess)
Chapter 24
Ningal
Ningal (Great Lady/Queen) was a goddess of reeds
in the Sumerian mythology, daughter of Enki and
Ningikurga and the consort of the moon god Nanna by
whom she bore Utu the sun god, Inanna, and in some
texts, Ishkur. She is chiey recognised at Ur, and was
probably rst worshipped by cow-herders in the marsh
lands of southern Mesopotamia.
The following Akkadian cuneiform signs were used in the
spelling of the name:
Divine name determinative
Cuneiform NIN sign (lady)
Cuneiform GAL sign (great))
24.1 References
Jordan, Michael (2002). Encyclopedia of Gods.
Kyle Cathie.
41
Chapter 25
Ninkasi
Ninkasi is the ancient Sumerian tutelary goddess of beer.
Her father was the King of Uruk, and her mother was the
high priestess of the temple of Ishtar, or the goddess of
procreation.[1] She is also one of the eight children created in order to heal one of the eight wounds that Enki
receives. Furthermore, she is the goddess of alcohol. She
was also borne of sparkling fresh water. She is the goddess made to satisfy the desire and sate the heart. She
would prepare the beverage daily.
25.2 Modern Uses

Ninkasi Brewing Company in Eugene, Oregon takes its
name from the goddess Ninkasi.
Ninkasi Fabrique de Bire in Lyon, France is named for
the goddess Ninkasi.
The Ninkasi Fan Club is a brewing society in Nelson,
British Columbia.
25.3 See also

Gambrinus
25.1 Hymn to Ninkasi
4947 Ninkasi
The Sumerian written language and the associated clay

tablets are among the earliest human writings. Scholarly works from the early 1800s onward have developed some facility translating the various Sumerian documents. Among these is a poem with the English title, A hymn to Ninkasi. The poem is, in eect, a
recipe for brewing beer, which was also known as kash.
It can be argued that the art of brewing is broken down
and explained in order to be passed down from generation to generation. Furthermore, the Hymn to Ninkasi is
the oldest record of a direct correlation between the importance of brewing, and the responsibility that women
had with regards to supplying both bread and beer to
the household. Ninkasi is female, and the fact that a
female deity was invoked in prayer with regards to the
production of brewed beverages illustrated the relationship between brewing and women as a domestic right
and responsibility.[2] The repetitive nature suggests that
it was used as a tool in order to pass down information
as a way of learning. The poem from Circa 1800 BC explains that grain was converted into bappir[3] bread before
fermentation, and grapes as well as honey were added to
the mix. The resulting gruel was drunk unltered, hence
the need for straws.[4] A translation from the University
of Oxford describes combining bread, a source for yeast,
with malted and soaked grains and keeping the liquid in a
fermentation vessel until nally ltering it into a collecting vessel.[5]
Ninkasi Award
History of beer
25.4 References
[1] Gately, Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol.
New York: Penguin Group Inc. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-59240464-3.
[2] Gately, Iain. Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. (New
York, Penguin Group USA). 2009, p. 5.
[3] Gately, Iain (May 2009). Drink: A Cultural History of
Alcohol. New York: Gotham Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1592-40464-3.
[4] Gately, Iain (2009). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol.
New York: Gotham Books. p. 5. ISBN 1592404642.
Check date values in: |access-date= (help);
[5] ETCSLtranslation : t.4.23.1. University of Oxford. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
25.5 External links
42
The Hymn to Ninkasi

A Hymn to Ninkasi : Translation - From the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Ninkasi, The Sumerian Goddess of Brewing and
Beer - Beeradvocate.com
43
Chapter 26
Ninlil
D
In Sumerian religion, Ninlil (
NIN.LL"lady of
the open eld or Lady of the Wind), also called Sud, in
Assyrian called Mulliltu, is the consort goddess of Enlil.
Her parentage is variously described. Most commonly
she is called the daughter of Haia (god of stores) and
Nunbarsegunu (or Ninshebargunnu [a goddess of barley]
or Nisaba). Another Akkadian source says she is the
daughter of Anu (aka An) and Antu (Sumerian Ki). Other
sources call her a daughter of Anu and Nammu.
She lived in Dilmun with her family. Impregnated by her

husband Enlil, who lie with her by the water, she conceived a boy, Nanna/Suen, the future moon god. As punishment Enlil was dispatched to the underworld kingdom
of Ereshkigal, where Ninlil joined him. Enlil impregnated her disguised as the gatekeeper, where upon she
gave birth to their son Nergal, god of death. In a similar
manner she conceived the underworld god Ninazu when
Enlil impregnated her disguised as the man of the river of
the nether world, a man-devouring river. Later Enlil disguised himself as the man of the boat, impregnating her
with a fourth deity Enbilulu, god of rivers and canals. All
of these act as substitutes for Nanna/Suen to ascend.[1] In
some texts Ninlil is also the mother of Ninurta, the heroic
god who slew Asag the demon with his mace, Sharur.
After her death, she became the goddess of the wind, like
Enlil. She may be the Goddess of the South Wind referred to in the story of Adapa, as her husband Enlil was
associated with northerly winter storms. As Lady Wind
she may be associated with the gure of the Akkadian
demon Lil-itu, thought to have been the origin of the
Hebrew Lilith legend.
who spreads her knees. (...) Proud woman, surpassing

the mountains! You who always full your desiresfrom
now on, Sud, Enlil is the king and Ninlil is the queen. The
goddess without name has a famous name now, [2]
26.2 Family Tree

