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CHAPTER 2 TRANSMISSION LINES
Chapter Outline
General Considerations
Lumped-Element Model
Transmission-Line Equations
Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
The Lossless Transmission Line
Input Impedance of the Lossless Line
Special Cases of the Lossless Line
Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
The Smith Chart
Impedance Matching
Transients on Transmission Lines
General Considerations
Transmission line a two-port network
connecting a generator circuit to a load.
frequency, f of the
signal provided by
generator.
Propagation modes
Electric field lines
Magnetic field lines
Transverse
electromagnetic
(TEM)
transmission lines
Higher order
transmission
lines
Propagation
modes
Propagation modes
A few examples of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and higher order transmission line
Shunt element
Exercise 1:
Use table 5.1 to compute the line
parameter of a two wire air line whose
wires are separated by distance of 2 cm,
and, each is 1 mm in radius. The wires
may be treated as perfect conductors with
c= .
R = ?, L=?, G=?, C=?
Solution exercise 1:
Rs
R'
a
Rs
c=
f o
o
Rs
fo
Rs 0
R' 0
G'
C'
2
ln (d / 2a) (d / 2a) 1)
2
ln (d / 2a) (d / 2a) 1)
c=
G' 0
d 2cm 0.02m
a 1m m 0.001m
0.02
0.02 2
L' ln (
) (
) 1
2(0.001)
2(0.001)
L' 1.20H / m
C'
ln (d / 2a) (d / 2a) 2 1)
d 2cm 0.02m
a 1m m 0.001m
C'
0.02
0.02 2
ln (
) (
) 1
2(0.001)
2(0.001)
C ' 9.29 pF / m
Exercise 2:
Calculate the transmission line parameters
at 1 MHz for a rigid coaxial air line with
an inner conductor diameter of 0.6 cm
and outer conductor diameter of 1.2 cm.
The conductors are made of copper.
(c=0.9991 ; c=5.8x107)
f = 1MHz
r1 = 0.006m/2 = 0.003m
r2 = 0.012m/2 = 0.006m
Solution exercise 2:
Rs 1 1
R'
2 a b
Rs
Rs
f
o
(1Mhz)
5.8 x107
Rs 2.608x10 4
2.608x104 1
1
R'
2
0.003 0.006
R' 0.0208 / m
L'
ln(b / a)
2
a 0.003m
b 0.006m
0.006
L'
ln
2 0.003
L' 0.138H / m
BARE IN
UR MIND
o r
o (const33)
From calculator
r from appendixB
(pg238)
C'
2
lnb / a
d 2cm 0.02m
a 1m m 0.001m
2
C'
0.006
ln
0.003
BARE IN
UR MIND
o r
o (const32)
From calculator
r from appendixB
(pg 237)
C ' 80.3 pF / m
2
G'
b
ln
a
G' 0
R' jL'
G ' jC '
u p f
2f
Example 1
An air line is a transmission line for which air is
the dielectric material present between the two
conductors, which renders G = 0.
In addition, the conductors are made of a
material with high conductivity so that R 0.
For an air line with characteristic impedance of
50 and phase constant of 20 rad/m at 700MHz,
find the inductance per meter and the
capacitance per meter of the line.
Solution to Example 1
The following quantities are given:
Z 0 50, 20 rad/m, f 700 MHz 7 108 Hz
With R = G = 0,
propagation constant,
2
jL' jC ' L' C '
L' C '
and
R' jL'
L'
Z0
G ' jC '
C'
Solution to Example 1
L' C '
L'
C'
2
L'
Z 0 L' C
C'
2 2 Z o 2C 2
Z oC
C'
20
90.9 pF/m
8
Z 0 2 7 10 50
We get L from Z0
(lossless line)
R'
0 jL'G'
0 jC '
(lossless line)
R ' jL'
G ' jC '
L'
C'
(lossless line)
(m/s)
Wavelength,
up
f
f
r
r
Exercise 3:
For a losses transmission line, = 20.7 cm
at 1GHz. Find r of the insulating material.
=20.7cm 0.207m ;
up
f
f
r
r
f=1 GHz
3x108
0.207
1GHz
3x108 1
r
1GHz 0.207
r 1.449
r 2.1
Exercise 4
A lossless transmission line of length 80
cm operates at a frequency of 600MHz .
