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9/4/2012

DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE LIQUID
STRUCTURES
FUNDAMENTALS
Leonel I. Almanzar - almanzarli@cdmsmith.com
Paul F. Blomberg - blombergpf@cdmsmith.com

DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE LIQUID STRUCTURES
Leonel I. Almanzar Micheli, P.E., PhD., is a Senior Structural Engineer in CDM
Smiths Phoenix, AZ, office. He received a BS in civil engineering in 1990 from
Technological Institute of Santo Domingo, an MS in structural engineering in
1994 and a PhD in structural engineering in1998 from the University of Puerto
Rico. He is a member of the ASCE-7 Main Committee and SEI Membership
Committee. He has more than 20 years of experience in analysis, design and
preparation of preliminary plans and final contract plans, and in the
management of construction services for water and wastewater treatment
facilities, dams, and transportation structures.
Paul F. Blomberg, P.E., S.E., is the Structural Group Leader in CDM Smiths
Phoenix, AZ. He has more than 30 years of management and engineering
experience in design, construction, operation and maintenance, and startup and
commissioning activities for commercial and industrial facilities. He analyzes
complex problems and develops and implements creative, value added
solutions. His technical experience includes project management, project
coordination, resource and budget allocation, scheduling, building and industry
specific code analysis and design including development of project drawings
and documents from design development to production of construction drawings
and specifications.

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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Introduction
Applicable Codes & Standards
Loading Conditions
Load Combinations
Rectangular Tank - Wall Panel Analysis
Rectangular Tank - One Way Wall Analysis
Circular Tank - Wall Analysis
Slab Analysis
Structural Design Requirements
Wall/Slab Connection
Structural Drawing Example
Summary
Questions & Answers

INTRODUCTION

Design of reinforced concrete liquid containing structures has different


requirements than concrete building structures. Design shall meet the
code requirements of ACI 350 Code Requirements for Environmental
Engineering Concrete Structures. Special considerations shall be taken
for loading scenarios, durability requirements, reinforcement detailing,
and serviceability response of the system in order to design a watertight
structure.

This seminar will focus on the fundamental knowledge required to


successfully analyze and design cast in place reinforced concrete liquid
containing structures. Among the topics to be covered are: Code
Requirements, Loads, Analysis Scenarios, Reinforced Concrete Design
Requirements, Reinforcement Detailing.

Understanding how reinforced concrete liquid containing structures


behave and the code requirements for environmental structures will help
the audience to better design this type of structure. Emphasis on
performance requirements of these structures under service load
conditions will be provided.

9/4/2012

REFERENCES, CODES & STANDARDS

ASCE 7

Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures

ACI 350

Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering


Concrete Structures and Commentary

ACI 350.1

Tightness Testing of Environmental Engineering


Concrete Structures and Commentary

ACI 350.3

Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures


and Commentary

ACI 350.4R

Design Considerations for Environmental Engineering


Concrete Structures

ACI 350.2R

Concrete Structures for Containment of Hazardous


Materials

PCA

Rectangular Concrete Tanks


Circular Concrete Tanks Without Prestressing

ACI - 350 CODE

ACI 350 code is an expansion of the ACI-318 (Building Code


Requirements for Structural Concrete) to cover all special requirements
for the structural design, material selection, and construction of
environmental engineering concrete structures.

Environmental structures refer to structures used for conveying, storing,


or treating liquid or other materials such as solid waste.

Environmental structures are subject to uniquely different loadings,


more severe exposure conditions, and more restrictive serviceability
requirements than non-environmental building structures.

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Poll No.1

RATE YOUR EXPERIENCE USING ACI 350 CODE

EXPERIENCE (More than 5 years)

SOME EXPERIENCE (Less than 5 years)

LIMITED EXPERIENCE (Less Than 2 years)

NONE

LOADINGS

Loadings include:

Normal dead load

Live loads

Earth loads

Fluid Loads

Wind Load

Vibrating equipment

Hydrodynamic forces

Exposures include:

Concentrated chemicals

Alternate wetting and drying

Freezing and thawing of saturated concrete.

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SERVICEABILITY

Environmental concrete structures design, materials, and construction


are required to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable,
nearly impermeable, and resistant to chemicals, with limited deflections
and cracking.

