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DISTRIBUTION
OF RANDOM
VARIABLES
4.1 RANDOM VARIABLE
Definition:
A random variable is a variable whose value is determined by the
outcome of a random experiment
Supposed one family is randomly selected from the population. The process
of random selection is called random or chance experiment.
Let X be the number of vehicles owned by the selected family (0, 1, 2, , n).
Therefore the first column represents five possible values (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) of
vehicles owned by the selected family.
This table shows that 30 families do not have vehicle, 470 families have
1 vehicle, 850 families have 2 vehicles, 490 families have 3 vehicles and
160 families have 4 vehicles.
Example
of
Variables
Discrete
Random
Example 1
Consider the table below. Let X be the number of vehicles owned by a randomly
selected family. Write the probability distribution of X and graph for the data.
Solution:
X
P(x)
0
0.015
1
0.235
2
0.425
3
0.245
4
0.080
P(x)
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
Example 2
During the summer months, a rental agency keeps track of the number of cars it rents
each day during a period of 90 days and X denotes the number of cars rented per
day. Construct a probability distribution and graph for the data.
X
Number of days
0
1
2
45
30
15
90
Total
Solution:
When
2
3
0.33
0.17
Example 3
One small farm has 10 cows where 6 of them are male and the rest are female. A
veterinary in country XY wants to study on the foot and mouth disease that attacks the
cows. Therefore, she randomly selects without replacement two cows as a sample
from the farm. Based on the study, construct a probability distribution which X is the
random sample representing the number of male cows that being selected as a
sample (Use tree diagram to illustrate the above event).
ii)
P(x) = 1
Example 4
The following table lists the probability distribution of car sales per day in a used car
shop based on passed data.
Car Sales per day, X
P(x)
0
0.10
1
0.25
2
0.30
3
0.35
Find the probability that the number of car sales per day is,
a)
none
b)
exactly 1
c)
1 to 3
d) more than 1
e)
4.3.1
at most 2
It is denoted by
FORMUL
A
X .P ( x )
E(X) = X .P( x)
x P(x)
2
In contrast, a smaller value for the standard deviation indicates the most of
the value that X can assume clustered closely about the mean.
Example
5
The following table lists the probability distribution of car sales per day in a used car
dealer based on passed data. P(x) is the probability of the corresponding value of X =
x. Calculate the expected number of sales per day and followed by standard
deviation.
X
0
1
2
3
Total
P(x)
0.1
0.25
0.3
0.35
1.00
Solution:
Example 6
During the summer months, a rental agency keeps track of the number of chain
saws it rents each day during a period of 90 days and X denotes the number of
saws rented per day. What is the expected number of saws rented per day?
Then, find the standard deviation.
X
P(x)
0
0.5
1
0.33
2
0.17
Solution:
Mean
Standard Deviation
Generally the term cumulative probability refers to the probabilities that X less
than or greater than or equal to a particular value.
P( X x)
is a
F ( x) ,
Where;
FORMUL
A
F ( x) P ( X x) P ( X x)
x x0
and
FORMUL
A
Where;
P( X x) ,
Example 7
A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X
P( X x)
0
1
30
1
3
10
2
1
2
3
1
6
P(x)
F(x)
Example 8
A discrete random variable X has the following cumulative distribution.
1
21 , for 0 x 1
3 , for 1 x 2
21
6
, for 2 x 3
F ( x) 21
10
, for 3 x 4
21
15
21 , for 4 x 5
1 , for x 5
a) Construct the probability distribution of X.
X
P(x)
F(x)
10
ii.
cumulative distribution of X
11
Example 9 (Overall
Example)
During
the school holiday, the manager of Victory Hotel records the number of
room bookings being cancelled each day during a period of 50 days, the results
are shown below and Y denotes the number of room bookings being cancelled
per day.
Number of room bookings being cancelled per day, Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number of days
2
4
7
8
13
10
3
3
12
d) Find the probability that at most three room bookings were cancelled.
e) Find the standard deviation for the number of room bookings being
cancelled.
Y
P(y)
Y2.P(y)
13
14
EXERCISE
1. The following table gives the probability distribution of a discrete random
variable X.
x
P(x)
0
0.03
1
0.17
2
0.22
3
0.31
4
0.15
5
0.12
exactly 1.
at most 1.
at least 3.
2 to 5.
more than 3.
2. The following table lists the frequency distribution of the data collected by a
local research agency.
Number of TV sets
own
Number of families
a)
b)
110
891
329
340
151
76
103
exactly 3.
more than 2.
at most 2.
1 to 3.
at least 4.
15
0
0.05
1
0.12
2
0.19
3
0.30
4
0.18
5
0.10
6
0.06
Calculate the mean and standard deviation for this probability distribution.
5. According to a survey, 30% of adults are against using animals for research.
Assume that this result holds true for the current population of all adults. Let
x be the number of adults who agrees using animals for research in a
random sample of three adults. Obtain:
a)
b)
c)
6. In a genetics investigation, cat litters with ten kittens are studied which of
three are male. The scientist selects three kittens randomly. Let X as the
number of female kittens that being selected and construct probability
distribution for X (you may use tree diagram to represent the above event).
Based on the probability distribution obtained, find the:
a)
b)
mean.
standard deviation.
7. A box holds 5 whites and 3 black marbles. If two marbles are drawn
randomly without replacement and X denoted the number of white marbles,
a)
b)
8. The following table is the probability distribution for the number of traffic
accidents occur daily in a small city.
Number of
accidents (Y)
P(y)
a)
0.10
0.20
9a
3a
16
a)
b)
c)
0
0.32
1
0.35
2
0.18
3
0.08
4
0.04
5
0.02
6
0.01
10. You are trying to develop a strategy for investing in two different stocks. The
anticipated annual return for a RM1,000 investment in each stock has the
following probability distribution.
Stock A
-100
0
80
150
a)
b)
c)
11.
Returns (RM), X
Stock B
50
150
-20
-100
P(x)
0.1
0.3
0.3
a
17
18
Matrix No:________________
Group: _________
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 4
The random variable X represents the number of children per family in a rural;
area in Ohio, with the probability distribution: p(x) = 0.05x, x = 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
1.
2.
3.
19
b. P(X > 4)
c. P(3 X 5)
e. P(X = 4.5)
20