26.3 Notes
[1] Enlil and Ninlil: translation. Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford.
[2] The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature.
Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford.
26.4 References
Limited, 2002.
26.5 External links
26.1 When Sud gets the name of

Ninlil, wife of Enlil
In the sleeping quarters, in the owered bed fragrant like
a cedar forest, Enlil made love to his wife and took great
pleasure in it. He sat her on his dais appropriate to the
status of Enlil, and made the people pray to her. The lord
whose statements are powerful also determined a fate for
the Lady (Aruru), the woman of his favour; he gave her
the name Nintur, the 'Lady who gives birth', the 'Lady
44
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ninlil

(Mulliltu, Mullissu, Mylitta) (goddess)
Assyro-Babylonian Mythology FAQ
Chapter 27
Ninsun
In Sumerian mythology, Ninsun or Ninsuna (lady wild
cow) is a goddess, best known as the mother of the legendary hero Gilgamesh, and as the tutelary goddess of
Gudea of Lagash. Her parents are the deities Anu and
Uras.
27.4 See also

Auumbla
Kamadhenu, cow from Hindu mythology
Amalthea, goat who raised Zeus, who suckled on her
breast milk
Hathor, Egyptian cow goddess
27.1 Myths
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Ninsun is depicted as a human queen who lives in Uruk with her son as king. Since
the father of Gilgamesh was former king Lugalbanda, it
stands to reason that Ninsun procreated with Lugalbanda
to give birth.
Also in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Ninsun is summoned by
Gilgamesh and Enkidu to help pray to the god Utu to help
the two on their journey to the Country of the Living to
battle Humbaba.
27.5 References
Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002
John A. Halloran, Sumerian Lexicon, 2003
27.6 External links

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ninsumun (Ninsun) (goddess)
27.2 Names
Ninsun is called Rimat-Ninsun, the August cow, the
Wild Cow of the Enclosure, and The Great Queen.
In the Tello relief (the ancient Lagash, 2150 BC) her
name is written with the cuneiform glyphs as: DINGIR.NIN.GUL where the glyph for GUL is the same for
SUN2. The meaning of SUN2 is attested as cow.
27.3 Notes
Ninsun was called Gula in Sumerian Mythology until the
name was later changed to Ninisina. Gula in the latter
became a Babylonian goddess.
Ninsun was originally named Nininsina, according to
Pabilsag's journey to Nibru. According to the ancient
Babylonian text, Nininsina wedded Pabilsag near a riverbank. By Pabilsag she bore Damu.
45
Chapter 28
Nusku
Nusku was the name of the light and re-god in
Babylonia and Assyria, indistinguishable from Girru formerly Gibil.
Nusku is the symbol of the heavenly as well as of the terrestrial re. As the former he is the son of Anu, the god of
heaven, but he is likewise associated with Enlil of Nippur
as the god of the earth and regarded as his rst-born son.
A centre of his cult in Assyria was in Harran, where, because of the predominance of the moon-cult, he is viewed
as the son of the moongod Sin, though Nusku was with
Enlil when Sin wasn't born yet, and Enlil hadn't married
Ninlil - Sins mother. Nusku is by the side of Ea, the
god of water, the great purier. It is he, therefore, who
is called upon to cleanse the sick and suering from disease, which, induced by the demons, was looked upon as
a species of impurity aecting the body.
28.1 References
in the public domain: Morris Jastrow, Jr. (1911).
"Nusku". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
28.2 External links
The re-god is also viewed as the patron of the arts and

the god of civilization in general, because of the natural association of all human progress with the discovery
and use of re. As among other nations, the re-god was
in the third instance looked upon as the protector of the
family. He becomes the mediator between humanity and
the gods, since it is through the re on the altar that the
oering is brought into the presence of the gods.
While temples and sanctuaries to Nusku-Girru are found
in Babylonia and Assyria, he is worshipped more in symbolical form than the other gods.
For the very reason that his presence is common and universal he is not localized to the same extent as his fellowdeities, and, while always enumerated in a list of the great
gods, his place in the systematized pantheon is more or
less vague. The conceptions connected with Nusku are of
distinctly popular origin, as is shown by his prominence in
incantations, which represent the popular element in the
cult, and it is signicant that in the astro-theological system of the Assyrian and Babylonian priests Nusku-Girru
is not assigned to any particular place in the heavens.
Nuksu is revered in the name of Mutakkil-Nusku (he
whom Nusku endows with condence,) a 12th century
BC king of Assyria.
46

Nuska/Nusku (god)
Chapter 29
Sarpanit
In Babylonian mythology, Sarpanit (alternately Sarpanitu, Zarpanit, Zarpandit, Zerpanitum, Zerbanitu, or
Zirbanit) is a mother goddess and the consort of the chief
god, Marduk. Her name means the shining one, and she
is sometimes associated with the planet Venus. By a play
on words her name was interpreted as zr-bntu, or creatress of seed, and is thereby associated with the goddess Aruru, who, according to Babylonian myth, created
mankind.[1]
Her marriage with Marduk was celebrated annually at
New Year in Babylon. She was worshipped via the rising moon, and was often depicted as being pregnant. She
is also known as Erua. She may be the same as Gamsu,
Ishtar, and/or Beltis.
29.1 See also

