BRIEF NOTES

d = R sin

References

(tL9s/ts)

where R is the radial distance between the cross hair and the center of the spindle.

Conclusion
Tests show [3] that the method of repositioning the disk described serves the purpose of eliminating interference arising from
inaccurate positioning in taking the second hologram while the
disk is still.

Free Vibration of a Beam

Supported by Unsymmetrical
Spring-Hinges

1 Wuerker, R. F., and Heflinger, L. O., "Pulsed Laser Holography," Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1,
1970, p. 10.
2 Evensen, D. A., and Aprahamian, R., "Application of Holography to
Vibrations, Transient Response, and Wave Propagation," NASA CR-1671,
Dec. 1970.
3 Barasch, S., "Analytical and Experimental Studies of the Transverse
Vibrations of Rotating Disks," PhD thesis, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, N. J., June 1972.

case, assuming the beam to be spring-hinged at both ends. The

limiting conditions, generally stated in textbooks, become special
cases, depending upon whether the spring constants are zero or approach infinity.
The general frequency equation and the normal mode function
are derived for the case when the spring stiffness at each support
are different. The first five roots of this equation are computed
and presented in a tabulated form so that the roots may be obtained for a variety of spring support conditions.

R. C. Hibbeler 1
Introduction
The free vibration of a beam having a combination of clamped
or ideally pinned end supports is well known. 2 In many real cases,
however, beams are subjected to a certain amount of bending stiffness at their end support. The present analysis considers such a

Analysis
The differential equation which gives the amplitude for forcevibrations of a uniform beam can be stated as
EI

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Union College,

Schenectady, N.Y. Mem.ASME.
2
Chen, Y., Vibrations: Theoretical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Mass.,
1966, pp. 204-208.
Manuscript received by ASME Applied Mechanics Division, November,
1974; final revision, January, 1975.

a2v

(i)

where EI is the flexural modulus of rigidity for the beam, and m is

the beam's mass per unit length.
Considering the supports to have torsional spring constants of K j
and K% the boundary conditions can be stated as follows:

Table 1
K , it

K I
2

EI

EI

n = 1
3.142
3.143
3.142
3.127
2.941
4.642
3.969
3.928

n = 2
6.283
6.284
6.283
6.276
6.197
8.460
7.146
7.069

roots k S.
n
n = 3
9.425
9.425
9.425
9.420
9.369
11.943
10.325
10.211

n = 4
12.566
13.567
12.566
12.563
12.525
15.255
13.507
13.352

n = 5
15.708
15.708
15.701
15.705
15.675
18.495
16.691
16.494

3.157
3.156
3.141
2.957
4. 654
3.981
3.940

6.291
6.290
6.283
6.204
8.466
7.152
7.076

9.430
9.430
9. 425
9.374
11.947
10.330
10.215

12.570
12.570
12.566
12.529
15.258
13.511
13.356

15.711
15.711
15.708
15.678
18.498
16.694
16.496

0.0
0. 01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.0
0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100

3.273
3.272
3.258
3.084
4. 763
4.083
4.042

6.356
6. 355
6.348
6.271
8.523
7.211
7.194

9.475
9.474
9.470
9.419
11.985
10.371
10.257

12.605
12.604
12.601
12.563
15.287
13.543
13.388

15.739
15.739
15.736
15.706
18.522
16.721
16.523

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100

3.665
3.663
3.651
3.497
5.221
4.475
4.430

6.688
6.687
6.680
6.608
8. 857
7.529
7.450

9.752
9.751
9.747
9.698
12.245
10.638
10.522

12.840
12.839
12.836
12.800
15.503
13.771
13.614

15.942
15.942
15.939
15.910
18.708
16.919
16.720

100
100
100
100
100
100

0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100

3. 889
3.888
3. 876
3. 727
5.569
4.735

7.003
7.003
6.996
6.927
9.260
7.866
7.781

10.119
10.118
10.114
10.067
12.662
11.020
10.898
10.996

13.236
13.235
13.232
13.196
15.928
14.177
14.015

16.354
16.354
16.351
16.322
19.136
17.339
17.134

14.13/

LI. 1 11

CO

CO

CO

4-fiHS
4:7311

Journal of Applied Mechanics

7 T 853

Copyright 1975 by ASME

JUNE 1975

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501

BRIEF NOTES
At x = 0;

(2)

y{Q,t) = 0
Ki^zy[0,t)
1
9x

E/-r-3-y(0,/)
dx'

