Aman Shah bin Arbain 2014298968

Discussion
In this experiment, there must be have losses of energy inside the pipe whether due
to friction or in sudden changes of diameter of the pipe (which is in contraction or
expansion). From the theory, the equation of Bernoullis, we assumes that there
were no energy losses in this system. But in reality, it shows that there always are
energy losses in the system but in smaller changes.
Based on the result gained after the experiment, the friction losses in is bigger such
as the reading from experiment shows that the friction that made energy losses to
surrounding about 1.79 x 10-3 m. Meanwhile, the energy loss of head due to
expansion is about 3.36 x 10-3 m. And the energy loss of head due to contraction of
the pipe is about 5.9 x 10-3 m.
As we can see the energy losses is higher at sudden expansion and the lowest
energy losses at same diameter of pipe. This is because in the same diameter of
pipe, the energy losses only because due to the friction of the pipe. But, when there
are sudden changes of diameter of pipe, the turbulence is high during contraction
than expansion.
Way solution
To avoid energy losses to surrounding, the surface inside the pipe should be
smoother to decrease the friction inside of the pipe.
The sudden changes of diameter of pipe can be reduce by the angle of cone be
lowered so that the coefficient of resistance becomes lower. Hence, the energy
losses can be overcome.

In sudden Enlargment of pipe.

Figure 1 shows the turbulence process in contraction of pipe

The loss again depends on the ratio of the pipe diameters and the angle of enlargement.
If angle the angle increases (in pipe enlargement) the minor losses will increase in the pipe. So that, to
decrease the minor losses, it will need a longer pipe to make transition that means the losses more due to

the friction in the pipe.

The lower loss coefficient, K will produce the lower the energy losses in pipe. Thats mean the shape of
pipe should be rounded to minimize the energy losses. Moreover, the region of turbulence in
enlargement of pipe is higher than contraction of pipe. So that it show the energy losses in this experiment

In sudden Contraction of pipe

Figure 2 shows turbulence in contraction of pipe

Ideal shape to reduce the energy losses

Loss of Head due to friction in PVC 20 x 1.5 pipe

hf (exp)

3.00E-02
2.50E-02
2.00E-02
1.50E-02
1.00E-02
5.00E-03
0.00E+00

f(x) = 0x - 0.01

hf (exp)
Linear (hf (exp))

hf (theo)

Loss of Head due to sudden contraction from PVC 32 x 1.8 to PVC 20 x 1.5 pipes
3.50E-02
3.00E-02
2.50E-02

f(x) = 0x + 0.01

2.00E-02
1.50E-02
1.00E-02

hl (exp)

hl (exp)

5.00E-03

Linear (hl (exp))

0.00E+00

hl (theo)

Loss of Head due to sudden expansion from PVC 20 x 1.5 to PVC 32 x 1.8 pipes
4.00E-03
3.50E-03
3.00E-03

f(x) = 0x - 0

2.50E-03

hl (exp)

hl (exp)

2.00E-03

Linear (hl (exp))

1.50E-03
1.00E-03
5.00E-04
0.00E+00
6.6400000000000001E-3 1.06E-2

hl (theo)

1.34E-2