1

Peanut Allergy Regulation of Airlines

Kanye West
Kim Kardashian
Harvard University

2
Introduction/Motivation
Between 1997 and 2008 the amount of people suffering from peanut allergies in the
United States tripled (Benoshan et al. 2008). Currently approximately 3 million people suffer
from lifelong peanut allergies in the United States, and 20% of those allergy sufferers go into
anaphylaxis when they come into contact with peanuts (Foodallergy.org 2015). Anaphylaxis is a
serious condition that can be fatal, and is often unpredictable. Somewhere between .07% and 2%
of anaphylaxis is fatal (Foodallergy.org 2015). Given these facts alone one would expect a higher
number of reported deaths per year from peanut allergies, but currently only around 100 peanut
allergy deaths are reported every year, despite around 200,000 emergency room visits due to
food allergies (Firsheincenter.com 2015). This number may not seem extremely significant, but
the figures prove that the condition of having an allergy to peanuts is enough of a dangerous
condition that people consistently die from it every year. Peanut allergies are also not under
individuals control; they are simply born with the allergies, while there is no known cure for the
condition. Those with the allergy can easily not know how severe their reaction will be, and may
be set into a fatal state simply by contact with another person who has recently been in contact
with peanuts (Blanca 2014). The only advice medical professionals can give to those with peanut
allergies is to avoid peanuts, since they have no other treatment to offer currently. When the only
solution offered is to not have contact with peanuts, but contact goes beyond mere ingestion to
contact with other non-allergic persons who have had contact with peanuts, the condition is
clearly one that is highly debilitating.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) says that when a public place does not
make reasonable accommodations for its patrons that constitutes illegal discrimination (Buck
2015). The ADA has been shown to cover individuals who are HIV positive, but asymptomatic

3
(Rothstein 2015). The ADA was recently amended to count as a disability any impairment that
is episodic or in remission if it would substantially limit a major life activity when active. 42
U.S.C. 12102(4)(D). Peanut allergies can lead to the impairment of breathing, and there can
hardly be an activity that is more vital to life than breathing. It follows from this that there is
strong support for the ADA to apply to those suffering from peanut allergies. Since the ADA
applies even to those with latent conditions though, and it is often difficult to know whether a
peanut allergy sufferer is prone to anaphylaxis at a certain exposure threshold before it actually
happens (Blanca 2014) there is good reason to read the ADA as applying to all peanut allergy
sufferers equally.
Finally, there are serious social and psychological issues that peanut allergy sufferers
must face with their condition. Sufferers often develop anxiety and depression that becomes
severe enough in some cases to resemble an obsessive-compulsive disorder (Masia et al. 1998).
Additionally, family life can become strained financially due to the cost of accommodating a
child with a peanut allergy, as well as adding a huge amount of psychological stress to both
sufferer and parents (Primeau et al. 1998). Children especially, but also adults may face social
ostracism for their allergies, or be forced to not participate in social activities such as going to
parties or out with friends to areas where the contaminant factor is unknown (Masia et al. 1998).
Given that 8% of children in the United States suffer from peanut allergies (Foodallergy.org
2015) and the lack of cohesive public health policy as regards peanut allergies, coupled with the
major effects on the lives of sufferers and their families, it is clear that a discussion needs to be
opened about how to address this major public health issue. This paper reviews the literature
on peanut allergies, and the apparent outbreak of peanut allergies that has occurred
recently. It makes recommendations for how to modify public health policy to create

4
healthier, safer society for peanut allergy sufferers, as well as potentially reduce the amount
of peanut allergy sufferers in the future by revising doctor directives, implementing stricter
food labeling standards, and banning peanuts in schools and airplanes. The economic
effects of these policies would be minimal, as airlines would realize gains of about $2.5
million per year from not using peanuts (Ronalds-Hannon 2015), and there is almost no
cost to schools for instituting peanut bans, other than the social backlash against
government for doing so (Weissman 2015). The cost of implementing stricter food labeling
is indeterminate, but probably in the millions, however that cost is reasonable for the food
producers to bear given the level of danger their actions put peanut allergy sufferers in
(Turner et al. 2011). The economic benefit to society of making life easier for peanut allergy
sufferers and their families, as well as reducing future number of peanut allergy sufferers
will be potentially in the billions though (Gupta et al. 2013), easily offsetting any losses
incurred in implementing these policies.