Babylonian religion
29.2 References
p. 67.
47
Chapter 30
Uttu
Uttu in Sumerian mythology is the goddess of weaving
and clothing. She is both the child of Enki and Ninkur,
and she bears seven new child/trees from Enki, the eighth
being the Ti (Tree of Life, associated with the Rib).
When Enki then ate Uttus children, Ninhursag cursed
him with eight wounds and disappears. Uttu in Sumerian
means the woven and she was illustrated as a spider in
a web. She is a goddess in the pantheon.
She is sometimes mistaken for Sumerian Utu, the male
solar deity.
30.1 Uttu in modern literature

Author Anita Diamant tells the story of Uttu, the daughter
of Nanna, god of the moon, and of Ninhursag, the mother
of the plains, through Bilhah, the daughter of Laban, in
her book The Red Tent.
30.2 Family Tree

30.3 References
Diamant, A. (1997). The red tent (pp. 7980). New
York: St. Martins Press.
48
30.4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
49
30.4 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

30.4.1
Text
Anunnaki Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki?oldid=720681585 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig, SimonP, Tregoweth, Mulad, Dysprosia, Wetman, Hajor, Sam Spade, Mirv, Rursus, JesseW, Gtrmp, Curps, Mike Rosoft, DanielCD, Leibniz, Pjacobi, Bender235,
Sourcecode, Wayfarer, HasharBot~enwiki, DreamGuy, Brodo~enwiki, Cmprince, GregorB, IronyWrit, Palica, Cuchullain, Xanthippe, Island, TitaniumDreads, E. Underwood, Feydey, The wub, FlaBot, John Alan Halloran, Nihiltres, Elmer Clark, Str1977, Mordicai, Bgwhite,
YurikBot, RussBot, RadioFan2 (usurped), Hydrargyrum, Knyght27, Anomo, Asarelah, Darc, Arouck, Closedmouth, MrMurph101, Mmcannis, Serendipodous, Eskimbot, Gilliam, RatherfordSkills, Bluebot, John Hyams, Vanished User 0001, Thisisbossi, Castanea dentata,
Metta Bubble, Jwy, John D. Croft, Jaxler, Bejnar, G-Bot~enwiki, Rklawton, Jjpcondor, Axem Titanium, Titus III, Alf Lang, Hotspur23,
Nolte, Oublier, NJMauthor, E-Kartoel, Iridescent, Scooter20, JForget, MrPeabody, Cydebot, Ntsimp, RenamedUser2, Gogo Dodo, Doug
Weller, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Btball, TonyTheTiger, Muaddeeb, Chimaeridae, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, WANAX,
Royhandy, Leolaursen, MegX, Dekimasu, Knv, Feeeshboy, Theroadislong, Cgingold, Julianus the Apostate, David Eppstein, Tophe67,
Teknomegisto, Philg88, Laura1822, FisherQueen, Bissinger, R'n'B, Cyborg Ninja, Ian.thomson, Chaosicarecords, MathiasCain, Nonphixion, Belovedfreak, Karao702, Squids and Chips, Idioma-bot, Xenrev7, VolkovBot, Michaelpremsrirat, arukinu, Evil-mer0dach, Spurius
Furius Fusus, Trapecia d'Cabiria, Don4of4, Room429, Dayglowdynamo, Tyroneslothrap, Harryhoijer, Hollyferz, Rob.bastholm, Ganna24,
AsphyXy, Crash Underride, RadicalOne, Unlikeyourhero, Wilson44691, Sunrise, Lindum, ClueBot, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Rick S33555,
Catsh Jim and the soapdish, Vanisheduser12345, Creatatron, Ernobe, Kaiba, Fontevrault, Apparition11, Sumerophile, Finchsnows, Aunt
Entropy, Jmikejones, Addbot, Jncraton, CanadianLinuxUser, Favonian, Beren, Zeugma fr, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Senator Palpatine, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, Alloverme, Materialscientist, Xqbot, Novoneiro, Omnipaedista, Andrs de Rosario, Asfarer, Goldenage3636,
FrescoBot, Tiramisoo, Dogaru Florin, I dream of horses, Schmeater, XRDoDRX, RedBot, Serols, Fama Clamosa, Clarkcj12, EmausBot,
Punisher-HellHound, Zachp1979, Jaimeay, ZroBot, Westley Turner, Donner60, Weirdvideos, Terraorin, Est.r, ClueBot NG, Curttoon,
KarenChimera, J.agathokles, Kimberleysouix, Ryan Vesey, Mileshammond 93, Helpful Pixie Bot, RyoGTO, Thevampireashlee, George
Ponderevo, Randomchaos45344, Jake2572, Jrwoods777, Queen of Awesome, Iddriscoll, Stairway25, Mustafaaaar, AnuAtlantian, Isarra
(HG), Mr Krinkle23, Carlgus3, Acf124, Nisabascribe, Epicgenius, Vondenburg, James B. Blair, Worldeateer, Jakestuck84, RyanHeernan55, Eulipian, Right The Wrongs, ArisMethymna, Anunaki truth, Azealia911, Timothythe2nd, Wicked world man, White Anunnaki,
Zelruh, I dont know crap i only type bs, Gorko98, Kitty badness, Syro90 and Anonymous: 220
Adad Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad?oldid=720010815 Contributors: Timo Honkasalo, Stevertigo, Paddu, Angela, Jallan,
Maximus Rex, Hyacinth, SirJective, Wetman, Carlossuarez46, RedWolf, Romanm, Gtrmp, Klemen Kocjancic, Dbachmann, Ogress,
T1980, Drbreznjev, JarlaxleArtemis, Briangotts, Tydaj, FreplySpang, FlaBot, Quuxplusone, 2ct7, Chobot, YurikBot, RussBot, Bota47,
