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SPE 63169

Comprehensive System for Treatment and Injection of Produced Water: Field Case
I. Mantilla, SPE, and P.Quintero, Empresa Colombiana de Petrleos, Ecopetrol.

Copyright 2000, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.


This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2000 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition held in Dallas, Texas, 14 October 2000.
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Abstract
This work describes a comprehensive system that was
designed, built and commissioned in Yarigui-Cantagallo field
(Colombia) for treating and re-injecting produced water.
The facility mainly consists of one plate-pack separator,
one induced-gas flotation cell, one nutshell filter and highpressure pumps. Field data including water quality analysis in
all stages of treatment are shown as well as calculated
efficiencies for the equipment.
This system is adequate to obtain high quality water for reinjection in very tight formations.
Introduction
Operation of mature oil fields causes a very strong impact
upon the environment. This is very often the case in
Colombia. State-owned company, Ecopetrol, faces the
challenge of repairing the effects on the ecosystem by long
time operations.
Yarigui-Cantagallo field is located in the Middle
Magdalena Basin. It extents for an area of 2965 acres over
Bolivar, Antioquia and Santander Departments. The field is
divided in two by the Magdalena River. It has been in
operation since 1943 by several companies including Socony
Vacuum, Shell and Ecopetrol (since 1973). It reached a peak
production of 17000 bbl/D in 1964. Current production is
5100 bbl/D of 20 API oil with a GOR of 500 and 2500 bbl/D
of water.
Production coming from 58 beam pumped wells goes to
Dehydration Plant located at Isla 6. Oil treatment consists of
chemical injection, heating and gravity separation in tanks.
900 bbl/D of fresh water are added to lower salt content in
crude oil. Water treatment consisted of retention time given by
API separators and aerobic lagoons prior to its discharge to

Magdalena River. Main contaminants in the produced water


are dissolved solids, Barium and Strontium as shown in.
Colombian environmental regulations do not allow the
discharge of this kind of water without treatment, therefore the
project of eliminating the impact of produced waters upon the
environment was created.
Several alternatives were studied to handle produced
waters, i.e. evaporation, reverse osmosis, ionic exchange,
chemical treatment, biotechnology, mangroves, re-injection,
etc. All the aforementioned alternatives generate by-products,
namely salts, barium and strontium compounds, which
sometimes are more difficult to dispose of than produced
water itself.
It was concluded that re-injection is the more suitable and
economically feasible alternative. By re-injecting the water
into the formation, the problem is solved completely. Only
remains the handling of oily mud, which is relatively easily
treated and disposed of.
Definition of the Treatment System
The starting point of the project was the selection of the
formation where to inject the water. Escobar and Carrillo4
conducted a geological study to identify a candidate formation
for injection or disposal of produced water. Central Block-V
of Cantagallo sands, La Paz Formation, was selected for
injection. This block presents an average porosity of 19%,
absolute permeability of 65 milidarcies, reservoir pressure of
2400 psi, porous volume of 840 MMbbl and depth of 8000 ft.
Produced-water displacement tests conducted in cores of
well Yr-13 at 150F and 1500 psi, showed that at injection
rates of 900 bbl/D there exists solids migration. In addition,
pore throat size of 8 m was determined with a Mercury
Porosimeter and Electronic Microscope.
Well Yr-8 was selected as a good candidate for injection. It
was drilled in 1957 reaching the aquifer of Cantagallo Sands.
The well was conditioned as an injector and CBL-VDL-GR
logs were run to check the status of cement about perforations
depth of 7936 ft. A volume of 37524 bbl of produced water
was injected into well Yr-8 during 30 days at different rates to
determine reservoir potential to receive water. It was
determined from the test that the adequate injection rate is
1000 bbl/D at an expected wellhead pressure of 1700 psi. A
fracture gradient of 0.68 psi/ft was confirmed. Fig. 1 shows
the results of the test.