The line parameters are
&
C 100 pF/m
L 0.25 H/m
Find the characteristic impedance, the
phase constant and the phase velocity.
The condition apply that the line is
lossless, So: R= 0 & G=0
characteristic
impedance :
L 0.25 H/m
C 100 pF/m
L
Z0
C
Z0
6
0.25x10
12
100x10
50
L' C '
= 18.85 rad/m
phase velocity: u p f
vp
6
2 (600x10 )
8
2 x10 m / s
18.85
2f
Z L / Z0 1
(dimentionless)
VL V0 V0
V0
~ V0
IL
Z0
Z0
~
V L = total voltage at the load
V0- = amplitude of reflected voltage wave
V0+ = amplitude of the incident voltage wave
~
I L = total current at the load
Z0 = characteristic impedance of the line
ZL = R +1/ jC
Example 2
A 100- transmission line is connected to a
load consisting of a 50- resistor in series with a
10pF capacitor. Find the reflection coefficient at
the load for a 100-MHz signal.
Solution to Example 2
The following quantities are given
RL 50, CL 1011F, Z 0 100, f 100MHz 108 Hz
0.76 60.7
Z L / Z 0 1 0.5 j1.59 1
Z / Z 1 0.5 j1.59 1
L 0
0.76 60.7
Z L / Z 0 1 0.5 j1.59 1
1 0.5
2
2
0.5 1.59 tan
0.5 j1.59 1
1.59
0.5 j1.59 1
1 1.5
2
2
1.5 1.59 tan
1.59
1.5772.6
2.19 46.7
0.76119.3
0.76e j119.3
; r 60.7
Maths TIP
1
Exercise 5
A 150 lossless line is terminated in a
load impedance ZL= (30 j200) .
Calculate the voltage reflection coefficient
at the load.
Zo = 150
ZL= (30 j200)
Z L Z0
Z L Z0
o
j
72
.
95
0.867e
Standing Waves
Interference of the reflected wave and the
incident wave along a transmission line creates
a standing wave.
Constructive interference gives maximum value
for standing wave pattern, while destructive
interference gives minimum value.
The repetition period is for incident and
reflected wave individually.
But, the repetition period for standing wave
pattern is /2.
Standing Waves
For a matched line, ZL = Z0, = 0 and
~
V z = |V0+| for all values of z.
Standing Waves
For a short-circuited load, (ZL=0), = -1.
Standing Waves
For an open-circuited load, (ZL=), = 1.
Standing Waves
First voltage maximum occurs at:
r n
Where r = phase
lmax
where n 0
angle of
4
2
If r 0 n=0;
If r 0 n=1
First voltage minimum occurs at:
lmin
lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR) is ratio between the
maximum voltage an the
minimum voltage along the
transmission line.
1 | |
1 | |
ZL Z
Where,
ZL Z 0
Where reflection coefficient
Z L load impedance
Z 0 characteristic impedance
Example 3
A 50- transmission line is terminated in a load
with ZL = (100 + j50) . Find the voltage
reflection coefficient and the voltage standingwave ratio (VSWR).
Solution to Example 3
We have,
Z Z 0 100 j50 50
L
0.45e j 26.6
Z L Z 0 100 j50 50
1 0.45
VSWR
2.6
1 1 0.45
Exercise 6:
A 140 lossless line is terminated in a
load impedance ZL= (280 +j182) , if =
72cm, find
a) Reflection coefficient,
b) The VSWR,
c) The locations of voltage maxima and
minima
a) Reflection coefficient,
Z L Z0
Z L Z0
140
182
4202 1822 tan1
420
140 j182
420 j182
23052.4o
45723.43o
0.528.97o
b) The VSWR;
1 | |
VSWR
1 | |
0.528.97o
VSWR
1 | 0.528.97 |
1 | 0.528.97 |
1 0.5
VSWR
3
1 0.5
where n 0
4
2
(0.5)(72) n
lmax
4
2
n
2.9cm
2
lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
lmin
lmax / 4 if lmax / 4
72cm
72cm / 4 18cm
lmax / 4
lmin lmax / 4
72
(2.9 n )
2
4
20.9 n
or
1 e j 2 z
Z0
j 2 z
1
Z L cos l jZ 0 sin l
Z L jZ 0 tan l
Z in l Z 0
Z 0
Z 0 cos l jZ L sin l
Z 0 jZ L tan l
Voc l
~
jZ 0 cot l
I oc l
and
tan l
Z insc
Z inoc
sc jZ tan l
Zin
0
Special case
Input
Impedance, Zin
oc jZ cot l
Zin
0
l
Application
Be used to measure the
characteristic impedance of
the line :
sc Z oc
Z o Zin
in tan l
sc
Z in
oc
Z in
l 0
Zin Z L
But, If the
transmission line is
Zin Z0 2 Z L
2
V0
i
Average power for incident wave; Pav 2Z
0
Pavr
(W)
2
2 V0
2Z 0
V0
1 2
2Z 0
(W)
Pavi
Exercise 7
For a 50 lossless transmission line terminated in
a load impedance ZL = (100 + j50), determine the
percentage of the average power reflected over
average incident power by the load.
