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MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contents
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Normal Strain
Stress-Strain Test
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
Fatigue
Deformations Under Axial Loading
Example 2.01
Sample Problem 2.1
Static Indeterminacy
Example 2.04
Thermal Stresses
Poissons Ratio
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Normal Strain
We define the normal strain in a rod under axial loading as the
deformation per unit length of that rod.
2P P
2A A
P
A
2
2L L
2-4
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Test
2-5
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2-6
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2-7
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E
E Youngs M odulus or
M odulus of Elasticity
2-8
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2-9
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Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.
When the stress is reduced below the endurance limit, fatigue failures do
not occur for any number of cycles. The endurance limit is the stress for
which failure does not occur, even for an indefinitely large number of
loading cycles. For a low-carbon steel, such as structural steel, the
endurance limit is about one-half of the ultimate strength of the steel.
2 - 10
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
P
AE
L
PL
AE
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
E 29 106 psi
D 1.07 in. d 0.618 in.
Determine the deformation of
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.
2 - 12
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into three
components:
A
E
E
A
A
A
i i i
1
2
3
6
0.9
0.9
0.3
29 10
L3 16 in.
A1 A2 0.9 in 2
A3 0.3 in 2
2 - 13
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Displacement of B:
B
PL
AE
60 103 N 0.3 m
50010-6 m2 70 109 Pa
514 10 6 m
MB 0
0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m
FCD 90 kN tension
MD 0
0 30 kN 0.4 m FAB 0.2 m
FAB 60 kN compression
B 0.514 mm
Displacement of D:
D
PL
AE
90 103 N 0.4 m
60010-6 m2 200109 Pa
300 10 6 m
D 0.300 mm
2 - 15
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x
0.300 mm
x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE
DD HD
E
0.300 mm
400 73.7 mm
73.7 mm
E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
2 - 16
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2 - 17
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2 - 18
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
Structures for which internal forces and
reactions cannot be determined from statics
alone are said to be statically
indeterminate.
2 - 19
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
2 - 23
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
2 - 24
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
T T L
P
AE
thermal expansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0
T L
PL
0
AE
T P 0
P AE T
P
E T
A
2 - 25
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
E
y z 0
y z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as
y
lateral strain
n
z
axial strain
x
x
2 - 26
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
E
y z 0
lateral strain
n
z
axial strain
x
x
2 - 27
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
xy f xy
xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.
2 - 28
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Strain
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Strain
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Strain
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
2 - 35
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
0.04 in.
2 in.
xy 0.020 rad
P 36.0 kips
2 - 36