I.MANTILLA, P.QUINTERO

Wells Yr-69 and Yr-43 were also selected as candidates


for water injection. As opposed to Yr-8, these two wells
produce 10 and 30 bbl/D of oil, respectively.
Water Characterization was performed In Situ and at the
ICP (Instituto Colombiano del Petroleo) laboratories by
Mendoza in several water samples using standard techniques.
Typical values are shown in Table 1. It can be seen in higher
concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids, heavy
metals: Barium and Strontium, as well as Calcium and
Bicarbonate ions that have the potential to precipitate as scale.
Water compatibility studies, both theoretical and
experimental, between produced water, formation water and
fresh water (used for desalting oil), were carried out to predict
the potential of plugging the formation while injecting. Iron
oxide precipitated during the experiments, whereas Calcium
(CaCO3) and Iron (FeCO3) carbonates were predicted to
precipitate.
Particle-size distribution analysis performed by laser
diffraction equipment is presented in Fig. 2. This Data
analysis allowed determining that mean particle size (d50) was
15.5 m as shown in Fig. 3. This information was essential for
an adequate design of the treatment system.
Corrosion tests performed by Villareal determined water
corrosion rates of 27.5 mpy. The presence of oxygen in the
water increases the figure to 461 mpy. In addition, Sulfide
Reducing Bacteria (SRB) was detected.
All the aforementioned studies provided a sound basis to
define what the injection water quality should be. A summary
of main requirements is shown in Table 2.
Conceptual Engineering7. To obtain injection water with the
quality required by Cantagallo Sands a conceptual engineering
for a treatment system was developed in 1995. Definition of
capacities, components, ratings, etc, of the facility were made.
Refs.8 and 9 provided valuable knowledge during the whole
project.
Water production potential for the field was calculated at
2879 bbl/D. However, a safety factor of 1.75 was used to
account for water cut increase, fresh water to desalt crude oil
and exploration operations nearby. Therefore, the treatment
capacity for the plant was set at 5000 bbl/D.
Produced water for treatment must be taken at the inlet of
pre-existing API separator, because at this point oxygen
content in water is the lowest. Levels of 0.01-0.7 mg/l are
expected, as shown in TABLE 1. To avoid a further increase
in oxygen concentration, the plant was designed as a closed
system where possible.
The Treatment System was conceived as an integration of
the following blocks or stages:
Free Oil Removal: Designed to remove between 50 and 70
% of free oil and suspended solids. It should handle oil-inwater loads up to 3%. Chemical aid (Reverse Demulsifier)
could improve the performance of this stage.
Emulsified Oil Removal by Flotation: Included to remove
70% to 80% of emulsified oil and suspended solids. Designed
to handle oil-in-water loads up to 500 mg/l. Maximum oil
concentration at the outlet should be 10 mg/l. Flotation aid

SPE 63169

must be used to reach a total contaminant removal from 85%


to 94%.
Filtration: This stage must provide water 98% free of 2micron particles and bigger. Oil must be completely removed.
Injection: High-pressure pumps will guarantee a
continuous injection rate at pressure levels determined during
injection test in well Yr-8.
Waste Treatment: This stage was designed to treat the
contaminants removed from the water. It should provide
enough settling time for water, oil and solids to be separated.
Oil will be recycled to Dehydration Plant and water to FreeOil removal stage. Solids must be biodegraded.
Other chemicals were included to protect the equipment
and formation, namely corrosion inhibitors, O2 scavengers,
biocides and scale inhibitors.
In summary, the plant was designed to remove oil and
suspended solids, taking into consideration the increase in
corrosion rate by oxygen and bacterial activity (SRB).
Besides, precipitation of sulfates, carbonates and Iron oxides
is possible due to incompatibility of water and chemicals.
Basic Design, Detail Engineering, construction and
commissioning followed Conceptual Engineering. The plant
was put into operation in April 1996.
Treatment System Operation
Treatment system is a combination of processes and subsystems, i.e. water and sludge process, oil recycle, gas
blanketing, control, compressed air and chemical injection
systems. Fig. 4, depicts the process flow diagram of the
facility.
Water Process. Oily water drained from tanks and heatertreaters of Dehydration Plant is collected by Surge Tank (K711). This183-barrel concrete tank provides surge-dampening
features to feed the plant at a constant rate. Operation pressure
is 0.9 in. H2O. Water from Surge Tank is pumped by 15-hp,
vertical centrifugal pumps (P-711 A/B) to Plate-Pack
Separator (CPI-711). Free oil and part of suspended solids are
removed from the water stream. Operation pressure is 0.9 in.
H2O. Internal geometry of CPI-711 forces water to flow, in a
laminar fashion, through a pack of corrugated plates along 60degree inclined channels. Gravity separation of both oil and
solids is greatly enhanced since the channels provide
opportunities for oil droplets to coalesce and suspended solids
to flocculate. Oil droplets form a layer at the top of the
separator and particles accumulate at the bottom. Oil is
returned automatically to pre-existing API separator and from
there to dehydration plant. Solids are removed from the
separator and pumped to the Settling Tank for treatment.
Water continues by gravity to Induced Gas Flotation unit,
IGF (DP-711). IGF removes emulsified oil and part of
suspended particles. The unit is composed of four cells
working in series. Operation pressure is 0.9 in. H2O. The
removal of oil and solids is achieved by flotation with tiny
bubbles of natural gas induced into the water by a mechanism
installed in each cell. The contaminants accumulate as froth at

SPE 63169

COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT AND INJECTION OF PRODUCED WATER: FIELD CASE

the surface of water where they are skimmed continually and


pumped automatically to Slow Sand Filters.
By gravity, water flows to Surge Drum (D-711). This 12barrel cylindrical tank operates at a pressure of 0.9 in. H2O. It
provides an even water supply to 25-hp, centrifugal pumps (P712 A/B) that feed the filter. Liquid pressure is then raised up
to 60 psi as required by Nutshell Filter (F-711). Water is then
forced to pass through a media consisting of 80% nutshell and
20% pecan, which has the property of being non-wetted by oil.
This is the last stage of the treatment and water is ready to
inject. The filter has the ability to clean itself using the same
water that comes out of IGF. A pressure drop of 16 psi
through the filter activates backwash operation. Filtration
media is regenerated and contaminants accumulated inside the
filter are discharged to Settling Tank. This operation lasts
about 20 minutes and goes through four stages, namely,
fluidization, discharge, settling, and normalization. Backwash
could also be initiated by a timer or manually.
Ready-to-inject water then flows to a 1500-barrel steel
Storage Tank (K-712). Operation pressure is 0.9 in. H2O.
Water is boosted by centrifugal pumps P-713 A/B at a
pressure of 50 psi as needed by high-pressure triplex Injection
Pumps (P-714 A/B). Water is pumped to injection well,
Yarigui-8, at a pressure of 2000 psi.
Sludge Process. 170-barrel Settling Tank (ST-711) receives
the discharge of solids from Plate-Pack Separator and Filter
backwash operation. Internal pressure is set at 0.9 in. H2O. It
provides up to 18 hours of residence time for the oil and solids
to separate from water. Once preset settling time has elapsed,
each phase is pumped to a different place. Oil is discharged to
pre-existing API separator. Water is recycled to CPI-711 and
solids are pumped to Slow Sand Filters.
Slow Sand Filters (AD-711 A/B/C/D/E/F) receive the
discharge of oily sludge from Sludge Tank and skimmings
from IGF. They consist of a set of six gravel square-beds
(2.7415 bbl/in.) that can operate simultaneously open to
atmosphere. Each bed has five layers of gravel of different
sizes and thicknesses. Three supporting layers (12, 8 and 8inch thick) of 1, 1/2 and 1/4-inch-gravel provide support for 8inch-thick 10/20-gravel layer and 12-inch-thick 20/40-gravel
layer.
The solids are dried on top of 20/40-gravel layer to form
an oily cake. Once the cake is about 1-inch thick is shoveled
out of the bed for biodegradation with bacteria. Filtered water
is collected by Buried Tank (K-713). Water is pumped from
this 10-barrel-capacity concrete tank by vertical centrifugal
pumps P-715 A/B to Surge Tank (K-711). Oxygen scavengers
are added to the water.
Gas Blanketing System. In order to avoid the contact of
water with oxygen the plant was designed as a closed system.
Natural gas is taken from Dehydration Plant at a pressure of
20 psi. Gas blanketing system controls internal pressure of
equipment with natural gas and two control valves. Gas is
injected into the equipment to keep internal pressure at 0.9 in.
H2O. A second control valve acts as a safety device allowing

gas out of the equipment if internal pressure is above 3.6 in.


H2O or air into the equipment if internal pressure is below 0.9
in. H2O. The system is installed in K-711, CPI-711, DP-711,
ST-711 and K-712. It is not installed in F-711 and K-713. The
only point in the process where oxygen enters the system is in
Slow Sand Filters because they are designed to operate open
to the atmosphere.
Chemical Injection System. It consists of five positivedisplacement motor-driven pumps. A network of -in. steel
pipes transports chemicals to injection points. The following
chemicals are used to improve the performance of the
equipment, to protect injection lines against the corrosion and
to avoid scale deposition in both lines and formation:
1. To enhance the separation performance of Plate Pack
Separator and Flotation Unit a mixture of 50% Reverse
Demulsifier - 50% flocculant is added upstream CPI-711.
2. To control the corrosion potential of produced water a
corrosion inhibitor is added continuously upstream
Storage Tank.
3. To prevent scale deposition in the injection line and
damaging the formation a scale inhibitor is added
continuously upstream Storage Tank.
4. To limit the level of oxygen in the injection system,
therefore controlling the corrosion rate, an oxygen
scavenger is added continuously upstream Storage Tank.
Chemical is also added at the discharge of pumps P-715
A/B.
5. In addition, to control the corrosion generated by SRB,
weekly biocide batches are injected to impede the growth
of bacteria colonies. Two types of biocide are used to
avoid bacteria to develop resistance against the chemical.
Sand Jet System. Composed of one 5-hp centrifugal pump
(P-713 C) (1062 bbl/D @ 37 psi), 2 diaphragm pneumatic
pumps (1200 bbl/D @ 60 psi) and a 2-in.-pipe network.
Designed to remove solids accumulated at the bottom of CPI711 and Settling Tank. Water is injected by P-713 C into the
equipment to agitate the solids and to facilitate its removal by
diaphragm pneumatic pumps. Water is taken from Storage
Tank. Sludge from CPI-711 is discharged to Settling Tank.
Sludge from ST-711 is discharge to Slow Sand Filters.
Control System. Surge Tank (K-711) is equipped with low
and high level switches for starting and stopping pumps P-711
A/B. Also a high level switch actuates a 6-in. gate valve that
shuts the inlet.
CPI-711 has low and high level switches for operation of
the oil pneumatic pump to discharge separated crude oil to
pre-existing API separator.
DP-711 has low and high level switches for operation of a
pneumatic pump to discharge skimmings to Slow Sand Filters.
One level controller (LC) actuates the control valve to keep
the water level constant inside the unit.
Surge Drum (D-711) has one level controller that actuates
the control valve at the inlet of Storage Tank (K-712). This
system controls the flow rate to protect Filter feeding pumps.

I.MANTILLA, P.QUINTERO

Filter (F-711) backwash is controlled by a differential


pressure switch (PDS). One Programmable Logical Controller
(PLC) manages the different stages of backwash operation.
During backwash, Sand Jet operations for CPI-711 are started
by PLC.
PLC also controls operation of Settling Tank by
starting/stopping three pneumatic pumps to discharge oil,
water and solids. Once settling time has passed, oil pump (at
CPI-711) is started. As the liquid level goes down inside
Settling Tank, three level switches send a signal for the PLC
to stop/start oil, water and sludge pneumatic pumps. Discharge
cycle can also be initiated manually from control panel.
Buried Tank (K-713) has low and high level switches for
starting and stopping pumps P-715 A/B.
Injection Pumps (P-714 A/B) have a low inlet-pressure
switch to stop the pumps. Startup of the pumps is manual.
Compressed Air System. It consists of an air compressor
(144 Mscf/D
@ 125 psi) and a 1-in.-pipe network.
Compressed air is used to actuate control valves (DP-711 and
K-711), pneumatic valves (CPI-711 and F-711) and
diaphragm pumps (CPI-711, DP-711 and ST-711).
Operational Problems. Following is a description of main
operational problems faced during startup and daily operation
of the plant.
It was observed an increase in solids content at the outlet
of the treatment system due to agitation inside tank K-712 by
water re-circulation in high-pressure pumps.
High solids concentration in K-712 was detected as a
consequence of insufficient Normalization time during F-711
backwash. This period was set to its maximum time.
Solids over saturation in CPI-711 produced by skimmings
recycle from DP-711. Initially, skimmings discharge was sent
to Sludge Tank causing a low performance there. Therefore,
skimings stream was diverted to Slow Sand Filters.
A poor performance of DP-711 was obtained when reverse
demulsifier was injected between CPI-711 and DP-711. It was
necessary to move the injection point upstream of CPI-711
improving separation efficiency of both CPI-711 and DP-711.
Corrosion was detected in low and high-pressure lines and
K-712.
Field Results
Field results are presented in TABLE 3 and Fig. 5 to Fig. 8.
They represent qualitative as well as quantitative values of oil
content and suspended solids. Removal efficiency of
equipment and treatment system is also shown. The graphs
depict average values from many tests conducted In Situ
during the last four years. Tests were made using colorimetric
techniques. Other tests carried out were corrosion rate
measurements with coupons, water quality, turbidity and water
characterization.
Fig. 5 presents average concentrations of oil and suspended
solids measured at different points in the treatment system.
Maximum observed values at the inlet of the system were
3000 mg/l of oil and 415 mg/l of suspended solids. Re-

SPE 63169

injection water quality was not affected by those relatively


high concentrations. As can be seen in the graph, CPI-711
removes most of the oil. Oil content at DP-711 outlet was 5
mg/l, lower than expected values in Conceptual Engineering.
Although, DP-711 was conceived to remove emulsified oil, a
good job was done with suspended solids too. Fig. 5 also
shows that with this comprehensive treatment system is
possible to obtain water with the quality required for injection
in tight formations.
Fig 6 and Fig 7 present removal efficiencies for the whole
system and single units. Upper values show the cumulative
efficiency at indicated points for overall system. Lower values
represent individual efficiencies for each unit. As can be seen,
the efficiencies obtained with CPI-711 and DP-711 are similar
to the expected values stated in Conceptual Engineering.
Calculated efficiency for F-711 was 91% for oil and 82% for
solids. These efficiencies were affected by periods in which
the unit was not stabilized (commissioning) and backwash
frequency was not adequate. Excluding those periods, the
most common filter efficiency was 100%. Overall system
efficiency reaches values of 99% for oil and 98% for solids.
In Fig. 8 the behavior of injection rate and Tubing Head
Pressure (THP) with time for Well Yr-8 is observed. At
present, cumulative volume represents only 60% of volume
that should have been re-injected. This situation is attributed
to the turn down of the plant due to operational problems
mentioned previously. The figure shows a period during 1999
when THP was around 1500 psi. The main cause of this
situation is a mechanical limitation in the injection system.
However, THP has not increased, remaining about 2000 psi.
Injection rate exhibits a steady decrease of about 7% per year.
Conclusions
1. This system for treatment and re-injection of produced
water can be considered as comprehensive because it includes
all stages required for injection in tight formations. With this
configuration was possible to achieve contaminants removal
efficiencies of 98%.
2. Adequate selection of the point where to inject reverse
demulsifier and flocculant was key to enhance performance of
CPI-711, DP-711.
3. The Efficiency of CPI-711 was higher (90%) when inlet
oil concentration was above 1000 mg/l. The efficiency of F711 was nearly 100% when inlet oil contents of 30 mg/l were
present, however, efficiency was observed to decrease when
inlet oil content surpassed 30 mg/l.
4. In this system, good removal efficiency was obtained
using centrifugal pumps, although they are not recommended
because the shear forces acting over the fluid break oil
droplets into smaller ones, making the separation more
difficult to achieve.
5. Interpretation of water characterizations indicates that
BaSO4 is forming inside the treatment system. It is very likely
that this compound is being removed by F-711.

SPE 63169

COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT AND INJECTION OF PRODUCED WATER: FIELD CASE

6. Water quality tests have shown that the system is


producing water of excellent quality. Low decline in injection
rate confirms this fact.
7. The methodology followed to design this comprehensive
system assures good results.
Acknowledgements
The authors whish to thank Carlos Candela (from Cantagallo
Field) for his invaluable help in collecting field data, Alberto
Mendoza (from ICP) for the interpretation of water
characterization, Hugo Jimenez (chemical treatment
contractor) and Luis F. Tejada (equipment supplier). Many
thanks to Ecopetrol for the opportunity and support during the
whole project and preparation of the paper.
References
1. Cdigo Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables y Proteccin
al Medio Ambiente, tercera edicin, Editorial Temis, Colombia
(1989) 421.
2. Chalela, G. and Quiroga, H.: Tratamiento de aguas de produccin
con Biofiltros - Campo Casabe. Instituto Colombiano del Petrleo
y Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga (1994).
3. Grosso J.L. et al: Participation of Mangle Species in the Heavy
Metal Control of Production Waters: Preliminary Evaluation,
CT&F Ciencia, Tecnologa y Futuro (Dic. 1996) Vol.1, Num.2,
55.
4. Escobar C.I. and Carrillo L.F.: Factibilidad de Reinyeccin de
Aguas Producidas en las Formaciones de los Campos GalaGaln-Llanito y Yarigui-Cantagallo, Ecopetrol-ICP (1994).
5. Mendoza, A.: Caracterizacin Fisico-Qumica de Aguas
Producidas Campos de la Operacin Directa, Ecopetrol-ICP,
1994.
6. Villarreal, J.: Estudio de Corrosin Aguas de Reinyeccin Campo
Cantagallo, Ecopetrol-ICP, 1994.
7. Mantilla I. et al: Diseo Conceptual del sistema de tratamiento de
aguas Producidas de los Campos Yarigui-Campo, Ecopetrol
(1994).
8. Quintero P. et al: Informe Final de Prueba de Inyectividad, Pozo
Yr-8, Ecopetrol-ELC (1994).
9. Jones P. S.: Water Treatment for Environmental Compliance, Part
2, Chevron Petroleum Technology Co., La Habra, Ca. (1994).
10. Mantilla I.: Planta de Tratamiento e Inyeccin de Aguas
Producidas Campo Cantagallo, Manual de Operacin, Ecopetrol
(1996).

SI Metric Conversion Factors


ft X 3.048
in. X 2.54
psi X 6.894745
bbl X 1.589873
E-1
mg X 1.0
E-6
l X1
E-3
m X 1
E-6
md X 9.869233
E-4

=m
= cm
= kPa
= m3
= kg
= m3
=m
= m2

TABLE 1:PRODUCED-WATER
CHARACTERIZATION
PARAMETER
Ph / F
S.G.
Redox Potential (mV)
Resistivity @ 79F (m)
Turbidity (NTU)
Na+ (mg/l)
K+ (mg/l)
Ca++ (mg/l)
Mg++ (mg/l)
Ba++ (mg/l)
Sr++ (mg/l)
Fe++ (mg/l)
Total Iron (mg/l)
SiO2 (mg/l)
Cl (mg/l)
SO4= (mg/l)
HCO3 (mg/l)
CO3= (mg/l)
S= (mg/l)
Oil Content (mg/l)
Total Solids (mg/l)
Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
Suspended Solids (mg/l)
O2 (mg/l)
CO2 (mg/l)

API INLET
7.7 / 98.6
1.0190
331 - 596
0.260
38 - 60
10 500
60.0
500 - 660
100.0
50 - 60
60.0
0.25 - 4.5
1-5
24 - 30
17500
0.0 -3.2
190
0.0
Not Detected
200 -500
30000
29000
400-1700
0.01-0.7
10 - 20

DISCHARGE
7.7 / 96.3
1.0211
250 - 500
0.25
5 - 30
10 500
50 - 70
550 - 600
80 - 100
50 - 60
63.0
0.15 - 3.5
0.7 - 6
25.0
17000
0.0 - 2.0
140 - 180
0.0
Not Detected
2.0 - 5.0
30000
28500
300-1.200
1.0 - 4.0
10 - 20

TABLE 2: INJECTION WATER QUALITY


CHARACTERIZATION
PARAMETER
Particle Size (micron)
Dispersed Oil (mg/l)
Suspended Solids (mg/l)
O2 (mg/l)
Corrosion Rate (mpy)

INJECTION
<5
Total removal
<2
< 0.002
<3

I.MANTILLA, P.QUINTERO

SPE 63169

TABLE 3 : FIELD RESULTS SUMMARY

14

75

17

Jun-96

128

100

38

58

13

Jul-96

42

71

13

42

11

Aug-96

69

99

13

50

Sep-96

117

164

16

74

Oct-96

77

124

15

64

Jan-97

64

119

48

Feb-97

54

109

49

Mar-97

68

119

14

53

Apr-97

67

97

17

54

May-97

94

124

26

40

12

Aug-97

53

110

10

45

Sep-97

45

100

35

8
6
4
2
0

PARTICLE SIZE, m

Fig.2: Particle-Size Distribution.

