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HEAT
4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. Define:
The measure of the degree of hotness of an object.
(a) Temperature
Measured in SI unit Kelvin, K
A hot object is at a higher temperature than a cold
object.
Form of energy, measured in Joules, J
(b) Heat
Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher
temperature) to colder object (lower temperature)
When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and
the temperature will increase.
When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and
the temperature will decrease.
(c) Thermal
Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy
contact
can be transferred between them.
(d)Heat transfer
When two objects with different degrees of hotness
come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred
between the two objects.
(e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium
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What are
characteristics of
mercury that makes
it suitable as a
liquid-in-glass
thermometer?
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.2
1. Heat
capacity, C
2. Specific
Heat capacity,
c
SI unit: = J kg-1C-1
8. A substance
with a high
value of
specific heat
capacity
(b) Wooden
Handle
Sea Breeze
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Land Breeze
Water has a high specific heat capacity and lower cost. So water can
be a useful a cooling agent. A water pump circulates the water.
Heat produced by the engine is absorbed by the water that flows along
the space in engine walls. The hot water flows to the radiator where
heat is lost to the cooler air that flows through the cooling fans.
10. A boy drinking hot soup
The mass of the spoonful soup
with a spoon. If he accidentally
is smaller than the mass of the
spills a spoonful of soup onto
whole bowl of soup although
his hand, he would experience
both are at the same
only a slight pain. However, if
temperature and have same
he spills the whole contents of
specific heat capacity.
the bowl of soup onto himself, Q = mc
he would suffer serious
The mass is directly
injuries.
proportional to the quantity of
heat.
The soup in the bowl contains
more heat
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Example 1
Calculate the total heat that is
observed by a copper block of
mass 500 g and which has been
heated from 31 C to 80C.
(specific heat capacity of copper
= 390 JKg-1C-1)
Example 2
When an electric heater is supplied
with an electric power of 2 kW to
heat 4 kg of water for 1 minute,
calculate the increase in
temperature of the water. [specific
heat capacity of water = 4 200 JKg1
C-1) Assume there is no heat loss
to the surroundings.
Example 3
A lead bullet moves horizontally
with a velocity of 130 ms-1 and
embedded into a cement wall
after collision. If the specific heat
capacity of lead
= 130
-1
-1
JKg C and all heat produces is
absorbed by the bullet, what is
the increase in temperature of the
bullet?
Example 4
An aluminium block of mass 1 kg
is heated by an electric heater for 3
minutes and a temperature rise of
15 C is recorded. If the electric
heater is connected to a voltmeter
which gives a reading of 30 V and
an ammeter which gives a reading
of 2.5 A, calculate the specific heat
capacity of the aluminium.
Example 5
300 g of water at temperature 40
C is mixed with 900 g of water at
temperature 80 C. If there is no
heat loss to the surroundings,
what is the final temperature
when thermal equilibrium is
achieved by the mixture of water?
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4.3
1. Latent heat
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6. Specific latent
heat of fusion
Q
m
unit : J kg-1
Example 2
An electric kettle contains 3 kg of
water. Calculate the amount of
heat required to boil away all the
water after the boiling point has
been reached.
Example 3
What is the quantity of heat that
is required to convert 4 g of ice
into steam at 100 C.
specific latent heat of fusion of ice is
336 000 Jkg-1
Specific latent heat of vaporization of
water is 2.26 x 106 Jkg-1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x
103 J kg-1C-1
Figure (a) shows the apparatus for determining the latent heat of fusion
of ice. The control experiment in (b) is for the purpose of determine the
mass of ice melted by the surrounding heat.
The power supplied to the heater is 36 W. After 5 minutes, the power
supply in Figure (a) is cut off and both beakers are removed.
Mass of ice melted by the heater
Mass of beaker (a) = 50 g
only = .
Mass of beaker (b) = 53 g
Mass of beaker (a) with water = 108 g Energy supplied by the heater,
Q = Pt = .
Mass of beaker (b) with water = 78 g
Specific latent heat of fusion,
Mass of ice melted in beaker (a) =
Q
=
l=
m
Mass of ice melted in beaker (b) =
70
71
4.4
P1V1 = P2V2
Boyles Law
V T
PT
V
= cons tan t
T
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
P
= cons tan t
T
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
Charles Law
Pressures Law
72
73
Experiments
Manipulated: Volume of air in a
syringe
Responding: Pressure of trapped
air
Fixed
: mass and
temperature of air
inside a syringe
Manipulated: Temperature of trap
air
Responding: Length of air column
Fixed
: atmospheric
pressure,
Mass of trapped air
The length of the air column, x
represents the volume of air
trapped inside the capillary tube.
The pressure of the trapped air =
atmospheric pressure + pressure
due to the concentrated acid
Manipulated: Temperature of trap
air
Responding: Pressure of the
trapped air
Fixed
: Volume of air
Mass of trapped air
The reading on the Bourdon
gauge is the pressure of the air in
the round flask and the
thermometer reading represents
the air temperature in the flask
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Absolute temperature
Absolute zero
Example 1
The air in a foot pump has an initial
volume of 2800 cm3 and pressure 100
kPa. The outlet of the pump is closed
and the piston pushed inwards until
the volume of the air becomes 700
cm3. What is the pressure of the
compressed air in the pump?
Example 2
The pressure of a bubble under the
sea is 120 cm Hg. When the bubble
rises to the surface of the sea, its
volume becomes 25.0 cm3. Assuming
that the atmospheric pressure is 76
cm Hg, what is the original volume of
the bubble?
Example 3
A cylinder contains 200 cm3 of gas at
a temperature of 27 C. The gas is
heated until its temperature increases
by 30 C. If the piston of the cylinder
expands under constant pressure,
what is the final volume of the gas?
Example 4
A fixed mass of gas in an enclosed
metal container has a pressure of 2.5
x 105 Pa. It the gas is heated from 27
C to 87 C, calculate the final
pressure of the gas.
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