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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

By
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett
6th Edition


/.

2009-4-8

thermodynamics
) ( .

.
. 1829
.
. 1827 Robert Brown
. 1905
Albert Einstein
.Brownian motion
.

.
.
Alyeska Tazlina .Alaska
.
.
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:
:

Temperature and zeroth law of

thermodynamics

Temperature and the Celsius

temperature scale
The constant-volume gas
thermometer and the absolute
temperature scale
Thermal expansion of solids
and liquids
Macroscopic description of an
ideal gas

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temperature heat
.internal energy
zeroth law .
.
.
macroscopic
. 21 microscopic
.

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1.19 Temperate and the

zeroth law of thermodynamics
.
.
.
.


.
.
thermometer .

.

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.
:
thermal contact .thermal equilibrium

.
.
.

1.19 .
) (a ) (b ) (C
A B
A B (c) .
A B
.

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thermal equilubrium .
A B C
)( A B .
) (C A
.a 19.1 . B
. b19.1 A B
. A B c 19.1
.
zeroth law of thermodynamics
.thermal equilibrum law
zeroth law of thermodynamics
A B C A B
.

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.
.

19.1
. ) (a
(b) (c)
.

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2.19

Thermometers and Celsius

temperature scale
.
.
)( 1

)( 2

)( 3

)( 4

)( 5

)( 6

.
)
( )

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.(2.19 .
.

. Celsius
scale 0oC .


100oC
.
100oC
0 100 100 .
5 5
.

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100oC
50oC
.

100oC 500oC
.

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2.19

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.
-39oC
85oC .
.
.

3.19 The constant-

volume gas thermometer and the absolute temperature scale
.3.19
3.19

.
B
A.
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.
B A

15

.19.3 h B
A .0oC
B
B A .
. B
.100oC .4.19
.
B
A .
4.19 .

4.19

.
)
(.
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) .(5.19
.

16

5.19
.
.-273.15oC

5.19 -
!-273.15oC .

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absolute temperature scale

-273.15oC . .absolute zero
.
)(1.19
TC = T -273.15

)(19.1

TC T .

1954 .
. triple point of water

. 0.01oC 4.58mm.
kelvin 273.16
.273.16 K
.
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Kelvin scale SI
1/273.16 .

6.19 .
) (0K
. .

) 0 K (
5.19 . 21
.

. zero-
6.19

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point energy .

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The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin

Temperature Scales

1.19 TC T .273.15o

5oC
.5 K .
273.15 K 0.00oC
373.15 K 100.00oC .

.Fahrenheit scale 32oF
.212oF
)(19.2

TF 95 TC 32 o F

1.19 2.19
:
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:
)(19.3

TC T 95 F

.
. T
.
T 3.19
.

2.19
. )(a
100oC (b) 50oC 100oC
(c) -50oC -20oC (d) 233oC
.

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1.19
50oF
: 2.19
)TC 59 (TF 32) 59 (50 32
10 o C

1.19
T TC 273.15 10 o C 237.15
283K

2.19
25oC 80oC
: 3.19
T TC 80 o C 25 o C 55 o C 55 K

3.19
TF 59 TC 59 (55 o C ) 99 o F

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4.19 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

. thermal expansion
.
7.19
.
.
3.15 .b12.15

10-11m .1013Hz .10-10m
. .
7.19

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. Li L
.T
average coefficient of linear expansion

L / Li
T

.
:
L Li T

)(19.4

8.19
.

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)(19.5

) L f L i L i (T f T i

24

Lf Ti Tf
.(oC)-1
.
8.19 .4.19
.

1.19 .
. . CaCO3
) ( ) ( .

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1.19

0oC

() (oC)-1
1.12x10-4

-4

1.24x10

-4

1.5x10

-4

4.85x10

-4

9.0x10

-4

9.6x10

-4

3.67x10

-4

3.665x10

-4

1.12x10

() (oC)-1
24x10-6
-6

19x10

-6

17x10

-6

9x10

-6

3.2x10

-6

29x10

-6

11x10

-6

0.9x10

-6

12x10

.
Vi :

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:
V Vi T

)(19.6

.average coefficient of volume expansion

3 : ) =3
- (.
=3 l w .h
Ti .Vi=lwh Ti+T Vi+V
.4.19

) V i V ( l l )( w w )( h h
) ( l l T )( w w T )( h h T
lwh (1 T ) 3
V i [1 3 T 3 ( T ) 2 ( T ) 3

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Vi V/Vi :
V
3 T 3 ( T ) 2 ( T ) 3
Vi

T<<1 ) (< ~ 100oC 3(T)2

(T)3 .
V
3 T
Vi
1 V
Vi T

) (6.19 3=
.
.A=2AiT
1.19 .