Background/Literature Review
Peanut allergies are extremely dangerous for those afflicted with the
condition. Those suffering from a peanut allergy can suffer from symptoms
ranging from itchy skin, hives in the form of small spots or large welts,
tingling in the mouth and/or throat region, nausea accompanied by diarrhea
or stomach crams, shortness of breath, wheezing, congested nasal passage
ways, or excessively runny nose, to the more severe constriction of airways,
swelling shut of the throat, severe drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, and

5
dizziness leading to loss of consciousness (Warner 1999; Blanca 2014). The
more severe symptoms of peanut allergies are called anaphylaxis and are
present in 20% of those with peanut allergies, as well as being the symptoms
responsible for fatalities related to peanut allergies (Foodallergy.org 2015).
Peanut allergy symptoms can be set off by very minimal contact, including
touching another person who have been in contact with peanuts, or
breathing in the recycled air of an airplane cabin in which many bags of
peanuts have merely been opened (Baskas 2010; Yang 2015). It is clear that
peanut allergies are very uncomfortable, and have the potential to affect
someones life to a strong degree even when the symptoms are mild. The
discomfort experienced by those with peanut allergies is never insignificant.
Additionally, the anxiety from not knowing whether something as simple as
breathing in the wrong environment will lead to an outbreak of symptoms
has also lead to many anxiety disorders, depression, and obsessive
compulsive disorders in those with peanut allergies (Masia et al. 1998). From
what is known about peanut allergies it seems they are easily classifiable as
impairments of individuals that are beyond their control. The fact that
peanuts are a substance that is often in public environments, and that may
lead to the death of this class of persons makes peanut allergies a clear
public health issue, which new public health policies need to be formulated
around.
The prevalence of peanut allergies has been increasing dramatically over the past several
decades in America. In 1999 a clear explosion of peanut allergies in the population, which had no

6
explanation, had been identified by the pediatrics establishment given a boom in the number f
cases of children suffering from the condition (Warner). The number of people with peanut
allergies has roughly doubled since 1999, when approximately 1.5 million people suffered from
an allergy (Warner), whereas currently just over 3 million people suffer from a peanut allergy
(Foodallergy.org). Benoshan et al. (2008) had noticed that prevalence of peanut allergies was
increasing in many first world countries, including Canada and the United States. However, the
problem has been largely intractable, as researchers have been struggling to identify causes of
peanut allergies and come up empty handed. Lack et al. (2003) performed extensive research on
infants across the country that in order to find causal factors that would determine who is at risk
of developing a peanut allergy, and found that other than having parents who themselves had the
allergy, there were no factors that gave any indication as to which children would develop peanut
allergies. The seeming explosion of peanut allergy sufferers has therefore gone mostly
unexplained thus far, but what is clear from the research is that peanut allergies have become
more prevalent.
Given the escalating prevalence of peanut allergies a large group of individuals that form
what appears to be a disabled class under the ADA, creating a serious need for public health
policy to address the issue. In 2009 the ADA was amended so that the definition of disability
formally includes impairment that is episodic of in remissionif it would substantially limit a
major life activity when active 42 U.S.C. 12102(4)(D). This definition was set in place to
enhance the protections afforded by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,
which states a person with a disability is described as someone who has a
physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life
activities, or is regarded as having such impairments. When taking both of

7
these definitions into account, and especially the latest definition in the ADA,
it becomes clear from a legal perspective that the definition fits the
character of peanut allergies. Legal scholars have identified the fact that
because food allergies, of which the most common, cause intermittent,
serious reactions that can limit activities such as breathing, eating, and
digestion, they can be properly viewed under the new ADA rule as
constituting disabilities (Buck 2015). It is simply the case that peanut
allergies affect perhaps the most major life activities there are, since without
breathing, eating, or digestion, a person cannot live at all. Furthermore, since
those with allergies are able to have their allergies set off by such small
amounts of peanuts it follows that their social lives are severely limited.
Those with peanut allergies often are forced to refrain from attending parties,
and other normal social events, which impairs their social lives in a
significant way (Masia et al. 1998). The impairment of the lives of those
suffering from peanut allergies therefore seems clear on multiple levels.
What is not clear is what measure of protections the ADA requires American
society to afford them.
Currently the policy around peanut allergies is very minimal, and
sometimes worse than having no clear policy, though improvements are
being made in some specific areas. Although food labeling policies have
been put in place on a national level that require food producers to
appropriately label their foods when they have peanuts in them, the current
policies are not rigorous enough and often allow for producers to allow a

