Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
I. INTRODUCTION
a!
b!
Density differences were obtained by mixing air and helium in varying proportions. The mixing device is made up
of 20 calibrated sonic throats of different diameters ~0.153
mm for air and 0.12 mm for helium! supplied by a tank of
compressed air and by a compressed-helium storage bottle
via regulating valves. The choice of the opened or closed
throats and of the generating pressures upstream of the sonic
throats determines the mass flow rate and the composition of
the flow. This system has the advantage of producing flows
1070-6631/96/8(4)/993/14/$10.00
993
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
Q
,
450f 0 / f s
ciently high values out of this range. This goal was achieved
since with the porous plate the frequency varies linearly with
the jet velocity ~Fig. 4!.
B. Probe position
The convective heat transfer from the hot wire is sensitive to both fluid velocity and density. In order to avoid the
complication of separating velocity and density variations in
the anemometer output, which would have required information from two sensors, it was desirable to place the hot wire
in the potential core of the jet where the density is constant,
so as to have a purely velocity-dependent anemometer output
signals. It was, therefore, necessary to check how well the
instabilities that occur in the shear layers may be captured by
a hot wire located in the potential core, where only the potential fluctuations of the velocity induced by the vorticity
fluctuations in the shear layers are present.
Measurements with the hot wire located in the potential
core ~x/H51, y/H50! and with a microphone located in the
farfield yield spectra ~Fig. 5! with peaks at the same frequencies and with amplitudes with the same relative order. The
small difference between the frequencies of the dominant
peaks, 923 and 918 Hz, respectively, may be accounted for
by small changes in the flow rate of the jet. Although the
flow rate through the sonic throats of the mixing apparatus is
blocked, it remains proportional to the upstream generating
pressure. The level of this pressure ~read on a pressure transducer! is controlled by the setting of the regulating valve
whose reproducibility is, of course, not perfect. However,
while the ratio of the f 0 to f 0/2 peak ~f 0 being the frequency
of the dominant mode; here f 05920 Hz! is nearly 100 in the
local hot-wire spectrum, it is only about 3 in the microphone
spectrum, which corresponds to an integration over the
whole flow field. This is coherent with the variations of Fig.
7, which shows that the f 0/2 mode takes over with increasing
downstream distance. Since the f 0 peak in the microphone
Raynal et al.
995
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 5. Spectra obtained ~a! with a microphone, ~b! with the hot wire at
x/H51, y/H50 in the same conditions Re5500, S50.14, and H53.04
mm.
FIG. 6. Velocity spectra for various positions of the hot wire across the jet
at x/H51. Here Re5500, S50.14, and H53.04 mm. Here Q is the quality
factor defined in Sec. II by Fig. 2.
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 9. The rms intensity profiles for selected values of Reynolds number.
Here S51, H52.07 mm; the same symbols as in Fig. 8.
u5
FIG. 7. Velocity spectra for various x positions of the hot wire, Re5500,
S50.14, and H53.04 mm.
d v5
y1
y 0.1
U
U
1
dy,
U max
U max
~1!
U max
,
~ ] U/ ] y ! max
~2!
~3!
~4!
dv
~ H52.07 mm! 54.0,
u
dv
~ H53.04 mm! 54.6,
u
dv
~ H54.28 mm! 55.0.
u
FIG. 8. Mean velocity profiles for selected values of Reynolds number. Here
S51; H52.07 mm; ), Re5500; 1, Re5750; s, Re51000; L, Re52000,
n, Re53000.
Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1996
~5!
997
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 10. Strouhal number StH vs Re. Here S50.14. ), H52.07 mm; 1,
H53.04 mm; s, H54.28 mm.
equals 4.35, 5.47, and 5.99 for H52.07, 3.04, and 4.28 mm,
respectively. u is, thus, an increasing function of H for a
given Re. This is in keeping with the decrease of the nozzle
contraction ratio with H increasing and consequently with
the decrease of the favorable pressure gradient in the contraction. In the various plots involving u, the measured values of u are used and not those computed from the above
formula.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A. Frequency of the dominant mode
FIG. 11. Strouhal number Stu vs ~a! Reu , ~b! H/u. Here S50.14. We see ),
H52.07 mm; 1, H53.04 mm; s, H54.28 mm.