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.
bimetallic strip
.thermostats
.

.9.19

3.19

) (a ) (b ) (c ) (d.

4.19
9.19 ) (a
(b) .
.

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. .
) (a ) (b ) (c (d) .
.

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3.19
30.000m (A) .0.0oC 40.0oC ) (B
0.0oC .
40oC
(A) : 1.19 40oC

) L L i T 11 10 6 ( o C ) 1 ( 30 .000 m )( 40 . 0 o C
0 . 013 m

30.000m 0oC 40.0 C .30.013m

o

) (B F .
Youngs modulus ) (6.12
F
L
Y
A
Li

Tensile stress

Y ) 20x1010N/m2 (1.12
F
0.013m
7
2
(20 1010 N / m 2 )
8.7 10 N / m
A
30.000m
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:
-40oC

4.19 . 0.013m

40oC 0.013m ) .40oC

( .
30.000m - 0.013m = 29.987m

4.19

.10.19 .
) .(25 5.0m 27oC

: .

:
Lbr Lst br Li ,br T st Li , st T 5.0 10 6 m

T
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10.19 27oC
.

5.0 10 6 m
br Li ,br st Li , st

5.0 10 6 m

)(19 10 6 o C 1 )(0.030m) (11 10 6 o C 1 )(0.010m

7.4 o C

27 C+7.4 C = 34oC
o

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:
The Unusual
ual Behavior of Water

.
.11.19 0oC 4oC .
4oC .
1.000g/cm3 .4oC
)(
. 7oC 6oC
.
.
. 4oC 0oC
. .
.

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.4oC
) (.

11.19 .
.4oC

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5.19 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

V V i T Vi
. .
.
.
.
V 6.19 .Vi
. V
.
V P T
.m equation of
state . ) (

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.
.ideal gas
.n
Avogadros number NA=6.022x1023
) ( . n m
m
M

)(19.7

M molar mass . )
.(g/mol 4.00u u
atomic mass unit .4.00g/mol
. .32.0g/mol
.12.19
. ) ( .
.
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) .(Boyles law
) .(Charles law
:
PV nRT

)(19.8

ideal gas law R n .

PV/nT
.R R .universal gas constant
SI (1pa = 1 N/m2) pascal
PV N.m R
)(19.9

R= 8.314 J/mol . K

) (1 L = 103 cm3 = 10-3 m3 R

R = 0.082 14 L . atm/mol . K

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R 8.19
(273K) 0oC .22.4L

.

.
.
.

) (
12.19

. .

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.N
n NA 8.19 :
N
RT
NA

PV nRT

PV Nk B T

)(19.10

kB Boltzmanns constant :
)(19.11

R
1 . 38 10 23 J / K
NA

kB

P V T .
.

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:
5.19

. ) (a
) (b ) (c .

6.19
. .
) (a (b) (c) .

7.19
.
)(a
) (b ) (c .

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5.19
100cm3 20oC .100Pa .
: :
V=100cm3 = 1.00x10-4m3, P=100Pa, T=20oC=293K
8.19
PV
) (100 Pa )(1 . 00 10 4 m 3
n

RT
) ( 8 . 314 J / mol . K )( 293 K
4 . 11 10 6 mol

6.19
66.0ft3 .22oC
3000 lb/in.2 10.0L ) (0.350 ft3
. ) (.

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: n PV =nRT n R
:
Pf V f
PiV i

Ti
Tf

14.7 lb/in.2 3000 lb/in.2 66.0ft3 .0.350ft3

.295 K .

) ( 3000 lb / in 2 )( 0 . 350 ft 3
T i
) ( 295 K
) (14 . 7 lb / in 2 )( 66 . 0 ft 3

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Pf V f
T f
Pi V i
319 K

7.19
) .(202kPa 125.00cm3 .22oC
. 195oC .
: 6.19 :
Pf V f
PiV i

Ti
Tf

)( 1

) (1
Pf
Pi

Ti
Tf

Pf
Tf
468 K
Pi
P f
( 202 kPa ) 320 kPa
295 K
Ti

)( 2

. .
.