Liquid-tightness or gas-tightness testing procedure shall follow ACI


350.1

Leakage must be controlled to:

Minimize contamination of ground water or the environment

Minimize loss of product or infiltration

Promote durability

Shrinkage cracking shall be minimized by concrete mix design and


proper joint design per ACI 224R & ACI 224.2R

SERVICE LOADING CONDITIONS

Leakage Test prior to Backfilling

Backfill/Surcharge/Groundwater with Empty Tank

Uplift with Empty Tank

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EXTREME EVENT LOADINGS

Wind Loads

Above grade tanks

Commonly they do not control reinforced concrete tank design

Seismic Load

Horizontal acceleration in each orthogonal direction

Vertical seismic

Hydrodynamic loads

Soil seismic

Underground water seismic load

Flood Loads

SOIL LOADS EXAMPLE

9/4/2012

HYDRODYNAMIC LOADS EXAMPLE (ACI 350.3)

LOAD COMBINATIONS

U=Required Strength

D = Dead Load

F = Fluid Load

L = Live Load

H= Soil Pressure, Groundwater Pressure

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DURABILITY FACTOR
Durability Factor is included in
ACI 350 in order to reduce the
resulting stresses in the tank
reinforcement to a desirable
level for environmental
engineering structures for
control of cracking

Bending Reinforcement

DURABILITY FACTOR

Direct Tension Reinforcement

Shear Reinforcement

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DURABILITY FACTOR EXAMPLE

PANEL WALL ANALYSIS (Rectangular Tanks)


8 different cases: Supports & Loads Type

Mx
My
Mxy

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PANEL WALL - CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE

PANEL WALL - CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE

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PANEL WALL - CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE

ONE WAY WALL ANALYSIS

Shear and bending moment are


determined as cantilever beam for tanks
with no roof, and as propped wall for tank
with roof.

Tank with roof Walls maybe designed


as cantilever during leak testing scenario

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9/4/2012

WALL ANALYSIS (Circular Tanks)

Support Conditions:

Fixed Based-Free Top (Ring Tension & Moment)

Hinge Base-Free Top (Ring Tension)

Load Conditions

Rectangular Load

Triangular Load

Applied Shear

Applied Moment

SLAB ANALYSIS

WALL MOMENT TRANSFER

UPLIFT BENDING/SHEAR (TANK EMPTY)


Uplift Force

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9/4/2012

STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Concrete Durability

Chemical Exposure

Freezing and Thawing

Erosion Protection

Wall Thickness Selection

Shear Capacity of the Wall

No Durability Factor

Wall Reinforcement Selection

Apply Durability Factor

Load Condition No.1 (Interior Face Reinforcement)

Load Condition No.2(Exterior Face Reinforcement)

STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Joints Requirements

Construction Joints

Movement Joints

Waterstops

Sealants

Shrinkage Requirements

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9/4/2012

WALL/SLAB CONNECTION DESIGN

Assume bending moment in the connection is at least the same


magnitude of the wall base moments for load condition No.1 (Opening
Moment) and load condition No.2 (Closing Moment)

Slab bending reinforcement outside the wall/slab connection shall resist


the load condition No.3 (uplift)

SHEAR FRICTION

Shear is taking by the reinforcement

Only use reinforcement not dedicated for Bending or Tension.

Assume not concrete shear capacity in joints location

Apply durability factor

Examples of shear friction locations:

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9/4/2012

STRESS CONCENTRATION

During wall or slab design you


may find stress concentrations
in the following situations:

Pipe penetrations

Beam/Wall connections

Equipment supports

Pipe supports

DRAWING EXAMPLE (PLAN VIEW)

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DRAWING EXAMPLE (SECTIONS)

DRAWING EXAMPLE (DETAILS)

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SUMMARY

Reinforced concrete liquid containing structures shall be designed


following the ACI 350 requirements.

During design of environmental structures, special requirements shall


be considered to provide a watertight structure.

Different loading scenarios shall be evaluated depending on specific site


conditions and different operation conditions of the tank.

Durability requirements of liquid containing structures shall be always


applied during service load conditions.

During Extreme load conditions, Durability requirements can be waived.

Appropriate detailing is required to ensure a watertight structure.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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