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SQLInterviewQuestionsandAnswers~SoftwareTesting

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SQLInterviewQuestionsandAnswers
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1)WhatisRDBMS?
RelationalDataBaseManagementSystems(RDBMS)that
maintainsdatarecordsandindicesintables.Relationshipsmay
becreatedandmaintainedacrossandamongthedataand
tables.
2)WhatisSQL?

SQLstandsfor'StructuredQueryLanguage',developedbyIBM
in1970s

3)WhatisSELECTstatement?

TheSELECTstatementletsyouselectasetofvaluesfroma
tableinadatabase.Thevaluesselectedfromthedatabasetable
woulddependonthevariousconditionsthatarespecifiedinthe
SQLquery.

4)Whatisnormalization?

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Databasenormalizationisadatadesignandorganization
processappliedtodatastructuresbasedonrulesthathelpbuild
relationaldatabases.

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5)WhatistheINSERTstatement?

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TheINSERTstatementallowsustoinsertinformationintoa
database.

6)Howdoyoudeletearecordfromadatabase?

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UsingtheDELETEstatementwecanremoverecordsorany
particularcolumnvaluesfromadatabase.

7)Howtofindthetotalnumberofrecordsinadatabase
table?

WecanusetheCOUNTkeywordforcountingrecords,
Example:

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8)WhatisView?

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Asimpleviewcanbethoughtofasasubsetofatable.Itcanbe
usedforretrievingdata,aswellasupdatingordeletingrows.
9)WhatisIndex?

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10)WhatisGROUPBY?
GROUPBYkeywordhasbeenaddedtoSQLbecauseaggregate
functions(likeSUM)returntheaggregateofallcolumnvalues
everytimetheyarecalled.WithouttheGROUPBYfunctionality,
findingthesumforeachindividualgroupofcolumnvalueswas
notpossible.

11)Whatisthedifferenceamong"droppingatable",
"truncatingatable"and"deletingallrecords"froma
table?

Dropping:(Tablestructure+Dataaredeleted),Invalidatesthe
dependentobjects,Dropstheindexes
Truncating:(Dataalonedeleted),Performsanautomatic
commit,Fasterthandelete
Delete:(Dataalonedeleted),Doesntperformautomaticcommit

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Anindexisaphysicalstructurecontainingpointerstothedata.
Indicesarecreatedinanexistingtabletolocaterowsmore
quicklyandefficiently.

12)What'sthedifferencebetweenaprimarykeyanda
uniquekey?

Bothprimarykeyanduniqueenforceuniquenessofthecolumn
onwhichtheyaredefined.Butbydefaultprimarykeycreatesa
clusteredindexonthecolumn,whereareuniquecreatesa
nonclusteredindexbydefault.
Anothermajordifferenceisthat,primarykeydoesn'tallow
NULLs,butuniquekeyallowsoneNULLonly.

13)Whataretriggers?Howtoinvokeatriggeron
demand?
Triggersarespecialkindofstoredproceduresthatgetexecuted
automaticallywhenanINSERT,UPDATEorDELETEoperation
takesplaceonatable.

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Triggerscan'tbeinvokedondemand.Theygettriggeredonly
whenanassociatedaction(INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE)happens
onthetableonwhichtheyaredefined.

14)Whatisajoinandexplaindifferenttypesofjoins?

Joinisusedinqueriestoexplainhowdifferenttablesarerelated.
Joinsalsoletusselectdatafromatabledependingupondata
fromanothertable.
Typesofjoins:
INNERJOINs,
OUTERJOINs,
CROSSJOINs.
Note:OUTERJOINsarefurtherclassifiedasLEFTOUTERJOINS,
RIGHTOUTERJOINSandFULLOUTERJOINS.
15)Whatisaselfjoin?
Selfjoinisjustlikeanyotherjoin,exceptthattwoinstancesof
thesametablewillbejoinedinthequery.

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inKhammam
AadharCardCenters
inKarimnagar
AadharCardCenters
inGuntur
AadharCardCenters
inEastGodavari
AadharCardCenters
inCuddapah

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16)Howtoimplementonetoone,onetomanyandmanytomany

AadharCardCenters
inChittoor

relationshipswhiledesigningtables?

AadharCardCenters
inAnantapur

OnetoOnerelationshipcanbeimplementedasasingletable
andrarelyastwotableswithprimaryandforeignkey
relationships.

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OnetoManyrelationshipsareimplementedbysplittingthedata
intotwotableswithprimarykeyandforeignkeyrelationships.

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ManytoManyrelationshipsareimplementedusingajunction
tablewiththekeysfromboththetablesformingthecomposite
primarykeyofthejunctiontable.

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17)WhatarethePropertiesofSubQuery?

Asubquerymustbeenclosedintheparenthesis.
Asubquerymustbeputintherighthandofthecomparison
operator,and
AsubquerycannotcontainaORDERBYclause.
Aquerycancontainmorethanonesubqueries.

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18)Whataretypesofsubqueries?

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Singlerowsubquery,wherethesubqueryreturnsonlyonerow.
Multiplerowsubquery,wherethesubqueryreturnsmultiple
rows,.and
Multiplecolumnsubquery,wherethesubqueryreturnsmultiple
columns.

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19)Whatarethedifferentindexconfigurationsatable
canhave?

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Atablecanhaveoneofthefollowingindexconfigurations:

PrototypeModel

a)Noindexes
b)Aclusteredindex
c)Aclusteredindexandmanynonclusteredindexes
d)Anonclusteredindex
e)Manynonclusteredindexes

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20)WhatisthedifferencebetweenaLocalandaGlobal
temporarytable?

Alocaltemporarytableexistsonlyforthedurationofa
connectionor,ifdefinedinsideacompoundstatement,forthe
durationofthecompoundstatement.
Aglobaltemporarytableremainsinthedatabasepermanently,
buttherowsexistonlywithinagivenconnection.When
connectionisclosed,thedataintheglobaltemporarytable
disappears.However,thetabledefinitionremainswiththe
databaseforaccesswhendatabaseisopenednexttime.

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21)Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof
primarykey?

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PrimarykeyAdvantage:
1)Itisauniquekeyonwhichalltheothercandidatekeysare
functionallydependent.
PrimarykeyDisadvantage:
1)Therecanbemorethanonekeysonwhichalltheother
attributesaredependenton.
22)WhatisaNULLvalue?
ANULLvaluetakesuponebyteofstorageandindicatesthata
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valueisnotpresentasopposedtoaspaceorzerovalue.
23)CanPrimarykeyisaForeignKeyonthesametable?
Yes,PrimarykeyisaForeignKeyonthesametable.
24)WhataretheSQLComparisonKeywords?

Thereareothercomparisonkeywordsavailableinsqlwhichare
usedtoenhancethesearchcapabilitiesofasqlquery.
Theyare"IN","BETWEEN...AND","ISNULL","LIKE".
25)Whatarethewildcardsusedforpatternmatching?
Wildcardsusedforpatternmatchingare:
_forsinglecharactersubstitutionand%formulticharacter
substitution.
26)Whatareuserdefineddatatypesandwhenyou
shouldgoforthem?

UserdefineddatatypesletsyouextendthebaseSQLServer
datatypesbyprovidingadescriptivename,andformattothe
database.
Forexample,inyourdatabase,thereisacolumncalled
Flight_Numwhichappearsinmanytables.Inallthesetablesit
shouldbevarchar(8).Inthiscaseyoucouldcreateauserdefined
datatypecalledFlight_num_typeofvarchar(8)anduseitacross
allyourtables.
27)WhatdoesDatabaseObjectmeans?
Adatabaseobjectinarelationaldatabaseisadatastructure
usedtoeitherstoreorreferencedata.Themostcommonobject
thatmostpeopleinteractwithisthetable.Otherobjectsare
indexes,storedprocedures,sequences,viewsandmanymore.

Whenadatabaseobjectiscreated,anewobjecttypecannotbe
createdbecauseallthevariousobjecttypescreatedare
restrictedbytheverynature,orsourcecode,oftherelational
databasemodelbeingused,suchasOracle,SQLServeror
Access.Whatisbeingcreatedisinstancesoftheobjects,suchas
anewtable,anindexonthattableoraviewonthesametable.

28)WhatisDatabaseTrigger?

Adatabasetriggerisstoredcodethatisexecutedimmediately
afterapredefinedevent.Itisusedtoensurethecoordinated
performanceofrelatedactions.Althoughimplementationvaries,
allmajorrelationaldatabasessupporttriggers.
29)WhatisSQL*Plus?
SQL*PlusisacommandlinetoolproprietarytoOracle.Youcan
sendSQLqueriestotheserverusingthetool.Itcanalsohelp
youformattheresultofaquery.
30)WhatisTSQL?
TSQListheproceduralprogramminglanguagebuiltintoSQL
ServerRDBMS.
31)WhatisPL/SQL?

PL/SQLisacombinationofSQLalongwiththeprocedural
featuresofprogramminglanguages.ItwasdevelopedbyOracle
Corporationintheearly90stoenhancethecapabilitiesofSQL.

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32)WhatisthedifferencebetweenSQLandPL/SQL?