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.

.
6.19 1.19
V V i T 3 V i T
) )125 . 00 cm 3 )( 173 o C

6o

(11 10

0 . 71 cm

125.71cm3 ) (1

Pi

V f

V i

Tf
P f
Ti

) (2 vi/vf :
125 . 00 cm 3

0 . 994 99 . 4 %
125 . 71 cm 3

Vf
Vi

0.6% .
.318kPa

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A B C

A B .

SI kelvin 1/273.16

T L T

L
L Li T

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. .3

PV/nT .
PV nRT

n V R ) (8.314J/mol.K T .
.

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) (1
.
) (2 .
.
) (3 .
) (4

) (5

) (6 .22oC
27oC
.
) (7 (a) : (b) (c) .

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) (8

) (9 .77K
.
) (10
. A B

) (11
) (12 .
.
) (13 .

) (14 .

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) (15 Q19.18
. . .

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2.19
3.19
) (1 0.980atm (a) .20.0oC
45.0oC ) (b 0.500atm
-195.81 . ) (a
) (2 195.81oC
) (b .

Answer: (a) -320 F (b) 77.3K

) (3 (a) : 98.6oF
.-5.00
) (b 5.00oF
) (4 .540oC
) (a ) (b .
Answer: (a) 810oF (b) 450K

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) (5 1064oC (a) 2660oC (b)

.
Answer: (a) 1337K, 2993K (b) 1596oC=1596K

4.19
1.19 .
) (6 35m
.-20oC
.35oC
Answer: (a) 327cm

) (7 25.0m
.10oC
50oC

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) (8 . 20.0oC
.2.20cm 2.21cm
. .1.3x10-4(oC)-1
Answer: 55.0oC

) (9 30.0cm .1.50cm
(a) 65.0oC (b)
) (c .9.00x10-6(oC)-1
Answer: (a) 0.176mm (b) 8.78m (c) 0.0930cm3

) (10 10.00cm 20.0oC

10.01cm .20.0oC (a)
) (b .20.02cm
( ) (b) -376oC ( Answer: (a) -179oC

)

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) (11 20.0oC 5.0000cm

(a) .5.050cm
) (b

) (12 20.0oC .
) (a 50.0oC ) (b
Youngs modulus 7.00x109N/m2
.2.00x109N/m2
) (13 20.0cm 2.000L .20.0oC
() .80.0oC
)( 20.0oC .
Answer: (a) -99.4 cm3 (b) 0.943 cm

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) (14 .500N ? 2.00cm2

. 1.12
.1.19
Answer: (a) 1.14oC

5.19
) (15 8.00L 20.0oC (a) .9.00atm
(b) .
) (16 0.100m3 .150atm
0.300m 1.20atm
) (17 .10.0m x 20.0m x 30.0m
20.0oC 101kPa
Answer: 1.50x1029 molecules

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) (18 9.00g 200L .500oC

) (19 6.00atm (a) .27.0oC
) (b

) (20 ) ( .200kg
10.0oC .101kPa .400m3
) 10.0oC (.1.25kg/m3
Answer: (a) -472 K

) (a) (21 20.0oC (b) .

.28.9g .
.
)) ( Answer: (a) 41.6 mol (b) 1.20 kg,

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) (22 10.0cm ) (28.9g/mol

.300K ) (a (b) (c)
) (d .
)Answer: (a) 1.17 g (b) 11.5 mN (c) 1.01 kN (d

) (23 25.0m ) (=1025kg/m2 5.00oC

.1.00cm3 20.0oC

) (24 .
) (O2 10.0kg
.40.0atm
.25.0atm .
Answer: 4.39 kg

) (25 .

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) (26 6.50g 1.00L .

1.00atm 20.0oC

Answer: 3.55 L

) (27 .10-9Pa 1.00m3

.27.0oC
) (28 V M ) .(g.mol
T1 T2
.Po
1
1

T1 T 2

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Po VM
R

Answer: m 1 m 2

(c) 1.19 .
(c) 2.19 ) ( .
) (c .
(c) 3.19 .
(c) 4.19 .
(a) 5.19 .
.
(b) 6.19 .
.
(b) 7.19 .
.
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