8
peanut-free label, or leave off a peanut label when there are only trace
amounts of peanuts in their products (Turner et al. 2011). This is an
extremely dangerous scenario for those suffering from peanut allergies
because what is considered a trace amount for food purposes is still
sufficient to cause a potentially fatal reaction. At the same time, although
consumers feel safe with the current labeling system, assuming that peanutfree labels, or labels lacking specific mention of peanuts are safe to eat, their
sense of security is false, putting them at a greater risk of consuming foods
that may set off an allergic reaction (Gowland 2013). Meanwhile, schools are
a major center of debate about accommodation because they are
government-run institutions. Programs to eliminate peanuts from school
lunch programs have roused the ire of many parents of children without
peanut allergies, who have actively protested against peanut bans at their
local schools (Davis 2013). The social discrimination against peanut allergy
sufferers shows public health policy that there is a desperate need for
improved public health policy in this area, and health professionals, and
government officials need to step in to protect this class of persons. Another
site of major issue has been airplanes, which frequently give out peanuts as
snacks, making air travel impossible for many peanut allergy sufferers due to
the recycled air within planes. Fortunately top airlines have recognized that
abandoning peanuts is less of a burden on them than the loss of air travel is
for peanut allergy sufferers, and have banned the use of peanuts on their
flights (Delta.com 2015). This accords with the fact that airlines probably

9
foresee a coming peanut ban sine the new ADA rule is rapidly being seen as
capable of being read in such a way that banning peanuts on airplanes would
be a reasonable burden to undertake for the safety of peanut allergy
sufferers (Darden 2013; Bynum 2015).
The most fascinating, and alarming research on peanut allergies,
however, shows that we may have created the peanut allergy crisis
ourselves, which would require the creation of new public health policies to
rectify. It was noticed by Davenport (2012) that peanut allergies were more
prevalent in urban centers than in rural communities, which appeared
counterintuitive since urban households seemed to have less contact with
peanuts than rural ones. A series of follow-up studies reached shocking
conclusions regarding the nature of peanut allergies. Du Toit et al. (2015)
discovered that the risk of developing a peanut allergy can be lowered by
approximately 80% by either cutaneous peanut exposure, or trace amounts
of peanut ingestion. Lavine et al. (2015) concluded that in fact the avoidance
of peanuts altogether was the only factor that could be connected with
peanut allergies, and they pointed out that the policy of total avoidance of
being proscribed by doctors to new parents to avoid giving peanuts to infants
might have lead to the outbreak of peanut allergies. As it turns out it may be
that our very own public health policy has created far more sufferers of
peanut allergies than the absence of policy. This means that there is a
serious, and significant need to create new public health policy regarding
how peanut allergy suffers are cared for in American society.

10

Present and Future Recommendations

The most urgent recommendation regards current public health policy in terms of the
advisement of doctors to new parents to avoid peanuts in any form. Since past research revealed
no factors that could indicate peanut allergies, and since allergic reactions could be so severe for
infants, the policy of having doctors advise new parents to avoid giving their infants peanuts
seemed to make sense. Now that we know that this very policy has very possibly lead to the
outbreak of peanut allergies, we are in a much better to reformulate the policy. At present the
recommendation that would make the most difference would be simply to reverse the old policy,
and have doctors begin to instruct parents that some contact with peanuts will not be harmful for
infants, and may even be good. By reversing this policy as quickly as possible the number of
peanut allergy sufferers, at least in the future, ought to decline thanks to actions taken in the
present. In the future, it is highly advisable to a new set of guidelines be created that instruct
doctors on how to teach new parents how to safely put their infants into contact with peanuts. It
would be even better if routine exposure to peanuts under pediatric supervision was required of
all infants, as this would not be a huge inconvenience to most parents, or infants, and could
potentially reduce the number of disabled persons i.e. peanut allergy sufferers by millions in the
future.
The second most critical area that needs to be addressed is the food labeling policies that
are currently in place. These policies need to be reviewed with a newly critical lens given that we
know that trace amounts of peanuts are enough to potentially kill someone afflicted with a peanut
allergy. By rewriting the food labeling policies so that trace amounts must be labeled at all times,
and making it much more difficult to attach a peanut-free label to foods many emergency room