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 12. Influence of density ratio S on the Strouhal number, StH . Here
H53.04 mm; the same symbols as in Fig. 8; m, result of the computation of
YM.10
21/2
f 0 }U 3/2
. As shown by Fig. 4, it is found
j , since dv} U j
here that f 0 }U j and not f 0 a U 3/2
j . Furthermore, since
dv /u'4.5 ~average value for the three nozzles!,
f 0 d v /U j 50.07 yields Stu5( f 0 d v /U j ) ~u/dv!50.016, which
is a factor 2 larger than the maximum value of the measured
Stu . These facts reinforce the conclusion that the oscillating
mode of the inhomogeneous plane jet is not a shear layer
mode.
orders of magnitude is much larger than the 625% experimental uncertainty and is, therefore, truly significant. Once
the normalized quality factor Q N ,0.2, the peak becomes indistinguishable from the random fluctuations. The value of S
for which Q N '0.2 was, therefore, considered as the critical
value corresponding to the limit of existence of the oscillating mode. A similar method was used by Sreenivasan et al.1
We note in Fig. 13 that f 0 decreases from 2400 to 1600
Hz when S increases from 0.31 to 0.51. This is contrary to
the observations of YM,9 who found that, in their experimental conditions, f 0 was nearly independent of S. This constancy can be explained by the narrow range of S used in
their experiments ~S varies from 0.73 to 0.92!. Monkewitz
et al.2 observed in a heated round jet an increase of the dominant frequency when S decreases from 0.78 to 0.47 for a
constant Reynolds number. This is consistent with the fact
that, for high enough Re values, St is constant when S increases. One can actually check that St5const leads to
S * f 05const when Re is kept constant. The most important
observation is, however, the critical value of S, S c 50.51 for
Re51000. This is much lower than the value S c 50.92 obRaynal et al.
999
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 14. Hopf bifurcation diagram for peak amplitude versus density ratio,
for Re51000. Here ), H52.07 mm; 1, H53.04 mm; s, H54.28 mm.
~6!
FIG. 15. Domain of the oscillating mode in the S-Re plane. Here ),
H52.07 mm; 1, H53.04 mm; s, H54.28 mm; 3, Yu and Monkewitz.9
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 16. Influence of the probe presence. Spectra obtained with a microphone without the presence of the hot-wire probe ~above! and with it
~moved below!. Here Re5750, H53.04 mm.
higher than 0.7. This is a major difference with the observations of YM,9 whose measurements unquestionably lead to
S c 50.92 for a Reynolds number based on the ambient viscosity, Re` , of about 4000, a value, moreover, in close agreement with their previous stability calculations ~YM10!, which
show that S c 50.95 is the upper limit for the existence of
absolute instability. Let us note that this discrepancy in S c
cannot be accounted for by the differences in Re. Indeed, the
dynamic viscosity is nearly independent of temperature, so
that Re`5U j H/ n ` 5 n j / n ` U j H/ n j ' r ` / r j Re5Re/S. The
critical condition Re530002S50.7 corresponds to a Reynolds number based on n` of about 4300, very close to the
value of 4400 used in the YM9 experiments ~total head of jet
of 1.26 mm H2O!. Figure 15 clearly shows that the point
~Re544002S50.92! is largely above the present S c curve.
This difference cannot be accounted for by the influence of
the probe position on the jet stability. Indeed, for conditions
near the critical value of S, there is no observable change in
the microphone measurements when the hot wire is present
in the jet at x/H51, y/H50 or absent ~see Fig. 16!. Moreover, peak-amplitude diagrams, such as Fig. 14, show quite a
negligible influence of the hot-wire probe position ~on the jet
axis, inside the mixing layer, and outside of the jet in the
entrainment flow!, and give the same critical value of S in
the three cases. No damping effect, such as that observed by
Sreenivasan et al.1 in a round air/helium jet, could be detected. This could be explained by the fact that spatial coherence is stronger in a plane than in a round jet.
Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1996
2 du d p
d 2 p
1 d r
1
2k 2 p 50,
22
dy
r dy u 2c dy dy
~7!
1001
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FG
FG
p
dp
dy
p
dp
dy
F G
FG
1 2ky
e ,
2k
y`
~8!
