DESKRIPTIVNA GRAMATIKA 4

ADJECTIVES
Po strukturi: simple, derived, compound
Syntactic criterion:
Attributive (Ivan the Terrible)
Predicative (She seemed asleep)
Semantic classification:
Descriptive (central)-imaju komparaciju
Classifying-nemaju komparaciju, ispred ne moe da stoji very
Adjectives used attributively
Intensifiers (Emphasizers, downtoners, amplifiers)
Restrictive (certain, chief, exact)
Denominal (Shakespearian, nuclear)
Adjectives used predicatively:
Adjectives beginning with a (asleep, awake)
Adjectives denoting state (ill, unable)
Sequence of adjectives:
personal evaluation +size +physical quality+ shape +age +colour+ participle +origin +material+ type +purpose
Wonderful huge tall rectangular ancient red rising Romanian brick
*old and little precede nouns, little precedes old
Functions of adjectival phrases
1. Premodifier (blue dress)
2. Post-modifier (something interesting, question difficult to answer)
3. Free modifier (Nervous, girl started shivering)
4. Nominal predicate (It is hot. The man is old)
5. Object complement (He made his shoes muddy, she boiled the eggs too hard)
6. Adverbial modifier (If possible, send me a letter)
Vrste poreenja: synthetic, analytic, supletion
Vrste komparativa:
1. Comparative of equality (as good as)
2. Comparative of inequality (not so/as good as)
3. Relative comparative of superiority (she is richer than you)
4. Comparative of inferiority (he less is fortunate than her)
5. Absolute comparative (shes one of the richer sponsors, not followed by thanhigher education)
6. Modal comparative (equality + possible-she did as much as possible)
7. Comparative of proportion (the happier you are the calmer I am)
8. Comparative of gradation (growing older and older)
Vrste superlativa:
1. Relative superlative of superiority (the prettiest girl in class, the tastiest pie)
2. Superlative of inferiority (least fortunate man)
3. Absolute superlative (most=veryyou are most kind)
4. Modal superlative (superiority+ possible- the hardest question possible)
5. Superlative of exclusion (the greatest singer in history, the smartest man ever born)

ADVERBS
Semantic classification:
1. Manner
2. Place
3. Time
4. Duration (its temporarily out of stock)
5. Frequency (We seldom cry)
6. Degree (greatly relieved)

7. Focusing (Milk and sugar? Only milk)

8. Modal (possibly, probably)
9. Evaluative (She foolishly believed him)
10. Viewpoint (I personally think...)
11. Linking (However, I did it.)

Functional classification:
Adjuncts relevant for the meaning of the clause (he brought it downstairs)
Subjuncts not essential for meaning (She kindly requested that I leave)
Disjuncts evaluative and viewpoint (Strictly speaking)
Conjuncts linking (anyway /firstly)
Functions of adverbs:
1. Subject (Friendly is the only way)
2. Nominal predicate (The time is now)
3. Object complement (You can leave your hat on!)
4. Free adjunct (Everybody in, we can leave)
NUMBERS
1. Cardinal
2. Ordinal (next and last considered to be ordinal, former/latter are adjectives with ordinal meaning)
3. Decimals
4. Fractions 7/10 seven tenths
5. Multiplicatives - number + foldborrowings: fivefold, double/triple, quadruple
6. Frequentatives three times/ for a third time
7. Approximatives (-ish, about/ up to, or so, cardinal number + odd)
QUANTIFIERS
Closed class: many, more, most, a great many, a good many, much, little, less, least, a little, a few, few, fewer,
fewest, several, enough.
Open class:
Basic forms: a great number of, a good number of, a large number of, a small number of
Collective forms: a number of, a bunch of, a company of, a pack of, a pair of, a parcel of, a range of, a set of.
With uncountable nouns: large/small +quantity/amount of
With both countable and uncountable nouns: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, abundance of, multitude of
Universal: all, any, every
Existential: some
Generic: all, any, every, each, some, no

PREPOSITIONS
Simple, complex, participial (concerning, regarding, during)
Proper prepositions: after, until, before, as, since
Functions of prepositional phrases
1. Prepositional Object (Shes waiting for her son. I couldnt smile at them.)
2. Prepositional indirect object (Give it to your father)
3. Adverbial modifier ( He lives in a village. She came on Sunday)
4. Postmodifier (The window of the bedroom. The letter from my friend.)
5. Premodifier to numbers (Children under 16 cant come in)
6. Free modifier ( In a word, I did it like that. In a way..)
7. Subject complement (The old man is in good health. Shes at liberty.)
8. Nominal predicate ( The cat is in the bag)
*during and since resist stranding
CLAUSES
Main/independent
Subordinate/dependent
According to speech act:
Declarative (affirmative/negative)
Interrogative
Exclamative
Imperative
According to form of the verb:
Finite
Non-finite (participial, infinitival, gerundial)
Eliptical the verbs/ predicators are omitted: Where (should we go ) to now?
Subordinate clauses:
1.Nominal
2. Relative
3. Adverbial
1. Nominal clause
Conjunctions: that, whether, (as) if, pronouns relative and interrogative (who, what, whichever, whatever),
adverbs (when where, how, why)
Functions of nominal clause:
Subject (What she said doesnt matter)
Used with preparatory IT (It doesnt matter what she said)
Subject complement (You became what you had always wanted. It looks as if its going to rain.)
Object (She said that se didnt mind.)
Prepositional complement (She was afraid of what might happen tomorrow.)

2. Relative clause
Adjectival/modifying function (modify a nominal phrase; the boy who lost his ball) (defining/non-defining)
Predicative function (refers to a whole main clause: He did it, which was a cowardly thing to do.)
Nominal/complemental function (Do what you must! object of the verb)
Independent function (refers to the subject of the main clause. He who doesnt know this is doomed.)
3. Adverbial clauses of:
Time
Place
Manner
Cause/reason
Result
Comparison
Concession
Purpose
SENTENCES
Compound

M+M

Copulative
Disjunctive
Adversative
Resultative
Explanatory
Asyndetically linked
Complex

M+ Sb (one or more)

Composite At least 2 M