11
visits, and potential deaths may be prevented. Consumers deserve these protections, and the false
sense of security currently instilled in them by bad policies that have failed to recognize the
severity of peanut allergies are leading to an unacceptable level of hazard for peanut allergy
sufferers in the United States.
Third, a peanut ban needs to be established for all public schools under government
control making them all peanut-free zones. It is unacceptable to effectively make it impossible in
some cases for those with peanut allergies to attend the educational institutions to which they
have a right to gain the same education as their peers. Because social backlash has been so
strong, and even vicious when schools have tried on their own accord to become peanut-free, it
follows that a high level, nationwide public health policy must be put into place that cannot be
protested at the local level, which will only further impair the lives of those with peanut allergies
as they attempt to live normally. This will probably take some time to create, and implement, but
it is a major policy change that urgently needs to happen as it is not an undue burden on the other
students to forgo peanut consumption at school in order to potentially save the lives of peanut
allergy sufferers.
Fourth, a ban on peanuts for all airlines should be implemented as soon as possible.
Already it has been noticed that airlines probably have a duty to become peanut-free thanks to
the revision to the ADA. Formalizing a ban, or at least taking focused ADA-driven legal action
against airlines that do not accommodate peanut allergy sufferers is necessary to provide for the
safety of all peanut allergy sufferers. Being deprived of one of the worlds most efficient forms
of travel is a huge impairment to the lives of peanut allergy suffers, and for everyone else to
forgo the eating of peanuts for the duration of their plane rides is certainly a reasonable burden

12
for them to undertake to allow peanut allergy suffers the ability to access this form of travel
without fearing for their lives.
Economic, Social, and Health Policy Implications
The economic implications for society of implementing these recommendations may be
positive. Although there will be a significant cost to food producers in terms of having to more
rigorously label their food products, that cost may be offset by other economic gains in society. It
has been shown that food allergies cost the American economy $20.5 billion dollars in terms of
labor productivity impairment, out-of-pocket costs, and opportunity costs both from sufferers
and from family members who had to care for sufferers; it costs $4,184 per year for every child
afflicted with a food allergy (Gupta et al. 2013). It follows that if by reducing the number of
those that develop peanut allergies through new directives to doctors we could realize billions in
gain in the economy, because we might reduce the amount of peanut allergy sufferers in the
future by several million, to early 90s levels before avoidance policies were enacted. If 1 million
fewer peanut allergy sufferers resulted from the recommended policies that alone would
represent a savings of $4,184,000,000 per year according to the numbers we have available. That
amount of cost savings does not include the value of the labor freed up by family members
caring for the sufferers who would end up being free to be more economically productive. The
economic implications of the new policies then are very promising, and could even result in an
economic boost to the United States economy. Additionally, airlines have found that by
eliminating peanuts they can save around $2.5 million per year (Ronalds-Hannon 2015),
and thanks to readily available substitutes it will cost schools a negligible amount to
implement peanut bans (Weissman 2015). The only significant costs will be put upon the
food producers, but that cost is reasonable to prevent the deaths and general impairment of

13
the lives of peanut allergy sufferers under the ADA (Tuner et al. 2011). Thus the economic
of effect of these policies will be overwhelmingly positive in the long run.
Socially the implications will be somewhat mixed, though overall positive. Society will
change in a few ways that will be noticeable by everyone thanks to the banning of peanuts in
both public schools and airplanes. There is sure to be a contingent of people who will protest the
banning of peanuts in both schools, and on airplanes as being cases of government overreach.
For a time peanut allergy sufferers may become political targets because they may be seen as the
new public image of big government (Park 2015), but with time that image will quickly
dissipate. Society as a whole should improve eventually once a significant number of people in
society are able to attend education institutions, and access the worlds most efficient form of
travel. The total implications are that society will be a little bit more restrictive for most people,
but overall improved for peanut allergy sufferers, which may imply a happier society overall.
Policy implications are that policy needs to be both broader in scope and deeper in its
execution. Since it is possible that poor public health policy that was not rigorously reviewed put
the United States (and other first world countries) into the current situation of having an outbreak
of peanut allergy sufferers, it is clear that public health policy surrounding the issue needs to be
carefully reviewed to see how it is affecting the condition seeks to improve. Public health policy
needs to be more precise in its enforcement, and details to avoid giving the false sense of security
the current policy does with regards to food labeling. Finally, policy needs to be larger in scale,
and be set at a national level in order to have the desired effects of creating a society that allows
for those with peanut allergies to live fulfilling, safe, normal lives