1
0
~ varicose mode! .
y50
r ~ y ! 5 @ 11 ~ S 21 21 ! F ~ y !# 21 ,
~9!
y*
y*
1/2
u~ y !5
u *~ y *
1/2 ! 5
2u * ~ y !
,
u *~ 0 !
u *~ 0 !
,
2
r~ y !5
r *~ y !
.
r *~ ` !
~10!
r ~ 0 ! 5S
u ~ ` !@ 0 # ,
r ~ ` ! 51,
~ jet centerline! ,
~11!
FIG. 17. Comparison between experimental and velocity profiles as modeled by YM,10 ~a! ), U j53.7 m/s, Re5500;, profile calculated with Eq.
~9!, N54; ~b! ), U j522.2 m/s, Re53000;, profile calculated with Eq.
~9!, N510.
dv
H/2
'
&
,
N arcsinh~ 1 !
~12!
for N>2,
~13!
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 18. Influence of N r on the density profile. Here S50.3, N53, N r53,
10, 30, and 150.
r ~ y2Dy,N r ,S ! 5 @ 11 ~ S 21 21 ! F r ~ y2Dy !# 21 ,
F r ~ y ! 5 $ 11sinh2N r @ y arcsinh~ 1 !# % 21 .
~14!
We first performed the computation by varying the density profile shape parameter, N r , as illustrated by Fig. 18 and
by keeping the other parameters constant: N53, S50.3, and
Dy50. Figures 19~a! and 19~b! show that the steepening of
the shape of the density profile produces an increase in the
Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1996
FIG. 19. Influence of the density profile shape parameter ~a! on the frequency, ~b! on the amplification rate of the oscillations. Here N53, S50.3.
Raynal et al.
1003
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 20. Sketch of the shift between the velocity and the density profiles.
Here N510 and N r5150.
jet, should increase v0i , i.e. make the jet more unstable. This
is clearly contrary to the experimental observations.
Figure 18 shows that, with the functional representation
of r, Eq. ~14!, there is a shift Dy i between the velocity and
the density profiles inflection points, which varies with N r
and S. In the variations of v0i with N r of Fig. 19~b!, as well
in those of v0i with N of YM,10 there are therefore combined
effects of changes in shape and in the position of the inflection point of the density profile. We may, however, note that,
for a given value of N r , a significant shift Dy i is only possible for low values of S. For instance, for N r as low as 3,
Dy i .0.1 requires S,0.48. In order to determine to which
extent the shift of the density profile affects the results of
Figs. 19~a! and 19~b!, some of the preceding computations
were repeated by forcing Dy i 50 and using the following
expression of r:
~15!
FIG. 21. Influence of the shift between the velocity and the density profiles
~a! on the frequency. Symbols: present calculations, straight line: present
experimental result; ~b! on the amplification rate of the oscillations. Here
N510 and N r5150.
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 22. Evolution of the amplification rate along the axis for S50.7. Solid
line: the Yu and Monkewitz10 calculations, dotted line: supposed evolution
deduced from present results.
heated air jet and the air/helium jet. Figure 22 shows the
evolution of the amplification rate along the jet axis, corresponding to the YM10 calculation for a density ratio of 0.7
~solid line!. As N 21 is proportional to the vorticity thickness
@Eq. ~12!# and the latter to the streamwise distance ~see, e.g.,
Brown and Roshko17!, one can consider that v0i evolution
with N 21 is representative of v0i evolution along the axis. A
curve corresponding to an air/helium jet at a Reynolds number of about 3000 is tentatively drawn on the same figure by
using the preceding results in a qualitative way. In the exit
section ~present experimental conditions correspond to
N 2150.1, Dy i 50.2!, the preceding calculation @Fig. 21~b!#
gives a very low value of v0i ~51.331023!. Along the axis,
due to the mixing process, the density profile becomes less
and less steep and its inflection point gets closer and closer to
that of the velocity profile. There are therefore also less and
less differences between the heated jet density profile and the
air/helium jet density profile evolutions and, consequently,
for sufficiently high N 21 values, there should be no more
significant differences between the corresponding v0i evolutions. In the development of the flow, the initial Dy i between
the inflection points decreases downstream, and according to
Fig. 21~b!, v0i tends to increase. This effect is balanced by
the decrease of the profile velocity shape factor N, which
induces a decrease of v0i . It is likely that the first effect
should be dominant near the nozzle, giving an increase in the
amplification rate in the initial region of the jet. The curve
~dotted line in Fig. 22! has been drawn with this hypothesis.
