Aim: To determine the molarity of EDTA and to determine the hardness of water by

measuring the concentrations of calcium(Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) in a water

sample by titration method .
Purpose: To determine the hardness of water from a sample.
Introduction: the following experiment conducted was done on the basis of
determining the hardness of water from a sample made by one of the lab
technicians. The hardness of the water as a concentration is a precursor of
determining the concentration of both calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) in a
water sample. With basic knowledge of saphonication and water hardness one can
postulate that the nature of these ions tend to favor a combination in water with the
positive end of a hydrophilic molecule, to form hardness. Carbon dioxide gas can
be driven off from the sample of water once containing calcium and bicarbonate
ions is heated which in turn then removes some acidic properties of the solution and
the calcium carbonate deposit that has contributed to the hardness. The following
equation shows the process : Ca2+ (aq) + 2HCO3- (aq) + heat CaCO3 (s) + H2O
(l) +CO2 (g)