Jogers, Anclation~enwiki, Attilios, Hmains, Castanea dentata, Minor edit~enwiki, Laurent paris, Filelakeshoe, Charles Ulysses Farley,
VPliousnine, N5iln, WANAX, 100110100, SiobhanHansa, T@nn, JaGa, R'n'B, STBotD, Serph, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, TallNapoleon,
Jmrowland, ViralStorm, Techman224, Ken123BOT, Niceguyedc, Sumerophile, Addbot, Lindert, , Legobot, Luckas-bot, THEN WHO
WAS PHONE?, AnomieBOT, LlywelynII, Xqbot, Jloco96j, Izzedine, Mezod, Enki H., Leondumontfollower, Crocodile7777, EmausBot,
Laszlovszky Andrs, Sinharib99, Mychele Trempetich, ZroBot, PBS-AWB, F, Migel Sances Huares, ClueBot NG, City of Tragedy,
ChrisGualtieri, DavidLeighEllis, Attar-Aram syria, Ponyfan58425, Gonzales John, KasparBot and Anonymous: 30
Dumuzid the Shepherd Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd?oldid=713483631 Contributors: JerryFriedman,
Andycjp, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, Ricky81682, Adam Dray, FeanorStar7, BD2412, Str1977, Codex Sinaiticus, RussBot, SmackBot, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, The Man in Question, Twas Now, Anonymous44, Dmitri Lytov, Crispus, Waacstats, KConWiki, CommonsDelinker, Pomte, Idioma-bot, Ottershrew, TXiKiBoT, Til Eulenspiegel, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, John J. Bulten, SchreiberBike, Sumerophile,
Addbot, USchick, LaaknorBot, Atisketatasket, Alwaysingoodfaith, Yobot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, LucienBOT, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Arielrom, Frietjes, Zxcvbnm98765, BG19bot, PhnomPencil, Fedil, Nerdsy, Idzubamithra, KasparBot and Anonymous: 9
Tammuz (deity) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz_(deity)?oldid=701501756 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Andre Engels,
Danny, PierreAbbat, SimonP, JohnOwens, Gdarin, IZAK, Sannse, Paul A, TUF-KAT, Error, Andres, Efghij, Jallan, Wetman, Goethean,
Gilgamesh~enwiki, Bobblewik, Jonathan Grynspan, Pyrop, Hilly, YUL89YYZ, Dbachmann, Aranel, Kwamikagami, Summer Song,
Susvolans, Art LaPella, Viriditas, Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, SmIsle, Ogress, Jason One, Kuratowskis Ghost, Improv, Jnothman, Saggiga,
Kingsleyj, Marudubshinki, Ccartw3, FlaBot, Str1977, Wastingmytime, 334a, YurikBot, Alma Pater, RussBot, LeonardoRob0t, Anclation~enwiki, SmackBot, David Kernow, KocjoBot~enwiki, Bradtcordeiro, Ppntori, JAn Dudk, Tsca.bot, HoodedMan, Castanea dentata,
BostonMA, John D. Croft, Senthilkumaras, Ugur Basak Bot~enwiki, Axem Titanium, Richard L. Peterson, Stoa, Ryulong, Joey-Merl, JoeBot, BBuchbinder, Atomobot, Jamoche, ShelfSkewed, Neelix, Caracas1830, Laius, Thijs!bot, DL77, Picus viridis, VaneWimsey, Alphius,
Tiamut, Zunkir, WinBot, Italus, T@nn, KConWiki, David Eppstein, JaGa, Gwern, MaEr, Lilac Soul, Thetruth86, Dakirw8, Jcwf, Alimo,
Dieterstein, Dkreisst, Idioma-bot, Kitzur, Epson291, Evil-mer0dach, Cihangir21, Nihil novi, Til Eulenspiegel, Gidiav, Archaeogenetics,
Fratrep, Niceguyedc, SamuelTheGhost, Jimbelton, Sumerophile, Lstanley1979, MystBot, Addbot, Laurinavicius, LaaknorBot, Blaylockjam10, Lightbot, JEN9841, Legobot, Yobot, Che!, AnomieBOT, Mahmudmasri, Xqbot, Erud, J04n, Hope&Act3!, Adlerbot, Jonesey95,
RedBot, MastiBot, Roulleau, Ripchip Bot, EmausBot, Western Pines, Fg63~enwiki, Hawa-Ave, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Diabolos the
Devilboy, Jonney2000, Faizan, Ponyfan58425, Helloworldhellosky, KasparBot and Anonymous: 96
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jaskldjslak904, Mmcannis, SmackBot, Tyciol, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Twas Now, Goldenrowley, T@nn, TXiKiBoT, Dimagene, Sumerophile, MystBot, Addbot, AnomieBOT, Erik9bot, BCtl, Gfoley4, Rcsprinter123, Violetareblue, Isahayes, GravRidr, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 6
Ereshkigal Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereshkigal?oldid=703476259 Contributors: DopeshJustin, Eroseneld, The Warlock,
Owen, Sj, ChrisMilton, Dyanne Nova, Freakofnurture, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, Mani1, BjarteSorensen, Aranel, Nicke
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Arria Belli, SmackBot, Tsca.bot, Glengordon01, Castanea dentata, John D. Croft, Axem Titanium, Vanisaac, Cydebot, Anonymous44, Mojo
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Una Smith, Rumiton, FinnWiki, SieBot, Ganna24, Moldred, Maymay, Ploversegg, Addbot, Neurovelho, Luckas-bot, Hinio, AnomieBOT,
ArthurBot, Xqbot, Jade Harley, Lotuseld2, Humbaba the Terrible, ZroBot, MaryContrary, ClueBot NG, Dream of Nyx, Widr, Ayame17,
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Kingu Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingu?oldid=694803323 Contributors: Jake Nelson, Rursus, Kaz, Spearhead, Alex '05, Alai,
Tydaj, Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, AI, YurikBot, RussBot, GeeJo, Apokryltaros, BOT-Superzerocool, Mmcannis, SmackBot, KocjoBot~enwiki,
50
CHAPTER 30. UTTU
Castanea dentata, Ugur Basak Bot~enwiki, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Axem Titanium, Naphureya, Gobonobo, NJMauthor, Dalen talas,
Flying Saucer, Cydebot, Tkynerd, Goldenrowley, MegX, T@nn, Keithg, Philg88, Ms408, Idioma-bot, Wingedsubmariner, BotMultichill,
Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Deathmunkee, 1ForTheMoney, DumZiBoT, Sumerophile, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Diablokrom, Numbo3-bot,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Pyro Stick, Xqbot, Vanoi71, Almabot, Erik9bot, ClueBot NG, Fillthemill, Sweetab, Ponyfan58425, Johnsoniensis and
Anonymous: 45
Ngeshtin-ana Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeshtin-ana?oldid=659675933 Contributors: SamEV, RussBot, Axem Titanium, Mr
pand, Wiae, Ganna24, Flutterman, Sumerophile, Addbot, Download, Xqbot, RibotBOT, FrescoBot, ChuispastonBot, Ponyfan58425 and
Anonymous: 3
Lahar (god) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar_(god)?oldid=681008732 Contributors: SamEV, RussBot, BOT-Superzerocool,
RenamedUser jaskldjslak904, SmackBot, Steve Burnett, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Goldenrowley, Kaobear, T@nn, The daily
Bean, El bot de la dieta, Sumerophile, RP459, Addbot, Vini 17bot5, GregKaye, TjBot, GoingBatty, Paul Bedson, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 6
Marduk Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk?oldid=712894782 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Hephaestos, Leandrod, Stevertigo, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Looxix~enwiki, Ellywa, TUF-KAT, Glenn, Smack, Jallan, Wik, Jake Nelson, SVoid, Mirv, Babbage,
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PiCo, ElectricRay, Bravo-Alpha, Bomac, KocjoBot~enwiki, Hmains, Bluebot, Mrwuggs, Mr.bonus, Ignirtoq, Castanea dentata, TheLateDentarthurdent, John D. Croft, Axem Titanium, Rodsan18, Onlim, RandomCritic, NJMauthor, Zmmz, IvanLanin, Igoldste, Lenoxus, Jztinnity, Cydebot, Doug Weller, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Vanjagenije, Luluamelu, JAnDbot, Xact, Kwame Nkrumah, T@nn, Djaser, Father Goose, LanJack, Nyttend, Bissinger, Zeete, J.delanoy, AstroHurricane001, Ian.thomson, Zerokitsune, VolkovBot, Goldfritter, Lizzzs,
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The Thing That Should Not Be, EoGuy, Dimitrakopulos, Wkboonec, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, The Diagonal Prince, WikHead,
Mifter, MystBot, Addbot, Fieldday-sunday, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Nallimbot, AnomieBOT, Eshrcpl, Xqbot, GrouchoBot,
Omnipaedista, Moxy, , Dogposter, MBelzer, Craig Pemberton, Joshommon, MastiBot, Fixer88, Jeppiz, Lotje, 2009,
Zhen42, Anikonov, RjwilmsiBot, NerdyScienceDude, EmausBot, Goldenbrook, John of Reading, , Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Camocon, ZroBot, SporkBot, Lokpest, L Kensington, Sven Manguard, ClueBot NG, Prettylittleliya, Thempb, Dream of Nyx, Widr, BigEars42,
Mark Arsten, Jjtimbrell, Sideshow8, ChrisGualtieri, YFdyh-bot, Hmainsbot1, Makecat-bot, Arthurconom, Ashiq Shawon, Rupert loup,
Siricruz, Sam Sailor, Syracusefan4, Smartblonde2003, Deathbygrogg, Trackteur, Ponyfan58425, Deibwan, WyattAlex, Shumulibshi, JonaPro123, Prinsgezinde, Edw4rlock and Anonymous: 203
Nergal Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal?oldid=717978223 Contributors: Andre Engels, Danny, SimonP, John K, Jallan,
Pedant17, Robbot, MingMecca, Daibhid C, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Eequor, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Pak21, SamEV, Bender235, Nabla, Summer Song, Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, Redit, Sam Korn, Anthony Appleyard, Daniel Newby, BD2412, FlaBot, Terawatt,
Whateley23, Ben Babcock, YurikBot, NTBot~enwiki, RussBot, ILFoxtrot, Bota47, Jkelly, Open2universe, Nikkimaria, Smurrayinchester,
SmackBot, Ashill, Jab843, Bluebot, Ciacchi, Jprg1966, Robbstrd, OrphanBot, Castanea dentata, Artemisboy, Khoikhoi, T-borg, John D.
Croft, Astroview120mm, Sigma 7, Nareek, Axem Titanium, RandomCritic, JHunterJ, NJMauthor, Novangelis, ShaleZero, David Legrand,
CRGreathouse, Ipaat, ShelfSkewed, Geniustwin, Beckydornon, Arcayne, Cameronmurtagh, Thijs!bot, Barticus88, GentlemanGhost, Scottandrewhutchins, AntiVandalBot, Obiwankenobi, Ybgursey, Legionaireb, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, Mad Lothairian, Cynwolfe, Trapezoidal,
.anacondabot, Magioladitis, Mrund, T@nn, Twsx, JaGa, Elsbeth0, Loser123, Ultraviolet scissor ame, R'n'B, Wiki Raja, BigrTex, Jamesaxler, Achnash, Zerokitsune, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, ElinorD, Aymatth2, FinnWiki, Vitor pk, Jyrki tw, Mungo Kitsch, Ganna24,
Til Eulenspiegel, OKBot, Malus X, Infernal Inferno, ClueBot, DonCorleone72, Estirabot, King Isaac 3, Callinus, DumZiBoT, MystBot,
Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Adeliine, Xophorus, ZooTycoon2, Xqbot, I Feel Tired, Novoneiro, Bihco, J04n, Lexy-lou,
FrescoBot, Worky worky, MastiBot, Tahir mq, Kibi78704, BCtl, Adasth, Assyrio, John of Reading, Mychele Trempetich, EddieDrood,
Johnoakgrove, Podleian, Vanished 1850, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, DrPhen, Guy.shrimpton, Robbiesergent, Fwursuline, All Worlds,
Evkh, Dlrich1420, Dutch30001, Robevans123, Ponyfan58425, Knowledgebattle, KasparBot, Equinox and Anonymous: 133
Ninurta Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta?oldid=713825367 Contributors: Kpjas, The Warlock, Jallan, Maximus Rex, Rursus, Neilc, Eep, EliasAlucard, Dbachmann, SamEV, RJHall, Summer Song, QVanillaQ, Chris Weimer, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, E. Underwood,
FlaBot, Str1977, YurikBot, NTBot~enwiki, RussBot, EjidoMike, Bota47, Nick123, Open2universe, SmackBot, Melkart es, Colonies Chris,
OrphanBot, Castanea dentata, Japeo, John D. Croft, Hoof Hearted, Jim'll Fix It, Axem Titanium, RandomCritic, NJMauthor, Novangelis,
Ositairoku, Californicus, Nintirtu, T@nn, Sendra, R'n'B, arukinu, Jalo, ToePeu.bot, Mywood, CarlosPn, Jons63, Niceguyedc, Versus22,
Jadakissholden, Sumerophile, Tar-ba-gan, Addbot, Captain-tucker, Longbowman, OlEnglish, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Aditya, GrouchoBot,
FrescoBot, Vishnu2011, A8UDI, Bri, GoingBatty, Montmi, Petrb, ClueBot NG, BG19bot, Vagobot, DrPhen, Guy.shrimpton, NitRav,
GrecoGekko, Ponyfan58425, MRD2014, KasparBot, Srednuas Lenoroc, BD2412bot and Anonymous: 43
Agasaya Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasaya?oldid=614960757 Contributors: SimonP, RussBot, Ugur Basak, Asarelah, SmackBot, Arbadihist, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Goldenrowley, T@nn, VolkovBot, Addbot, Yobot, Erik9bot, TjBot, SFK2, Ponyfan58425, George7890 and Anonymous: 2
Asaruludu Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaruludu?oldid=685432495 Contributors: SimonP, Nixdorf, The Warlock, Geni,
4pq1injbok, QuartierLatin1968, Drbreznjev, FlaBot, RussBot, Mipadi, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, NJMauthor, Goldenrowley,
Gavia immer, T@nn, XLinkBot, Sumerophile, Addbot, Fluernutter, N3philim, ClueBot NG, Ponyfan58425, Johnsoniensis and Anonymous: 7
Ashnan Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashnan?oldid=604976331 Contributors: Carlossuarez46, Xezbeth, SamEV, Lectonar, RussBot, GeeJo, BOT-Superzerocool, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Goldenrowley, T@nn, Homonihilis, Sumerophile, RP459, Addbot,
EmausBot, Paul Bedson, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 5
Bel (mythology) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_(mythology)?oldid=712493090 Contributors: Jallan, AnonMoos, Carlossuarez46, Donreed, Henrygb, Moink, Everyking, Rosarino, Silence, Dbachmann, SamEV, Bender235, CanisRufus, Kwamikagami,
QuartierLatin1968, Hooperbloob, HasharBot~enwiki, Cuchullain, Dpv, Chobot, DVdm, RussBot, SmackBot, Strabismus, Egsan Bacon,
30.4. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
51
Castanea dentata, Radagast83, Senthilkumaras, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Axem Titanium, RandomCritic, Davidparsons, MaryJones, Bwmcmaste, WinBot, Alphachimpbot, Deective, JaGa, Everchanging02, Aminullah, Dchmelik, Xelgen, Til Eulenspiegel, Kotabatubara, PixelBot, La Pianista, Bgag, Addbot, Peter Flass, Iaaasi, Tahir mq, Lotje, ZroBot, Gegart, Dream of Nyx, BG19bot, Royroydeb, Michalgill,
Deibwan, Vormeph and Anonymous: 20
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Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Senorelroboto, Goldenrowley, Gkhan, JAnDbot, Kaobear, T@nn, STBot, Bissinger, R'n'B, STBotD,
Evil-mer0dach, Sumerophile, Addbot, EmausBot, Ponyfan58425, Da Wlf and Anonymous: 6
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Almabot, RibotBOT, GregKaye, FinalRapture, JHICBCGC, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 16
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Cuchullain, Dpv, RussBot, Yamara, GeeJo, Kubra, SmackBot, Castanea dentata, Artemisboy, Axem Titanium, Woodshed, Synergy, Goldenrowley, T@nn, Keithg, R'n'B, Addbot, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 2
Nabu Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu?oldid=718847172 Contributors: FixerMX, AnonMoos, Francs2000, Brian Kendig, Yak,
Varlaam, Saaga, Epimetreus, D6, Eric Shalov, Dbachmann, Aranel, Summer Song, Shigernafy, Woohookitty, Alan Canon, Tydaj, Dpv,
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CmdrObot, Eponymous-Archon, MaxEnt, Ntsimp, Beckydornon, Branclem, JamesAM, Lfstevens, Albmont, Fre4k, R'n'B, Stan J Klimas,
Filipo, Deor, VolkovBot, arukinu, Evil-mer0dach, TXiKiBoT, Eubulides, AlleborgoBot, Ganna24, Helikophis, ClueBot, Taikanatur,
Uncle Milty, Dthomsen8, WikHead, Addbot, OlEnglish, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, JackieBot, Piano non troppo, Carolina wren,
NickK, FrescoBot, HRoestBot, Tahir mq, Mean as custard, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Rami radwan, Cod777, ZroBot, Westley Turner,
ClueBot NG, This lousy T-shirt, Neuroforever, NZVortex, Cornelhac9, Ponyfan58425, KasparBot, Cherryorchid, Lusioni55, Heinew,
GOPPER, ImaPeter, Kimmydreamer134, Brendonbuck, Evan Wielachowski, Mexicantacobell, Thesuperarticlemaster, Abbasshah17, Dermelaaaaaaaaaagdfgsdgfasfdg, Olegbs and Anonymous: 71
Namtar Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namtar?oldid=701039090 Contributors: The Warlock, Joy, Robbot, Nat Krause, Jastrow,
Anirvan, Martpol, SamEV, Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, Danieltalsky, Dpv, Bill37212, Sdornan, NeonMerlin, Str1977, YurikBot, RussBot,
Gardar Rurak, SmackBot, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Kuru, Phoenixrod, Kylu, Thijs!bot, Dr. Blofeld, Goldenrowley, JAnDbot,
T@nn, TXiKiBoT, Crohnie, Alaniaris, YonaBot, Estirabot, DumZiBoT, Sumerophile, Addbot, Zorrobot, JackieBot, ArthurBot, Defender
of torch, MrRandomPerson, GoingBatty, D Namtar, Johnsoniensis and Anonymous: 14
Nanshe Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanshe?oldid=720493539 Contributors: Edward, Dpv, FlaBot, RussBot, Epolk, Rktect,
SmackBot, Bluebot, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Rodsan18, Cydebot, Doug Weller, Goldenrowley, T@nn, Nono64, Hutcher, MelonBot, Aaron north, Sumerophile, Addbot, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, Cavila, RibotBOT, Phlyaristis, Lamashtu2006, Unreal7, Helpful Pixie
Bot, Raymond1922A, SteenthIWbot, Ponyfan58425, Johnsoniensis and Anonymous: 14
Nidaba Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaba?oldid=715901291 Contributors: Beneluxboy, Dbachmann, Kafziel, RussBot,
SmackBot, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, NJMauthor, Ft1~enwiki, Eponymous-Archon, Myasuda, Doug Weller, Goldenrowley, .anacondabot, STBotD, Ganna24, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Addbot, AnomieBOT, Enki H., PigFlu Oink, MastiBot, Jesse V., EmausBot,
Laszlovszky Andrs, Crown Prince, BG19bot, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 14
Ningal Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningal?oldid=697250774 Contributors: Fcp, Jallan, AnonMoos, SamEV, Stemonitis, FlaBot,
RussBot, Attilios, Yamaguchi , Axem Titanium, Alaibot, T@nn, Lots42, Muro Bot, Addbot, Asfarer, EmausBot, Laszlovszky Andrs,
N3philim, ClueBot NG, BG19bot, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 14
Ninkasi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninkasi?oldid=714437656 Contributors: Michael Hardy, Jni, Ringbang, Sirimiri,
Haikupoet, RussBot, GeeJo, Caerwine, JDspeeder1, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, SilkTork, Woodroar, PamD, Thijs!bot, Widefox, Goldenrowley, Uncle Dick, VolkovBot, Emo muzik sux, Edaguru, PolarBot, Cli, Sumerophile, Addbot, W7mez, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Nevinho, AnomieBOT, Eumolpo, LilHelpa, FrescoBot, Beyer007, Just a guy from the KP, Cnwilliams, EmausBot, Cyberbot II, Violetareblue, Wiki-proofer-and-tagger, Ponyfan58425, Neatsfoot, Kbslice8, Sbmirck, Will.ruggles51, Kvn94056, Daniella33, Jayro106 and
Anonymous: 27
Ninlil Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninlil?oldid=719637210 Contributors: Frecklefoot, Kaz, Xezbeth, Dbachmann, SamEV, Srbauer, SemperBlotto, Saggiga, Tydaj, Marskell, FlaBot, Atomiktoaster, RussBot, GeeJo, Bota47, Endomion, Gildemax, Bomac, Cush,
Castanea dentata, John D. Croft, Axem Titanium, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Doug Weller, Widefox, Xuchilbara, Goldenrowley, T@nn, STBotD, Kgc12345, VolkovBot, Stickyhammer, SieBot, Ganna24, Til Eulenspiegel, Taranet, Addbot, Loupeter, Luckas-bot,