The main point is, of course, the important reduction of the
area for which v0i is positive. Thus, it is suspected that such
a pocket of local absolute instability would not be of sufficient size to influence the whole jet, which is consequently
globally stable ~see Huerre and Monkewitz18!. In order to
compute the exact v 0i (x/H) curve, one should make velocity
and density profiles measurements through the flow for different axial locations to obtain the curves N 21 (x/H) and
N r 21 (x/H); this has not been made, due to the experimental
Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1996
difficulty of measuring separately the velocity and the density in the mixture.
The influence of the interval Dy i may explain why, for
low values of the Reynolds number, instabilities occur in a
small range of the density ratio. Actually Dy i increases with
decreasing exit velocity and then the flow becomes much
more stable. In this light, one can understand why
Sreenivasan et al.1 observed the most important differences
between their experimental round air/helium jet results and
the theoretical curve of Monkewitz and Sohn7 in the lower
part of their M-S diagram ~Fig. 4 of their paper!.
Raghu and Monkewitz19 observed that an annular cold
air flow around a round hot jet could suppress the oscillations of the hot jet. The presence of this coflow shifts the
inflection points of the velocity profile outward, and the suppression of the oscillations could be explained by the above
argument.
Figure 22 could also explain why oscillation frequency
values are lower in the case of the air/helium jet than that of
the heated air jet ~St50.25 and 0.32, respectively; see Sec.
IV A!. It is likely that the maximum amplification rate along
the curve v0i vs N 21 is actually moved to greater N 21 values,
so that the corresponding frequency value, v0r , is lowered. In
the heated jet case, the most amplified mode is constant if the
Reynolds number is sufficiently large, so that the N 21 value
in the exit section is lower than approximately 0.15, a value
that corresponds to the maximum of the curve in the solid
line of Fig. 22. In the case of the air/helium jet, the initial
conditions, in particular Dy i , depend on the Reynolds number. Consequently, the v0i ~N 21! curve depends on Re, even
for high values of this parameter. It is likely that the location
of the most amplified mode moves slightly upstream with
increasing Re. The corresponding frequency, v0r , should increase accordingly, and it explains why the observed Strouhal number increases with Re ~Fig. 10!.
Another point of interest can be deduced from the
present computations. The evolution of the maximum amplification rate in the conditions of Fig. 21~b! ~at Dy i 50! with
the density ratio is illustrated by Fig. 23. It clearly shows the
existence of a maximum obtained for S50.2. The amplification rate decrease for density ratio values smaller than 0.2
can be explained by the fact that density differences between
the jet and the ambient fluid become so important that perturbations cannot propagate into the too heavy ambient fluid.
The limit S0 actually corresponds to a flow between two
plates. Russ et al.20 made measurements for very low density
ratios down to S50.07 by heating a helium jet. It is interesting to note that the peak to base ratio of the main peak in
their power spectra is more than six orders of magnitude in
the case of the helium jet ~S50.14! and is only about 3 for
S50.07. Although those measurements are made in a round
jet, the decrease of the oscillations intensity is consistent
with the decrease of v0i for too small density ratio values, as
shown by the present computations.
In summary, linear stability calculations point out the
importance of the relative position of the velocity and the
density profiles. The main parameter is actually given by the
interval Dy i between their respective inflection points. The
maximum of the amplification rate is obtained when the two
Raynal et al.
1005
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions
FIG. 23. Evolution of the absolute amplification rate with the density for the
same position of the velocity and the density profiles inflexion points. Here
N510 and N r5150.
1006
The authors would like to thank Professor P. A. Monkewitz for very helpful discussions. This work was supported
by the HERMES R&D Program through the Centre National
dEtudes Spatiales and Dassault Aviation.
1
Raynal et al.
Downloaded30Sep2010to202.3.77.11.RedistributionsubjecttoAIPlicenseorcopyright;seehttp://pof.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions