NACA TN No, 1458 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS TECHNICAL NOTE No, 1458 ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BOLTED JOINTS By Samuel J. Rosenfeld Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory Langley Field, Va. ‘Washington October, 1947NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ABRONAUTICS TRCENICAL NOTE NO. 2458 ANAINTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BOMED JOINTS ‘By Semel J. Rosenfeld SUR Results are given of an analytical and experimenta) investigation of otresses in symmetrical butt joints. The methods: of enalysic, which axe based on the preliminery investigation of NACA TN No. 1051, are presented in the first part of the yeper. A recurrence formila de developed:vhich in conjunction with the appropriate -poundery equatioris can be ised to obtain sete of:eimultaneous linear equetions the solutions of which result in the bolt-loed distribution for Joints of uniform dimensions with bolts in line with, the load. A procedure 1s eleo given in which the recurrence forma is applied as a homogeneous finite Aifference equation of the second order. In addition, an approxinate.enalysis besed on the ehesr-lag solution of a substitute single stringer structure is presented which may be euployed in most rractical designs with some gain in tine at a emsll sacrifice in accuracy. An exemple 1s solved to demonstrate the vse of tho shear-lag soluticn’and a comparison is mede with the other methods of analysis. The second part of the paper describes strain-gage tests for Joints with five and nine bolts in line. (The preliminary investi- gation analyzed joints with only three bolts in line.) Because of the generally satisfactory“egrocment obtained in these static tests, it appears probable that this analysis may serve as an adequate. vasis of design of Joints subject to fatigue loads. “INTRODUCTION In ¢ preliminary investigation of bolted Joints the inadequacy of the eleuentery engincoring formas for the stress enslysis of bolted Joints within the elastic and plastic ranges, but excluding failure, was clearly indicated. In this investigation (reference 1) 2 nethod wes developed for caloulating the loads carried by the individuel bolts in symmetrical butt Joints. The geneval bolt-Load2 . "MAGA TI Ho. 1458 behavior in the elastic renge for Joints was given as an equation which exprosses the roletionship between the loads on any two successive bolts in line with the load. Although this expression te applicable to Joints-of variable bolt’ spacings, stiffnesses, and materials, ite application 1s somewhat tedious, especially in the case of long, Joints. The present paper contains the develorment of a recurence formula for the bolt loads for the elmplified case of a syimotrical Dutt Joint with bolte spaced evenly in line with the applied load. The method presented herein ie’besed on the fundamental relationship which was developed in reference 1 between the loads on any two euccessive bolts. The recurrence forma together with the appropriate bouridsry equations furnishes the stress anelyst'e simple method for thé basic analysis of Joints In order “to reduce’ the amount of computation involved in the stress analysis of relatively long Joints of uniform dimensions, the recurrence forma is also treated as a second order finite ° aifference equation with constant coefficients. Application of the eolution.of ‘this’ equation reeulte in a olimple ahd direct determination of the bolt loads. This’ solution, of ‘course, may also bo readily applied to short Joints of constant parameters. In addition to those methods of analysis an approximate procedure is developed based on the shear-lag theory of reference 2. A “eubstitute Joint", such as that used in referenco 3 with e continuous connection between plate and straps instead of connections at discrete points ie analyzed, Zquations analogous to those used in shearlag Problens are derived and ¢ numerical comparison 1s made with the solution of the fintte-difference equation. The present’ paper algo gives the results of an experimental investigation conducted to substantiate further the adequacy of the elastic theory as well as to yield aiditionel data on the critical ‘volt load and the behavior of long joints in the plastic range and at the ultimate load. The critical losd as used in the present paper is defined as that bolt load at vhich either yielding of the plates in bearing under the most heavily’ loaded bolts or yielding of the polte jn shear or bending occurs. The test specimens were symmetrical five- end nine-bolt joints. A cumery of the test data from the prosont investigation and those of reference: 1 is made to hulp formulate principles for design above the limit- of elastic action.WACA HW Wo. 1456 3 RHew oY woo woe s SuMBOLS cross-sectional area, square inches volt constant, dependent upcn elastic properties, gemetric shape, dimeneions and manner of leading of bolts, and upon bearing properties end thickness of plates, inches. per kip volt diameter, inches Young's modulus, ket shearing modulus of elasticity, ket gometric manent of inertia of bolt, inches Plate constent for tension or compression loading, dependent ‘upon geometric shape, dimensions, elastic properties of plates, end assumed stress distribution, inches per kip length of Joint, inches external applied load, kipe dolt lead, Kips plate width, inches shear—lag constant, dependent on:pitch, Young's modulus, volt constant, and plate areas piteh, inches shear flow, kips per inch thickness, inches @istence measured along longitudinal axis of Joint cosfficients in finite-difference equation total longitudinal displacement between main plate end butt strap, inches plate deformation» NACA TIN No. 1458 © tensile strain x= com” (+B) 2K, + Ky ° C v shearing stress, ksi vb bending of bolt br boarding bs shear of bolt cr orftical 1 designation for any bolt a mumbar of bolts in joint P designation for main plate s butt strep exp experimental ‘thear theoretical ult ultimate load MEZEODS OF ANALYSIS Development of Recurrence Formula Basic exeumptions of present theary.— The distribution of loads in a bolted Joint is a statically indeterminate structural problem. In order to solve this problem certain basic assumptions and @efinitions met be made. The assumptions end definitions usedNACA TH No. 1458 5 herein are the same as those used in reference 1 and are summarized as follows: (2) The Joint is a symmetrical butt Joint vhere the ‘Dutt straps are of the came thickness and material. (2) The ratio of stress to strain is constant. (3) The stress is uniformly distributed over the crose- sections of tho main plate and butt straps. (4) The effect of friction is negligible. (5) The bolts fit the holes initially, end the material in the immediate vicinity of the holes is not damaged or stressed in making the holes or inserting the bolta. (6) The relationship betwéen bolt deflection and bolt load is linear in the elastic renge. Generel relationship between the loads in successive bolt: On the basis of the eforenentioned assumptions, reference 1 shows that, for symmetrical butt Joints, the general relationship between the ioads on any two successive bolts in a line with the applied load ts Cy (+ ee Rea OER te Pte ° whore R is the bolt loads P, tho Joint load; Cy and Cyy1, the bolt constants for the 1 end 1+1 bolts, respectively; Ky and K, are the plate constants for the part of the main,plate and butt straps between these bolts, respectively; and 7 _R is the . 5 sum Of the bolt loads Ro to Ry.(See fig. 1 for bolt and space @esignations.) The general expression for the bolt constant C~as derived in reference 1 is o = Mette Btg3 + 16t,7%, + Bt gt, + +,3 = ee Ay a ED at +t, pas +2 (2) Te, Fa, ae es +6 NACA TH No. 1458 and for the plate constant is Ke be ‘This enelysis was based upon the laws of statics and upon the principle of elastic continuity, which requires that after load 18 applied the deflection of bolt i plus the elastic deformation in the butt straps betweeri the bolts mst equal the deflection of bolt i#1 plus the elastic deformtiton in the main plate between the bolts. Equation (1) may be generalized to apply to joints with tapered strepe and with bolts of variable spacing and stiffness. Derivation of recurrence formla for joints of constant ronpterben h cass that Hegantly Soonts in Mabigh ie tee In Vhich all tho bolts are of the came materiel and eize and are spaced | uniformly in line with the applied load. ‘Then cae and equation (1) becomes Baty Mee Bethe top Similarly for bolts 4 and 3-2 By, Mt Ke chal a ae? Subtracting equation (5) from equation (1) yields the basic recurrence formila for the bolted-Joint problem | fa ey] Roar [e+ 2e-)] m+ ka 20 For joints with a butt-etrap thickness of one-half the main t, pate totcmees (5 = 2), ap Me (3) (a) (5) (6)WACA TN No. 1458 1 and the recurrence forma becomes Ke Ruy ¢ + as) Ry + Ry = 0 mM When the joints are mde of 2ls-T plates with t, = 2B, fastened by alloy-stesl bolts, the expression for the bolt constant (equation (2)) - reduces’ to . cs oa fos (3) x . (3). sal (@) Equations (7) and (8) are directly applicable to the joints tested in the present investigation. For other symmetrical butt-Joint errengements, expressions for @ similar to equation (8) and based on equation (2) my be found in appendix A of reference 1. A recurrence formila similar to the one in egiation (7) can easily be obtained for Joints with varying bolt and plate constants by the use of oguation (1) directly instead of the simplified bolt-load relationships of equations (h) and (5). Boundary conditions.- Before the system of eimltaneous equations can be solved, the boundary conditions at the ends of the plate mst ve defined. In the Joint show in figure 1(e) the applicd load 16 Aletributed through @ fork-like fitting witich consists of e main plate and two butt straps. The boundary ‘equation for the left end of the joint ts r : - Ces) Rot R= - RP (90) end for the right end is Be * fs (25) aT () ‘Those equations were derived in a mamer similar to the general ‘polt-load relationship in eppendix A of reference 1. The Joint shown in figure 1(b) “is composed of two dential plates carrying equal loads and separated by a filler or idler plate connected to the main plate by a row of bolts. For this case only one boundary equation is required owing to the double symmetry8 WACA TN No. 1458 of the Joint and is given as fs (Zag) mom = Bee (19) Solution of recurrence formilas and boundary condition equat: By the use cf tho Socurrencs forms given in equation (/) and the ‘boundary equations (9), a system of n simultancous linear equations involving n unlmovn bolt loads 1s obtained. A repid and accurate solution of these equations my be obtained ty using the Crout method described in reference 4, When the joint parameters are variable, hovever, the system of elmiltaneous equations resulting from the egplication of equation (1) can be solved more’ rapidly by the use of the method presented in reference 5. This method takes advantage of the enalogy. between these similtansous equations and those obtained for the current distribution in a direct-current network. Solution of Problem ty Means of Finite-Difference Equation Since the reourrence formula previously shown in equation (6)" ie a hemogeneous finite-difference equation of the second order with constant coefficients, ¢ solution to this equation may be obtained as described in reference 6. Application of the solution results in & very simple and direct determination of the bolt-load distribution in Joints of uniform dimensions. The eolution of equation (6) is shown es Ry = aot + pot (a) where the exponent 4 may be obtained from the relation + » = cosh” (2 + £ (a2) where 5 Qs Ste (13)NACA TN No. 1458 9 The constant coefficients a and 6 of equation (11) are determined ty the use of the boundary equations (9), as shown'in appendix A. ‘The results are > (uh) where n denotes the mmber of bolts in.the joint. With the constants a, B, and A determined, the load carried by each bolt may be found @ireotly by successive application of equation (12), In appendix B, @ numerical exemple using this method of analysis 4s given, Approximate Solution by Shear-lag /nalogy Comparison between the bolted—Joint problem end the shear-Jeg ptobleu,— The fundamental action of a bolted joint under load closely parallels the action in skin and single stringer combinations used ae axially loaded panels. (See referonce 2.) In both cases. tho axial load is transferred from one component of the structure to another ‘through @ shear carrying medium, Tho difference between the two actions is that ina bolted Joint tho loads are trensferred in finite amounts at definite points rather than through infinitesimal elements as in the single-stringer structure. In the bolted joint, moreover, the deformations of the connecting agent are not solely due to shear, but the bolts, being discrete comectors, deform by bending and bearing es well as shearing action, Therefore, in onler to apply the dale equations of the shear-lag enslysis, a “substitute structure" mist be used. Expressions for polt—loed distribution based _on modifications of the chear-leg theory. An actual joint (fig. 2(a)) may be idealized ae chown in Figure a(b), ‘The substitute strecture to obtained by distributing the bolts, or shear-carrying medi, over the pitch @istance p ase “cementing layer" and considering the resisting20 NACA TN No. 1458 shear flow q in thie material to be -2 oo This expression is enslogous to the shear flow Tt in the shearlag problem. Also, in conformance with the basic assumptions previously outlined, the elastic deformations of thie fotitious contiguous cementing medium ere assumed proportional to the bolt load; that is, be (35) where 8 1s now defined es the total longitudinal displacement between the main plate and strap. Equation (15) is analogous to the shoar-strain relationship (7b) given in reference 2. By substituting these “equivalont" expressions into the funia~ mental equations of the shear-lag enalysis, tho equations used for ‘the solution of the bolt-load distribution in bolted Joints of constant dimensions are obtained. For the practical case shown in figure 2 the folloving equation applic : kp Ap R= ieee Ag cosh kx + 3% cosh k(I~- x)|P (26) 4 where Ag =A, + =P and the constant K. which is analogous to the shear-lag paremeter appearing in analytical golutions for single~ stringer structures, is defined by 202 2 xe = — (2 + 2) (7) zal 5) hon the butt-strap thickness equals one-helf the main plate thickness: (+ -3)WACA IN No. 1458 a end equation (16) reduces to cook K(= ~ tk P (18) where x 4s now defined by woe = 304, (a9) It 4s convenient to take the positive x-direction as shown in figure 2, starting at a distance of one-half the pitch from the first bolt. Thus, the longth of the joint L may be considered simply to be equal to the mmber of bolts in the joint times the pitch (1 = np). These expressions, strictly spesiing, are only "exact" for Joints fastened by bolts epaced infinitely close togethez., The acouracy of this method when applied to Joints vith pitches of finite length, however, can be shown by e mmerioal comparison with the exact solution of the finite-difference equation. Aypendix B illustrates the application of the method; anda comparison for nine-bolt joint is made of the results obtained by use of the three solutions presented herein, For this case the bolt loads determined by using the shear Jag enalysis ave only about 2 percent less than those computed by the exact solution. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION Tost Specimens and Procedures Speoimens.— Tests reported in reference 1 had been confined to short Joints with two and three bolte with a large pitch. In order to obtain experimental data on longer Jointe with @ smaller pitch and e greater plate-thickness renge, teste were pexfomed on six symetricel butt-Jjoint specimens. The specimens were constructed of O4ST alnimm-alloy plates festened by pion airoreft bolts. All specimens were made syimetrical about their longitudinal center lines. Only two, however, were short enough to be tested as doubly symmetrical joints, that is, synmetrical also about the transverse center line, In all joints a pitch12 NACA TN No. 1458 of if Anches was used. ‘This pitch ves determined by the minimm space needed to accomodate the otvein gages. Tho bubt-strap thickness in all epeotmens was ono-half of the thickness of the mein plate. The six specimens were divided into two groups of three Joints each, The Joints of one group, group C, had fivo bolts and those of the other group, group D, hed nine bolts. (Groups A end B were those of reference 1, which are included egein in this paper.) ‘The specimens of group 0 had a width of 1f inches, wheres those of group D had a width of 3} inches. A tabulation of the @imensions of the specimens of groups C and D is shown in table 1 and photographs of the fractured specimens are shown as figures 3 and hy In each group of specimens there was one joint for each of the ‘three osses found in actual structures. Specimens 0-1 and D-1 wore of balanced design, specimens C-2 and D-2 vere designed so that the olte would fail in shear, and specimene C-3 and D-3 wore dosignod 80 ‘that the plate would fail in tension, All the designs were based on the usual assumption that the load is divided equally among the bolts. The seme precautions that were taken in tho investigntion of vefer- ence 1 to eliminate bearing of the plates on tho bolt threads and friction of the nuts on the plates wore observed. Testing procedure.— The test setup of a typical specimen is sho in Tigre 5. The joints vere tested in tension by means of a hydraulic testing machine having a 300-iip capacity and an accuracy ‘to about 1/2 percent. Strains were measured on the butt straps with electrical resistance-typs gages of }-inch gage length in 16 to 20 Anoremente until failure occurred. ‘Two gage pattems were used as showa in figure 6, the second pattern having been considered more suitable for the joints with the vider plates. Bach speoimen vas preloaded three times to ayproxinstely 50 percent of the estimated ultinate load. Calouletion of bolt loads from strain aste.~ The load on any volt was considered to be the difference betveen the loads in the butt straps at sections midway between the bolt in question and its two adjacent bolts. In order to study the influence on the bolt loads of the method vsed to obtain the butt-strap loads, two independent methods were used to convert the strein-gage data to bitt-strap loads. By the first method, the butt-strap load was computed simply as the gross area of the butt strap times the everage stress. ‘The average stress Was considered to be the prodrot of the arithneticalNAGA TH Wo. 1458 3 everege of the five strain readings on a gage line and the modulus of elasticity (assumed to be 10,600 ksi). By the second mthod the dutt-strep load wes computed by multiplying the area under a curve formed ty connecting the five strein'readings with straight lines by the thickness of the strap end the modulus of clasticity. This area wie found by using the trapezoidal rule. Since the trepezoidal method approxinates an integration of strain acres the butt trap, it naturelly is the more accurate method. The loads computed.on the basis.of average strain, however, corresponded closely to the ches computed by the trapezoidal method except in sone instances vhere the variation of strain across the oross section of the strap was largo. ‘In all cases the strain. ¢3 meacured directly in line with bolts tended to read lower then the outeide strain. This teniency was accentusted at higher loads when ‘the bolt began to bear against the plates, this effect results for some cases in @ change-of atrein from tension to compression. Even with these largo variations in strains the greatest difference in loads calculated by the two methods was about 23 percent and this difference ocourred.at @ oritical-loed. At lower Joint loads all differences were smaller. It 4s also of importance to note thet strein measurotients taken at the center line of the joint and reducod to. load by the trapezoidal rule and compared to the machine load indicdted that the internal, , load in the etrap ves determined within about 5 percent of the actual Joint load. Curves representing this relation between the, epplied Joint load and the measured internal load were linear up to Joint failure. This linearity proves that the presence of the laterel ending of the butt strep due to eccentric loading that was evident in Joints tested in the preliminary invogtigntion was entirely absent or negligible in the prosont tests. ‘The elimination of bending in these Joints may te attributed, to large extent, to the fact that @ greater number of bolts were used to resist load-and also that the increased plate width of these spocimens efforded greater flexurel resistance, Since no correction of tho plate loads 1s necessary, these plots are not shown, The plotted points in figures 7 to 15 are based upon the trapezoidal rule. The analytic curves shown in conjunction with these points, however, assume the stress to be uniformly distributed. To modify the theory for the irregularity of stress caused by stress concentrations, large bearing deformtions and effect of smll pitches would involve a correction of the plate constants Kp and Ky — 2 ona57e + 0.0786 6359 - 3) -- P = 0,00713 P Ge - 3109) (6-01 39H - | Pe) Starting with the firet bolt, successive expressions for each unknown ‘bolt load exe written in the following manner by means of equation (B2): 0.2 7K8P Ros Rg=a +8 = 0,00713P + 0.16777 Ry = Ry = cet Ry = Rg = aa® + po ™* = 0,01569P + 0.07628P = 0.0920P RoR 03 + Beo3* = 0,02303P + 0,05155P = 0.07KEP R, = ao + po = 0,03K68P + 0.0368 = 0.06947 + Pe = 0,01058P + 0.1131P = 0,1237Pah NACA TN Wo. 1458 By this analysis the individuel bolt loads are determined directly fron a single expression, obviating the solution of eimiltansous equations, ‘The results are tabulated in table 5 for comparison with the other two methods. Analysis by Shoar-Lag Analogy Binge in thie Joimt Ay = Ay, equation (18) may be used 4n the enalysia by sheamleg analogy, Thue, coun 1( — x) Ry skp ——2_—“‘p (3) 2 einn XE According to equation (19), the modified shear-Jag parameter k ts 2.2. 2x ks fe = 2K 00, PECA, — (1.25) (10500)(3.5)(0.2875) a or x = 0,318 Tho positive x-direction is taken as shown in figure 2; therefore, the length of joint L may be considered as . L = np = (9)(1.25) = 11.25 By applying equation (B3) successively, the expressions for each volt are given as follows: oosh 0.318 G2 a4 = (0.318)(1.25) 2 48) = 0.1782 (0,328) (12.25) 2 stan FoR Ry = R, © 0,06Ch cook 0,318(6.675 ~ 1.5 1.25)P = 0.1230 Ry = Rg = 0,068 cosh 0.316(6.675 — 2.5 x 1.25)P = 0.0916P R= R= 0,066h cosh 0.318(6.675 — 3.5 x 1+25)P = 0.07h2P Ry = 0,0684 cosh 0,318(6.675 — 4.5 x 1.25)P = 0.068hPNACA TN No. 1458 25 ‘REFERENCES 1, Tate, Manford B., and Rosenfeld, Semel J, Proliminary Investigation of the Loads Carriod by Individual Bolts in Bolted Joints, NACA TN No, 1051, 19h6, 2, Kuhn, Paul: Stross Analysis of Beans with Shear Defomation of the Flanges. NACA Rep. No. 608, 1937. 3. Volkexsen, Olaf: Die Motkreftvertetlung in zugbeenspruchten Woetverbindungen mit konstanten Laachenquezechni tten, Inftfehrtforechung, BA. 15, Lfg. 1/2, dan. 20, 1938, pp. ML-4T. 4, Orout, Prescott D.: A Short Method for Bvaluating Determinants and Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Real or Complex Coofficients. Supp. to Flec. Ing., Trans. Sections, ATEE, Vol. 60, Dec. 1941, pp. 1235-1240, (Abridged as Marchant Methods MH-162, Sept. 19i1, Marchant Caloulating Machine Co., Oakland, Calif.) 5. Ross, Robert D.: An Electrical Computer for the Solution of Shear-ag and BoltedJoint Problems, NACA TH No. 1261, 1947. 6, Bleich, Fr., end Melen E.: Die gowshnlichen und partiellen Differenzengletohungen der Baustatik. Julius Springer (Berlin), 1927. 7. Anon: Strength of Airoreft Elements, ANC-5, Army—Nevy-Oivil Comittee on Aircraft Design Criteria, Revised ed., Doo. 1942; Amendment 1, Oct. 22, 1943.TABIE 1 HIAMENIS OF EST JOINS [eis plates; S.A.#, 2330 (or oquivalent) bolts) H Timber of] ‘Namtnal Measured dimensions | i. dimensions | Speoimen| . Remarks | ports per] 2 | 2 | 2] te te} P| Ae | Joint ty | ty] (ame) | (Sms) / (4n.) }(4n,) (aq dn.) |(ag tn.) : (a) (a) cal]: 7.5 |0.668}2.34|0.183 b 378 |1.875]1.875| 0.344 | 0.701 | Balanced design ce 7-5] .334] 67] .380 | .7H9 }1.856|2.859|. .705 | 1.408 | Joint doatgned to : . fail in bolt shear 3 o3 7-5|3.09 [6.25] 10392 .0803}2.874|2.075]- .075 |. .1506| Jofmt dootened to : 7 + fad1 in tension DL 14.0] .668]1.34) 2289. | «377 |3.501)3.502} ~ .662 | 1.320 | Balanced design De 14.0| .334{ .67] .402 | «751 [3.502)/3.501| 1.406 | 2.630 | Joint designed to fail in bolt shear 9 D3 114.0|3.09 |6.25] .0393 | .0805|3.500]3.502] .138 | .282 | Joint designed to . fail in tension SGross aren = by NATIONAL ADVISORE COMMITTEE FOR AERORADEICS 9% 8¢hT “ON NL VOVNBIE 2 ‘BOL? AND PLATS CONSTANTS AND ANALYTTCAT. BOLT TOADS [aasod on meanuted anenetini] Specinen | c Ky K, |R/? | BP |R/P [R,/P Rf? | Befe R/P| Ro/P RP CL 0.67 | 1/433 | 1/2885 | 1/5890 | 0.247] 0.174 | 0.152 | 0.176 | 0.251} ----- memes | cecee | omen ce +33 | 1/161 | 1/5920 | 1/11606) 212] .19h| .168] .19h) .212|----~ | ----~ | ----~ | ----~ O-3 3-42] 1/151 {1/617 | 1/2265 | .270} .161] 131] .163] .275/-=--~ wrens | conse | nane T | Di -67 | 1/433 11/556. | 1/1090] 17k} .124 | .092 | .075 | .070|0.075 |0.092 |0.224 |o.17h De +33 | 1/169 |1/11606| 1/ea086) .127] .226| .108] .103] .101] .102 | .106| .113 | .12k D-3 3.12 | 1/15 |1/1156 | 1/2368 | 202} .225| .0f | .060| .053] .060 | .084 | .128 | .206 ‘NATIONAL ADVISORY. COMMITEE FOR ARRONAUDICS eGbT ‘ON NZ VOVN Lzmm 3 KIFRMERMML LOAD AND STEMS ATR, AND FAIORE Jotmt Lona] Gri tton2| Specinen |at oritioat bolt Load] Streos at ertttonl Average stress at Wott toed” |Jotmt 00d] tatlere or Joint | ype ant Location ‘Delt toa |” Oetz0) ‘(ist) fet tasdare (Gxt) ‘of fatlare (ips) (espe) peeing son wie essing sens eden ( a ca 5.00 | 5365 | 52.0] 35.2 3503 | 5-3 | 72.8) 57. yj at bolt 10 < Patong 08 oun 2 | goto | 5.90 Jer | aphle5.o | sem | os.n | 85.8] 35.3 | mens; ant dente 3 | 53 | to | 6.9 Jaeslaoa | 8.00 264] @.9 | tmmatons et ‘seatien of ane att strap at bolt 5, and ‘rough other Sate trey at bolt 6 pa | 38.00 | 5.90 [55.3 | 53.0] 3.0 | 63.20 | hg | 72.0] m8 | smoten; et bolt 2, ‘torent net oection of mein plate De 3285 | 28.0 a2 | 75.00 | 44.8 | 65.0] 50.8 | snonsy att bolts > Boo | 133 | 66.4 |23.6/ 30.6 | a5. 0 | 372} 59.0 sb bolt 9, a we} 549 | 0 | ara) 200 | meee Seana of butt strepe computed sing et area. *averege of meximm Dolt lots in wpper end lover Joint. cd 8961 ‘ON NL VOVNNACA TN No, 1458 29 TABIE SUMMARY OF CALCULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR 2, 3, 5, AND 9 BOLE JOINIS Specinen| D/t, | b/p fovservea|carcuiated| Point ioea] &, | 0) Pat | Fat St Re | spe) (kips) | (ictps) (ips) @ Act |o.& | 5 | 15.96 | 26.30 0.98 q00 | 3.88 A@ | 50] 5 | 16.0% 16.30 99 8.00 4.80 a3 [ase | 5 | 20. | 10.78 99 Ba | .67] 5 | 23.40 | 2k.50 96 nto | 4.16 Be | 50 | 5 | 2k.20 | 2h.50 “99 13.56 | 4.8 B-3 [2.34 | 5 | 22.02 | 12.50 +96 8.25 3.24 o-a | 67 | 7.5| 35.13 | 39.60 +8) | 21.40 | 5.00 o-e | .33 | 7.5] #250 | 40.70 Lok 15.00 | 5.20 e-3 3.2 | 7.5] 8.02 8.60 +93 Sao | 1d Del | .67 | 1.0] 63.50 73 +40, 87 38.00 5.20 pe | .33 | 14.0] 75.00 | 73-40 1.02 42.00 | 5.25 D3 [3.12 | 14.0] 15.05 | 15.95 95 8.00 | 1.33, “specimens A end B fran reference 1. Based on measured dimensions. calculated ultimate loads are based on conventional design method. NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS30 NACA TN No, 1458 mB 5 COMPARISON OF BOIS LOADS IN SPECIMEN D-1 AS FRACTION OF TOTAL LOAD Bolt; Methods of analysis Recurrence | Finite-aitference | Shoar-leg forme equation analogy ° 0.n7h8 0.2748 0.2748 1237 1237 +1230 2 0920 0920 096 3 078 0748 The 4 0694 069% «068k, 5 20748 0748 so7he 6 0920 0920 20916 7 +1237 “1237 +1230 8 278 1748 -17k8 PP/2 Tie la) Symmetrical butt joint. | Le | Bolt 0 1 i i n-t Space ' 2 i | ist ty ee a3 ia a — P/2 te tp 1b) Filler-plate joint. NATIONAL ADvisoRY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Figure 1.— Symmetrical butt joints with bolts in tine with the oxial toad.82 NACA TN No. 1458 bo ol P/2 P/2 ay Lp yo lJ x=<~~ @) Actua} jomt. ac fs —P/2 — ra Eee tp! bi tb) Substitute joint. —>P/2 P/2=<— tp/2 Cementing layer © Half - structure NATIONAL AOVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Figure 2.- Axially loaded butt Joint.Figure 3,- Front view of fractured specimens. 89hT “ON NL VON. se35 “suowmpoeds pemyoway Jo META opTg ~"F amndyT NACA TN No, 1458NACA TN No. 1458 Figure §.- Test setup of a typical specimen. 37NACA TN No. 1458 o|- NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Figure 6.~ Strain gage arrangements across straps of test specimens in groups ¢ and D. 39Applied joint load, P, kips TTT T_T Tt a | Fallure of joint, P=35.I3 kips + ae eo a ao a Sa 1 +—o-} Analytical bolt loads ® of of of fo ol o do Ro= R= O247P ~o~ Lo— Ry = Rg! al74 P |e io |e iol tc |e \e ie elo Re=Ry= Ol5ZP jo-—{o-—<¢ Ry= Ree OI76P. | oR , PH so ig Ry=Rg= O25) P [PT “h—-9 7 y o| 9 ib Pp © Experimental |—-a_ é _ 5 Ray at failure | | Roi] Ri Rel |Rrf {Rot '] Ref] BN Ror HY Ho f ss ~~ Analytical ? Aid ha id / gt b o ais rt rTP Pe Ty p-[lossostesoee I~p i ii ig ccoofoe a f ‘Bolt 0123456789 : suronas.aaaony ani tp a bead Bolt kad, R, kips Figure 7—-Observed relationships between applied jolnt load and bolt load for specimen C-I ‘nd comparison with calculsted vokes. OF 89FT “ON NL VOVNTTT TT Follure. of joint, P= 42.5 kips —} aat : eee f —h = a ° ol o| p Analytical bolt loads : | 212 P i ° P r R\= 0.194 P 4 188 P i le ie ie 194 P Bz n L I g =O.212P = Pe jos [lore [Jom « | ty H S +— 7 8 | lo lo 2 y © Experimental = dq A 4 11 Roy att fallure 5 Lo a $ | 6 Rica 3 Le f b a < Li ? 6 $ b = 5 i . j $ CC ee) 4 4 i Ve oles ; li i M vaToNA Aasony ! ! ! ql cwrr rom scronaes ol ie Balt load, R, kips Figure 8.—Observed relationships between applied joint load ond bolt load for specimen C-2 ‘ond Comparison with calcukied values. 895T “ON NL VOVN. TyApplied joint load, P, kips 9 Faure of joint, P= 8.02 i al ofall Andytical bolt loads | ojo o qo 0270 P 7 } lo Ry = 0.161 P ob oO | of cfod jo Jo O31 P 6 loo Rg= Rez 0163 P odo] o cleo lo Ry= Rs = 0275 P s} —le-ql op} —ot—-p-+$-1o-d- +H} ddja} ¢ & id ig og] & / © Experimental 4 i 1 $ I i 1D Roy of failure glo | 9 ¢ &/$| b| 9 & Re } $i Analytic | s}dt-d ¢ 1—¢|-b-} ppt! nalytical ald ja fe | pf -dl ple tp fo at-ot¢—d—+4d—t6 tp—b—+b—-of- 5, Li ‘ fT [Joo oo ofoooo6] |-P ge OR Re | ORs Ves ORs BRe }oRr | pRe eal Bot Ol2s4'se769 Wb fh _ U Merona amon f PR PP PR Pp ae kei Bolt oad, R, Kips Figure 9.-Observed relationships between applied joint load and bolt load for specimen €-3 and comparison wih calculated values. ay SepT “ON NL VOVNFollure of joint, P= 63.5 kips —} 64 aN ; a =o a OF i in ia Analytical bolt loads °o eo Oo} oO Pp | oo 56 ° o 48 oO oO Qo p = ° qo} e|o]o ° eo} o 2 A Ry= QO70P a 40 ‘O- ~O- 8 o/ fo e P ¢ $ $ t ki © Experimental 2 32 T e 17] Pl? IP e le le le Tg 1 Roy at faliure Sapetete tp lo to 1h bo id & Ror B of Bs BR, 9Re pRs OR ORs |dRe |dRr | gRe ~~—Analytioal a6 i jee | elt | t+ +4 ee Pe eae ye ag Ib bb 6 |d p—[LJoooooooe0] J—p Tr Ir Ir i Blt O12345678 PrPPEP PL PP oe ore Bolt load , R, kips WATIOHAL AIVIOORY coMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Figure 10 Observed relationships between applied Joint load and bolt load for Specimen D-| and comparison with calculated values. 8G5T ‘ON NL VOVNN SF.Bolt 012345676 8° Falure of, joint, P= 75 Kips [| 70+o—} — lo 7 ° Analytical bolt loads 2 © _ Roe Rez O12BP 2 ° R\=Ry= OS P a Rg=Re= O1O6P i ° d . ° R= Rg= O102P 9 a 3 40 |. | ‘ |__| to R,= O100P - $ ° lo © Experimental 6, 30-4 Fo —er d= Re bR, OD Rey at failure B ald ig f k S Ror B 2019 c ; ib ——= Analytical = B P i f 10 r p P Q t p-[Té00000000]|—P ° 0: Bolt load, R, Kips NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Figure |1-Observed relationships between applied joint oad and bat load for specimen D-& and comparison with calculated values. We 89eT ‘ON NL VOVNApplied joint load, P, kips’ = T q T T T T Failure of joint, P=I5.05 Kips | | 6 Analylical boit leads -— 2-9) — )— -}- —o| a} — oy — = — \4}-—o ; 6 ° | oO O° 9 oO ° oO B ° eo} © ° ° oO Q O° 10 o ° O}]o ° ° ° fo} ° oO 8 © o—10 9 G o © Experimental g| ollg 6 e 16 16 Id 6 O Roy of failure 6f-dtotid—tp—6—to_16_g 15 S Ree ¢ jor ; b dé ld |¢ —-—Andlytical 4} do. jo) Re Rs Re Hes Bre +gRrtgRs — g op «BO P ® & ¢ Ie px €00000000] J>P ‘te it t k t Boll] Olletoranston7.e) = al ot p fanaa | | | eel tuarionAL ADWORY Bolt load , R, kips OOMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Figure 12 Observed relationships between applied joint load and bolt bad for specimen D-3 and comparison with calculated values. SShT ‘ON NL VOWN Sh46 NACA TN No. 1458 T_T TTT TT P+—| Oo0000000] |—+P Bot 012345676 Rineor/Rav © Rewp/Rev —— Ray pe 5 a P= 580 Kips Rireor/Ray 07d Regp/Ray g 8 ° g 3 4 5 6 7 8 Specimen D-! T T T p-[[oseashossse P Bot o1234!'56769 Rineor/ Rev © Rexp/Rav —— R=Ray 5. T P24 Kips A wit Rineor/Rav and Rexp/Rav a a b > zx a g IL ° Bo 1 2 3 4 S67 6 Specimen C=1 NATIONAL ABwaoRY Figure |3-Comparison between the experimental and theoreticol bolt-load disiribution at Rey for joints of balonced-design.NACA TN No. 1458 ar TT > a eo00000000 —P Ser 1 4 3 Bol 012345678 & ig | I | 2 P=42.0 kips 5 1 3 o le ‘Ss 03} 2 Riheor/ Ray © os © Rexp/ Ray —— R=Ray oO | 1 __| Bio =! 2 S$ 4 5 6 7 8 Specimen D-2 8 a & Rineor/Rey 94. Rexp/Rav BR a+ © Rexp/Rav —| —— R= Roy o [44 Blo | 2 3 4 Specimen C-2 Figure 14.~Comparison between the experimertal ‘ond theoretical bolt-load distribution ct Ror for joints of over-design. WTONAL ADVISORY coMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS48 NACA TN No. 1458 re a a | | px-[_[oeoooooco, J—p 3 Bot 012345676 \ 29 Rtheor/Rav o 0 Rexp/Rav 6) R=Ray 6 sf « a8] ‘Ss "BO RIPS = = on ° Bt O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 Specimen D-3 T ToT T T p-[]ooooolooooo[]—P | 2 Bot 01254'56789 ‘yee Ritheor/Ray —- 2 © Rexp/ Rav 16 —— R=Ray -—p-——4 g A > P=BS Ki & 5 4 oO na 7 € al |_| NATIONAL ‘DWBORY COMMITTEE. FOR AERONAUTICS ° . ve 5 oe Bono Ne sd 5 6 7 68 9 Specimen C-3 Figure [5-Comparison belween the experimental and thecretical bolt-load distribution ot Ro for joinis of under-design