Summary and Conclusion

14
The ADAs revision in 2009 has made it clear that peanut allergy sufferers need to be
afforded significantly more protection in American society. Legal scholars, independent health
organizations, and legal scholars have all agreed that the revised ADA makes those suffering
from food allergies disabled persons. As such those with peanut allergies must be afforded
special protections in order to be able to live normal lives in American society, without imposing
an undue burden on society. The outbreak of peanut allergies that has lead to 3 million people
living in the country with the condition makes it a significant issue that needs to be addressed
immediately. At least part of this need comes from the fact that evidence has recently come to
light, which shows that the public health policy of directing doctors to advise total peanut
avoidance in infants may have lead to the outbreak. At the same time as that public health policy
may have created the outbreak, public health policy regarding labeling foods as peanut-free has
been insufficient in a way that has created a false sense of security in peanut allergy sufferers,
and which actually makes the world a more dangerous place for them. Food labeling policy must
therefore be changed to be more rigorous, because the burden on food producers to ensure there
are not even trace amounts of peanuts in peanut-free food is not an undue burden when eating
such foods improperly labeled can lead to the death of peanut allergy sufferers. The social
backlash against peanut allergy sufferers also warrants the government stepping in to implement
nationwide policies that make public institutions such as schools safe places for peanut allergy
sufferers. It is also recommended that the government impose a formal ban of peanuts on airlines
in order to give safe access to the worlds most efficient form of travel to peanut allergy
sufferers. However, the most important takeaway from this paper is that doctors need to
immediately stop telling parents to completely avoid exposing their infants to peanuts. The
benefits to society of implementing this policy, and eventually requiring peanut sensitization

15
exams for infants that may significantly reduce the number of peanut allergy sufferers will be
monumental, and therefore out to be pushed for as quickly as possible.

References
Baskas, Harriet. 2010. 'Passengers Peeved About Peanuts On Planes'. Msnbc.Com.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39068278/ns/travel-travel_tips/t/passengers-peevedabout-peanuts-planes/#.VTxRAimd7ww.
BENSHOSHAN, M, R KAGAN, R ALIZADEHFAR, L JOSEPH, E TURNBULL, Y
STPIERRE, and A CLARKE. 2008. 'Is The Prevalence Of Peanut Allergy
Increasing? A Five-Year Follow-Up Study On The Prevalence Of Peanut Allergy In

16
Montreal School Children Aged 5 To 9 Years'. Journal Of Allergy And Clinical
Immunology 121 (2): S97-S97. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.387.
Blanca, Miguel. 2014. 'Response To Major Peanut And Peach Allergens In A Population
Of Children Allergic To Peanut'. Clinical And Translational Allergy 4 (Suppl 2): P29.
doi:10.1186/2045-7022-4-s2-p29.
Buck, Sonia J. 2015. 'Is A Food Allergy A Disability?'. Lcwlaw.Com.
http://lcwlaw.com/2013/01/is-a-food-allergy-a-disability/.
Bynum, Russ. 2015. 'Peanut Ban On Airplaines? FAA Considers Nut Ban For Airlines
Because Of Allergy'. The Huffington Post.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/12/peanut-ban-on-airplaines_n_610247.html.
Darden, E. C. 2013. 'Food Allergies Inject Legal Risk'. Phi Delta Kappan 95 (2): 70-71.
doi:10.1177/003172171309500216.
Davenport, L. 'Childhood Food Allergies Are More Common In Urban Than Rural Areas'.
2012. Springer Healthcare News 1 (1). doi:10.1007/s40014-012-0442-3.
Davis, Lawrence-Minh Bi. 2013. 'Take Us Off Solid Food For The Foreseeable Future'.
Gastronomica: The Journal Of Food And Culture 13 (2): 61-68.
doi:10.1525/gfc.2013.13.2.61.
Delta.com,. 2015. 'Peanut Allergy Policy'.
http://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/agency/useful-resources/peanut-allergypolicy.html.
Du Toit, George, Graham Roberts, Peter H. Sayre, Henry T. Bahnson, Suzana

17
Radulovic, Alexandra F. Santos, and Helen A. Brough et al. 2015. 'Randomized
Trial Of Peanut Consumption In Infants At Risk For Peanut Allergy'. New England
Journal Of Medicine 372 (9): 803-813. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1414850.
Firsheincenter.com,. 2015. 'Breakthroughs In Peanut Allergies'.
http://www.firsheincenter.com/breakthroughs-in-peanut-allergies.html.
Foodallergy.org,. 2015. 'Peanut - Food Allergy Research & Education'.
https://www.foodallergy.org/allergens/peanut-allergy.
Gowland, H. 2013. 'Reactions, Regulation And Risk: Protecting Consumers With Food
Allergies And Intolerances'. Perspectives In Public Health 133 (6): 306-307.
doi:10.1177/1757913913512456.
Gupta, Ruchi, David Holdford, Lucy Bilaver, Ashley Dyer, Jane L. Holl, and David
Meltzer. 2013. 'The Economic Impact Of Childhood Food Allergy In The United
States'. JAMA Pediatrics 167 (11): 1026. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2376.
Lack, Gideon, Deborah Fox, Kate Northstone, and Jean Golding. 2003. 'Factors
Associated With The Development Of Peanut Allergy In Childhood'. New England
Journal Of Medicine 348 (11): 977-985. doi:10.1056/nejmoa013536.
Lavine, E., A. Clarke, L. Joseph, G. Shand, R. Alizadehfar, Y. Asai, E. S. Chan, L.
Harada, M. Allen, and M. Ben-Shoshan. 2014. 'Peanut Avoidance And Peanut
Allergy Diagnosis In Siblings Of Peanut Allergic Children'. 2015. Clin Exp Allergy 45
(1): 249-254. doi:10.1111/cea.12403.
Masia, Carrie L., Kimberly B. Mullen, and Joseph R. Scotti. 1998. 'Peanut Allergy In
Children: Psychological Issues And Clinical Considerations'. Education And

18
Treatment Of Children 21 (4): 514-531.
Park, Alice. 2015. 'The Best Way To Treat Peanut Allergies? Eating Peanuts'.
TIME.Com. http://time.com/3719341/peanut-allergy-cure-treatment/.
Primeau, Kagan, Joseph, Lim, Dufresne, Duffy, Prhcal, and Clarke. 2000. 'The
Psychological Burden Of Peanut Allergy As Perceived By Adults With Peanut
Allergy And The Parents Of Peanut-Allergic Children'. Clin Exp Allergy 30 (8):
1135-1143. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00889.x.
Ronalds-Hannon, Eliza. 2015. 'Free Peanuts On Airplanes Started Out As A Marketing
Ploy'. Quartz. http://qz.com/112310/free-peanuts-on-airplanes-started-out-as-amarketing-ploy/.
Rothstein, Laura F. 2015. 'Peanut Butter Bans And The ADA'. Law.Uh.Edu.
https://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/Disabilities/981015Peanut.html.
Turner, P. J., A. S. Kemp, and D. E. Campbell. 2011. 'Advisory Food Labels: Consumers
With Allergies Need More Than "Traces" Of Information'. BMJ 343 (oct13 2):
d6180-d6180. doi:10.1136/bmj.d6180.
Warner, J. O. 1999. 'Peanut Allergy: A Major Public Health Issue'. Pediatric Allergy And
Immunology 10 (1): 14-20. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.101011.x.
Weissman, Susan. 2015. 'Should Schools Be Nut-Free?'. The Huffington Post.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-weissman/nut-free-schools_b_862368.html.
Yang, Lihua, Stacy Clements, and Rauno Joks. 2015. 'A Retrospective Study Of Peanut
And Tree Nut Allergy: Sensitization And Correlations With Clinical Manifestations'.
Allergy & Rhinology. doi:10.2500/ar.20105.6.0108.

19