With this equation, special cases can be derived. For example, a

beam resting on uniform spring supports, K2 = K\ = K, yields
2(feZ)2 t a n kj tanh k I +

At % = Z;

y(M) = 0
K2-y(l,t)

(3)

EI^y(l,t)

c o s kj

('

0 (8)

c o s h kl,

In the case of the simply supported beam, K = 0, so that

s i n knl sinh &nZ = 0

The general solution can be represented as

y(x,t)

(-^J

(4)

= X ! Y(x) s i n wj

(9)

Furthermore, the frequency equation for the clamped beam is generated when K < , i.e.,

n=l

c o s knl c o s h kl = 1

where Y n 6:j is the n t h mode of vibration, given by

Yn(x)

(10)

If only one of the supports has a spring, and the other side is
simply supported (K2 = 0) the frequency equation becomes

= An s i n knx + Bn c o s kx + Cn s i n h knx
+ Dn c o s h knx

(5)
2(kl)[tan

knl tanh kj]

\^[)

and the natural frequencies are

x (tan kl - t a n h kl) = 0
Pn =

(kj)v

'EI

(6)

(11)

If instead one side is clamped (K2 <=) the frequency equation

is

Using equation (5) in conjunction with the boundary conditions

yields the following frequency equation:
2(knl)2

tan kj tanh kj

+ (^

- ^ )

(kl)(tan kl

r^rirrr)'

c o s kn I c o s h

x (t
l
\

= (7)

kj/

On t h e Relative Velocity in a
M i x t u r e T h e o r y for Composite
Materials
A. Bedford 1
Introduction
In reference [l], 2 Moon and Mow used the solution for the motion of a rigid spherical inclusion in an unbounded elastic material
subjected to steady-state plane compressional waves to derive onedimensional equations of motion for an elastic material containing
a dilute, random distribution of rigid spherical inclusions. The
equations of motion which they obtained can be written
Pim)-

dlu

Cm)

at'

where

VU(.Pm) +

at,

ax

+ b,

de (m)
dx
OUipm),

l
P ^ a~u^

at

= ~b,

-(feZ)[tanfenZ - tanhfeZ] +

(1)

) ^"(m)

= (*(*>
+ 2/i
'"""'
- ' - "( " ' ' sx-i

(2)

(~^j
1
)
c o s knl c o s h kj j

(12)

Using numerical techniques, the first five roots of equation (7)

have been determined and the results are shown in Table 1 for a
variety of spring-constant values. Note that this includes the limiting cases defined by equations (8)-(12).

tive velocity, respectively, b is an interaction force between constituents, t(m) and e(m) are the one-dimensional stress and linear
strain of the elastic material, and \(m), \x(m), v, and a are constitutive constants.
A particularly valuable aspect of the procedure used by Moon
and Mow is that they were able to determine the constitutive constants in terms of the inclusion geometry and the properties of the
elastic material.
In reference [2], Bedford and Stern used a formal continuum
mechanics approach to derive equations of motion for composite
materials by treating the constituents as mechanically coupled
continua. For the case considered by Moon and Mow, the linearized equations obtained by Bedford and Stern are identical to
equations (1) and (2) except that, since relative velocities were not
included among the independent constitutive variables in [2], the
interaction force b was found to be a linear function of the relative
displacement only. The direct derivation of Moon and Mow shows
that the relative velocity should in general be included.
In this Note, the inclusion of the relative velocity in the continuum theory presented in [2] is discussed and the extension of
equations (1) and (2) to three dimensions is obtained.
Analysis
The theory developed in [2] assumes that the two superimposed
constituents undergo individual motions

P(m) and p(p) are the mass density per unit composite volume of
the elastic material and of the particles, U(m) and U(p) are the averx ( m ) = xim)(Xim),t),
xw
=xip)(Xw,t)
(3)
age displacements of the two constituents, U(pm) = U(p) U(m) and
u-(pm) = U(p) Ci(m) are the average relative displacement and rela- where x(m) is the spatial position vector of the material particle
X(m). If the material is assumed to be in a stress-free reference
1
Associate Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engi- configuration at time t = 0, material particles X(m) and X(p) of the
neering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
two constituents which are superimposed in the reference configu2
Numbers in brackets designate References at end of Note.
ration such that x(m)(X(m), 0) = x(p)(X(p), 0) are called congruent
Manuscript received by ASME Applied Mechanics Division, October,
particles. It was pointed out in [2] that for a two continuum theory
1974; final revision, January, 1975.

502

JUNE 1975

Transactions of the ASME

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