33

105

35

100

28

111

28

90

Mar-98

25

103

29

Jun-98

25

97

28

Sep-99

32

92

14

44

11

Oct-99

46

87

16

54

12

Dec-99

34

77

12

35

10

Jan-00

43

78

15

42

11

Feb-00

44

86

23

51

15

Mar-00

52

80

19

40

12

Apr-00

53

87

23

46

10

CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE (%)

Jan-98
Feb-98

80
70
60
D50

50
40
30
20
10
0
1000

3500

100

10

PARTICLE SIZE, m
WELLHEAD PRESSURE (psi)

3000

Fig. 3: Particle-Size Analysis Distribution.

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

1000

2000
3000
4000
5000
INJECTION RATE (bbl/D)

6000

Fig.2: Injection Test in Well Yr-8. Fracture point was reached


at a wellhead pressure of 2000 psi and an injection rate of 1100 bbl/D.

188

143

87.2

75

53.5

178

37.6

402

28.1

May-96

10

21.5

S.S

16.7

OIL

13

S.S

10.1

OIL

7.9

S.S

6.2

OIL

4.8

S.S

3.8

OIL

12

F-711
OUTLET

2.4

DP-711
OUTLET

1.9

CPI-711
OUTLET

PERCENTAGE (%)

CPI-711
INLET

DATE

SPE 63169

COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT AND INJECTION OF PRODUCED WATER: FIELD CASE

2"
GAS BLANKETING
TO INJECTION
WELL

CPI-711

2"

OIL RECYCLE
TO API SEPARATOR

3"

F-711
CLARIFIER +
FLOCCULANT

6"
LC

LSL

6"

4"

K-712

P-711 A/B

2"

8"
DRAINS

LSH

SAND JET

DP-711

SAND JET

LSH

TO LAGOON

PDI

LSH

1/4"

LC

2"

P-714 A/B

3"

3"

4"

D-711

P-713 A/B
P-712 A/B

2"
SAND-JET
P-713 C

LSL

3"

K-711
BIOCIDE

LSHH
LSH

LSL

ANTI-SCALE

LSLL
ST-711

OXYGEN
SCAVENGER

2"

CORROSION
INHIBITOR

2"

SAND JET

OXYGEN
SCAVENGER

AD-711 A/../F

2"
P-715 A/B
LEGEND

SLUDGE
BIO-TREATMENT

LSH
WATER
OIL
GAS BLANKETING
SLUDGE STREAM
CHEMICAL INJECTION

K-713

LSL

Fig. 4 Process Flow Diagram of Treatment System.


120%

160
146
Oil in water
Suspended solids

120

OIL REMOVAL EFFICIENCY

CONCENTRATION, (mg/l)

140
118
100
80

67

60
40
30

20

21
5

CPI-711
INLET

CPI -711
OUTLET

DP-711
OUTLET

99%
95%
91%

80%

60%

85%
69%
Single unit
Overall System

40%

4
1

100%

F-711
OUTLET

Fig.5: Average Oil and Suspended Solids Concentration at


Different Points in the Treatment System.

20%
CPI-711

DP-711

F-711

Fig.6: Oil Removal Efficiency at Different Points in the Treatment


System.

I.MANTILLA, P.QUINTERO

97%
84%

800
600
400
200
0

80%

82%

Fig.7: Solids Removal Efficiency at Different Points in the


Treatment System.

99
Se

p-

99
eEn

97

97

M
ay
-9
8

F-711

p-

DP-711

0
Se

CPI-711

RATE
PRESSURE

e-

20%

1000

En

Single unit
Overall System

43%

2000

M
ay
-9
6

73%
60%

THP (psi)- RATE (bbL/D)

SOLIDS REMOVAL EFFICIENCY

100%

CUMULATIVE
VOLUME ,Mbbl

1000

120%

40%

SPE 63169

Fig. 8: Cumulative Volume, Historical Tubing Head Pressure and


injection Rate Performance for Well Yr-8.

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