2
r
i
Pav Pav
(W)
r
Pav
2
(W)
i
Pav
Reflection coefficient,
Z L Z0
Z L Z0
50
50
1502 502 tan1
150
50 j 50
150 j 50
70.745o
158.118.4o
0.4526.6o
2
0.2
Exercise 8
For the line of exercise previously
(exercise 7), what is the average reflected
power if |V0+|=1V
Pavr
2
2 V0
2Z 0
Pavi
2 1
r
Pav 0.45
2(50)
2mW
Smith Chart
Smith chart is used to analyze & design
transmission line circuits.
Reflection coefficient, : e j r r ji
r = real part, i = imaginary part
Z0
Smith Chart
Reflection coefficient, A :0.3 + j0.4
1/ 2
2
2
0.3 0.4
0.5
r
1/ 2
2
2
0.5 0.2
0.54
r tan10.5 / 0.2 202
B :-0.5 - j0.2
Smith Chart
Reflection coefficient, : Z L / Z 0 1
Z L / Z0 1
Since
zL 1
ZL
zL
, becomes: z 1
Z0
L
1
rL jx L
Re-arrange in terms of zL: z L
1
rL = Normalized load resistance
xL = Normalized load admittance
(2 j1) 1
(2 j1) 1
12 12
2
2
3 1
0.45
r tan11/ 2 26.6
Input impedance
The input impedance, Zin:
1 e j 2 l
Z in Z 0
1 e j 2 l
Input impedance
Since = 2/, shifting by 2 l is equal to phase
change of 2.
Equating: 2l 2 2 l 2
Example 5
A 50- transmission line is terminated with
ZL=(100-j50). Find Zin at a distance l =0.1
from the load.
Solution: Normalized the load impedance
Z L 100 j 50
zL
Z0
50
zL 2 j
Solution to Example 5
A 2 j
l =0.1
zin = 0.6 j0.66
de normalize
(multiplying by Zo)
Zin = 30 j33
lmax=(0.25-0.213)
=0.037.
lmin=(0.037+0.25)
=0.287
Impedance to admittance
transformations
zL=0.6 + j1.4
yL=0.25 - j0.6
Example 6
Given that the voltage standing-wave ratio, VSWR = 3.
On a 50- line, the first voltage minimum occurs at 5 cm
from the load, and that the distance between
successive minima is 20 cm, find the load
impedance.
Solution:
The distance between successive minima is equal to
/2.
the distance between successive minima is 20 cm,
Hence, = 40 cm
20 / 2
2(20)
Solution to Example 6
Point A =VSWR = 3
5
l min
0.125
40
z L 0.6 j 0.8
de normalize
(multiplying by Zo)
Zin = 30 j40
Solution to Example 6
First voltage minimum (in wavelength unit) is at
5
l min
0.125 on the WTL scale from point B.
40
Exercise
ZL
zL
0.6 j 0.4
Z0
a) reflection coefficient from smith Chart
r 121
(0.6 j 0.4) 1
(0.6 j 0.4) 1
0.4 2 0.4 2
1.6 2 0.4 2
0.34
0.34e
j121
r 121
0.082
0.25 - 0.082
0.168
z L 0.6 j 0.4
lmin
lmax
length :
0.301
Z in
0.72 - j0.62
0.301 0.082
0.383