SQLisaquerylanguagethatallowsustouseasinglequeryor
executeasingleinsert/update/deletecommands,SQLdoesnt
supportprogrammingfeatureslikeConditionalandLoop
Statements.
PLSQLisOracle's"ProgrammingLanguage"SQL,whichallows
ustowriteafullprogram(loops,conditions,variables,etc.)to
accomplishmultipleselects/inserts/updates/deletes.
33)WhatisthedifferencebetweenSQLandSQLServer?

SQLisStructuredQueryLanguageusedtocommunicatewith
databases,whereasSQLServerisRelationalDatabase
ManagementSystemfromMicrosoft?
34)WhatistheDifferencebetweenSQLandMySQL?

SQLisStructuredQueryLanguageusedtocommunicatewith
databases,whereasMySQLisanOpenSourceRelational
DatabaseManagementSystemlikeOracle,SQLServerand
Sybaseetc
35)WhatisNormalization?

Normalizationistheprocessofefficientlyorganizingdataina
database.
36)WhySQLknowledgeisrequiredforSoftwareTesters?

SQLknowledgeisrequiredforSoftwareTesterinordertoVerify:
i)DataIntegrity,
ii)Dataconsistency,
iii)DataManipulations(Add/Edit/Delete)
iv)DataBackupandRecovery,
v)DataComparison,
EtcOperations
37)Whatarethe3importantrolesinDatabaseare?
i)Databasedevelopers
ii)DatabaseTesters
iii)DatabaseAdministrators

38)WhatisDataIntegrity?
Dataintegrityreferstotheoverallcompleteness,accuracyand
consistencyofdata.
39)WhatisDatabackupandRecovery?
40)WhatisDataComparison?
ComparingFrontenddatawithBackendData,
Comparingonedataresourcewithanother(Ex:Databasedata
withExcelfiledata)
Comparingcolumnsfromtwodifferenttablesetc...
41)WhatareAdvantagesofSQL?

i)SQLQueriescanbeusedtoretrievelargeamountsof
recordsfromadatabasequicklyandefficiently.
ii)SQLisusedtoviewthedatawithoutstoringthedatainto
theobject.
iii)SQLjoinstwoormoretablesandshowitasoneobjectto
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user.
iv)SQLdatabasesuselongestablishedstandard,whichis
beingadoptedbyANSI&ampISO.NonSQLdatabasesdonot
adheretoanyclearstandard.
v)UsingstandardSQLitiseasiertomanagedatabasesystems
withouthavingtowritesubstantialamountofcode.
vi)SQLrestrictstheaccessofatablesothatnobodycaninsert
therowsintothetable.
42)WhatareDisadvantagesofSQL?
i)InterfacinganSQLdatabaseismorecomplexthanaddinga
fewlinesofcode.
ii)Whentableisdroppedviewbecomesinactive.Itdependson
thetableobjects.
iii)AlthoughSQLdatabasesconformtoANSI&ampISO
standards,somedatabasesgoforproprietaryextensionsto
standardSQLtoensurevendorlockin.
iv)Itisanobjectsoitoccupiesspace.
43)WhatistheSQLstatementforextractingdatafroma
database?

SELECT
44)WhatistheSQLstatementforupdatingdataina
database?

UPDATE
45)WhatistheSQLstatementforinsertingnewdataina
database?

INSERTINTO
46)WhatistheSQLstatementforreturningonlydifferent
values?

SELECTDISTINCT

47)WhichSQLkeywordisusedtosorttheresultset?

ORDERBY
48)WhataretheimportantSQLbuiltinFunctions?

a)AVG()Returnstheaveragevalue
b)COUNT()Returnsthenumberofrows
c)FIRST()Returnsthefirstvalue
d)LAST()Returnsthelastvalue
e)MAX()Returnsthelargestvalue
f)MIN()Returnsthesmallestvalue
g)SUM()Returnsthesum
h)UCASE()Convertsavaluetouppercase
i)LCASE()Convertsavaluetolowercase
j)MID()Extractcharactersfromastringornumber
k)LEN()Returnsthelengthofatextfield
l)ROUND()Roundsanumericfieldtothenumberofdecimals
specified
m)NOW()Returnsthecurrentsystemdateandtime
n)FORMAT()Formatshowafieldistobedisplayed

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49)WhataretheimportantclausesinSQL?

Where,
Top,
OrderBy,
GroupBy,
Having,
Union,
Between,
Joinetc
50)Howcanyoureturnthenumberofrecordsinatable
usingSQL?

SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMTableName
51)WhatisROWID?
ROWIDisapseudocolumnattachedtoeachrowofatable.Itis
18characterslong,blockno,rownumberarethecomponentsof
ROWID.
52)Whataredefaults?Isthereacolumntowhicha
defaultcan'tbebound?
Adefaultisavaluethatwillbeusedbyacolumn,ifnovalueis
suppliedtothatcolumnwhileinsertingdata.IDENTITYcolumns
andtimestampcolumnscan'thavedefaultsboundtothem.
53)WhatistheadvantageofforeignkeyinSQL?

Itallowsreferencinganothertableusingtheprimarykeyforthe
othertable.
54)Whatisdenormalizationanddifferencebetween
normalization?

Denormalizationistheprocessofattemptingtooptimizethe
performanceofadatabasebyaddingredundantdataorby
groupingdata.
Normalizationistheprocessofdecomposingarelationwith
anomaliesintoawellstructuredrelation.
55)Whatareconstraints?

Aconstraintisbasicallyaruleassociatedwithacolumnthatthe
dataenteredintothatcolumnmustfollow.
56)WhatisNestedTrigger?

AtriggercanalsocontainINSERT,UPDATEandDELETElogic
withinitself,sowhenthetriggerisfiredbecauseofdata
modificationitcanalsocauseanotherdatamodification,thereby
firinganothertrigger.Atriggerthatcontainsdatamodification
logicwithinitselfiscalledanestedtrigger.
57)Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofview?

Advantagesofviews:

1.Viewthedatawithoutstoringthedataintotheobject.
2.Restricttheviewofatablei.e.canhidesomeofcolumnsin
thetables.
3.Jointwoormoretablesandshowitasoneobjecttouser.
4.Restricttheaccessofatablesothatnobodycaninsertthe
rowsintothetable.

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DisadvantagesofViews:

1.CannotuseDMLoperationsonthis.
2.Whentableisdroppedviewbecomesinactive..itdependson
thetableobjects.
3.Itisanobject,soitoccupiesspace.
58)WhatisaUNIQUEKEY?

AUNIQUEKEYisoneormorecolumnsthatmustbeuniquefor
eachrowofthetable.
59)HowcanyoucallaPL/SQLprocedurefromSQL?

WecancallbyusingoftheEXECUTE(shortformEXEC)
command.
60)Canoneselectarandomcollectionofrowsfroma
table?

Yes.UsingSAMPLEclause.
Example:
SELECT*FROMTableNameSAMPLE(10)
10%ofrowsselectedrandomlywillbereturned.
61)DescribehowNULLsworkinSQL?

TheNULLishowSQLhandlesmissingvalues.Arithmetic
operationwithNULLinSQLwillreturnaNULL.
62)WhatisthehighestvaluethatcanbestoredinaBYTE
datafield?

ThehighestvaluethatcanbestoredinaBYTEfieldis255or
from128to127.ByteisasetofBitsthatrepresentasingle
character.Usuallythereare8BitsinaByte,sometimesmore,
dependingonhowthemeasurementisbeingmade.EachChar
requiresonebyteofmemoryandcanhaveavaluefrom0to255
(or0to11111111inbinary).
63)Whatisthemainroleofaprimarykeyinatable?

Themainroleofaprimarykeyinadatatableistomaintainthe
internalintegrityofadatatable.
64)Listallthepossiblevaluesthatcanbestoredina
BOOLEANdatafield?

ThereareonlytwovaluesthatcanbestoredinaBOOLEANdata
field:1(true)and0(false).
65)WhatisaSPOOL?

SPOOLcommandcreatesaprintfileofthereport.
66)WhatisCOMPUTE?

Thiscommandcontrolcomputationsonsubsetscreatedbythe
BREAKcommand.
67)WhatisaBREAK?

BREAKcommandclarifyreportsbysuppressingrepeatedvalues,
skippinglines&ampallowingforcontrolledbreakpoints.
68)WhatisaCOLUMN?

COLUMNcommanddefinescolumnheadings&ampformatdata
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values.
69)WhatisTTITLE&ampBTITLE?

TTITLE&ampBTITLEarecommandstocontrolreportheadings
&ampfooters.
70)WhatisStoredProcedure?

AstoredprocedureisanamedgroupofSQLstatementsthat
havebeenpreviouslycreatedandstoredintheserverdatabase.
Storedproceduresacceptinputparameterssothatasingle
procedurecanbeusedoverthenetworkbyseveralclientsusing
differentinputdata.Andwhentheprocedureismodified,all
clientsautomaticallygetthenewversion.Storedprocedures
reducenetworktrafficandimproveperformance.Stored
procedurescanbeusedtohelpensuretheintegrityofthe
database.
e.g.sp_helpdb,sp_renamedb,sp_dependsetc.

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