NickK, Izzedine, Skyerise, GoingBatty, Paul Bedson, MarcusLeDain, BG19bot, DrPhen, ChrisGualtieri, Violetareblue, Dutch30001, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 28
Ninsun Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninsun?oldid=707489976 Contributors: Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, Grutness, Andrewpmk, Drbreznjev, FlaBot, YurikBot, RussBot, GeeJo, Ugur Basak, Heptazane, Mmcannis, SmackBot, Jagged 85, Colonies Chris, Castanea dentata,
Nareek, Axem Titanium, -js-, Cydebot, TonyTheTiger, Goldenrowley, WANAX, T@nn, R'n'B, Jalo, SieBot, Ganna24, TubularWorld,
PixelBot, Sumerophile, Addbot, Diablokrom, USchick, Luckas-bot, Guy1890, ArthurBot, Almabot, FrescoBot, EmausBot, AmandaBicz,
BG19bot, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 17
Nusku Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusku?oldid=696059805 Contributors: Patrick, Jallan, SamEV, Aranel, Summer Song,
FlaBot, Quuxplusone, RussBot, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, Thijs!bot, RebelRobot, T@nn, Evil-mer0dach, Ganna24, TubularWorld, Addbot, FrescoBot, BCtl, ChuispastonBot, GrecoGekko, Library Guy, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 7
Sarpanit Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpanit?oldid=681503033 Contributors: Bearcat, Gtrmp, Varlaam, Summer Song, RussBot, Ugur Basak, Castanea dentata, Axem Titanium, CmdrObot, Thijs!bot, Goldenrowley, T@nn, SieBot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, JackieBot, Xqbot, Solbaken, J04n, FrescoBot, DrilBot, MondalorBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Lamashtu2006, ZroBot, Ricardo rothmann,
Squeamish Ossifrage, Rupert loup, Bent1615, Siricruz, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 8
Uttu Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttu?oldid=697116363 Contributors: Svartalf, Chobot, RussBot, Asarelah, Castanea dentata,
John D. Croft, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Axem Titanium, Goldenrowley, T@nn, STBotD, Gtstricky, Sumerophile, Powerdrone, Addbot, Sir
Milo, DrilBot, ZroBot, BG19bot, Ponyfan58425 and Anonymous: 4
52
CHAPTER 30. UTTU
30.4.2
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Sumer Myths

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SumerMyths

Dumuzid the Shepherd

In Sumerian epic literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dumuzid in the Sumerian king list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dumuzid and Inanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Church of the Nativity and Shrine of Adonis-Tammuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enkimdu in modern usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.2 Late Bronze Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2 The fty names of Marduk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.3 The Marduk Prophecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.3 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.1 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2.1 Outside Mesopotamia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1.1 Birth of Nanshe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1.2 The World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1.3 The Goddess of Social Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1.5 The Guarantor of Boundaries - The Lady of the Storerooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1.6 Other functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.4 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.1.1 Place in the Pantheon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.3 Cuneiform NAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.5 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.1 Hymn to Ninkasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.2 Modern Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.1 When Sud gets the name of Ninlil, wife of Enlil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.2 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30.1 Uttu in modern literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30.2 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30.4 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30.4.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Their relation to the group of gods known as the Igigi is

[2] Leemings, David (2009). The Oxford Companion to

1.4 External links

Shamash and Adad became in combination the gods of

In other texts Adad/Ikur is sometimes son of the moon

2.1 See also

Adad/Ikurs special animal is the bull. He is naturally

2.4 External links

Dumuzid the Shepherd